汪小軍,李 鑫,李 瑾,崔 鵬,趙星星,胡 琦,王佳琦,李海霞
?
膀胱癌全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù)術(shù)式改良探討
汪小軍1,李鑫1,李瑾2,崔鵬1,趙星星1,胡琦1,王佳琦3,李海霞1
目的探討側(cè)腹膜小切口回腸拖出法在全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù)中的應(yīng)用。方法選擇2011-01至2014-12我科室膀胱癌患者57例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為病理確診尿路上皮癌,臨床分期為T2b~T4a,預(yù)期壽命>1年患者。其中常規(guī)手術(shù)組27例,側(cè)腹膜切口采用傳統(tǒng)大切口手術(shù)方法;改良手術(shù)組30例,側(cè)腹膜切口采用側(cè)腹膜小切口回腸拖出法。對(duì)比兩組關(guān)閉側(cè)腹膜針數(shù)、術(shù)中耗時(shí)、術(shù)中出血量、游離腹膜面積、側(cè)腹膜切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后患者排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后出現(xiàn)內(nèi)疝及早期腸梗阻原因,術(shù)后回腸膀胱血運(yùn)及壞死情況。結(jié)果兩組術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間分別(72±6)、(72±10)h,兩組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。改良組與常規(guī)組術(shù)中側(cè)腹膜分別縫針(5±2)針、(12±2)針,耗時(shí)分別為(15±5)min、(25±5)min,出血量分別為(10±5)ml、(30±8)ml,腹膜游離面積分別為(20±5)cm2、(45±5)cm2,側(cè)腹膜切口長(zhǎng)度分別為(3±1)cm、(12±2)cm,組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論通過改良可明顯縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少手術(shù)造成腹膜損失,減少出血量,明顯降低手術(shù)難度,且不增加手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。
側(cè)腹膜小切口回腸拖出法;全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù);膀胱癌
膀胱腫瘤是泌尿系統(tǒng)常見的腫瘤, 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家或地區(qū)發(fā)病率較高,在國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì)。隨著疾病發(fā)展,最終多會(huì)選擇行全膀胱切除及尿流改道[1]?;啬c膀胱術(shù)(Bricker膀胱)自1950年Bricker報(bào)道以來,至今仍為成人永久性尿流改道的常用術(shù)式之一[2]。自2011年以來,我們以上述改良方法完成全膀胱切除+回腸膀胱術(shù)30余例,術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好。
1.1對(duì)象選擇2013-01至2014-12我科膀胱癌患者30例,作為改良手術(shù)組,男19例,女11例,年齡31~67歲,中位年齡53.0歲。選擇2011-01至2012-12我科膀胱癌患者27例,作為常規(guī)手術(shù)組,男17例,女10例,年齡30~69歲,中位年齡53.5歲。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為病理確診尿路上皮癌,臨床分期為T2b~T4a,預(yù)期壽命>1年患者。
1.2手術(shù)方法兩組手術(shù)均由同一手術(shù)組完成。改良手術(shù)組:回盲部?jī)?nèi)下方側(cè)腹膜做2~3 cm小切口,將回腸膀胱及其系膜拉出到右側(cè)側(cè)腹膜外;將側(cè)腹膜小切口邊緣與系膜根部間斷縫合關(guān)閉此切口;在腹膜外將雙側(cè)輸尿管與回腸膀胱做吻合(圖1)。常規(guī)手術(shù)組:左側(cè)腹膜橫行切開至回盲部下方,將回腸膀胱拉出后,再將腹膜縫合;以1-0絲線間斷縫合關(guān)閉側(cè)腹膜,同時(shí)還需縫合關(guān)閉腹膜與回腸膀胱系膜裂孔[3]。
圖1 全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù)中側(cè)腹膜小切口回腸拖出法
1.3觀察指標(biāo)術(shù)中觀察并記錄縫制關(guān)閉側(cè)腹膜針數(shù)、術(shù)中耗時(shí)、術(shù)中出血量、游離腹膜面積、側(cè)腹膜切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后患者排氣時(shí)間、術(shù)后出現(xiàn)內(nèi)疝及早期腸梗阻原因,術(shù)后回腸膀胱血運(yùn)及壞死與否。
兩組手術(shù)均能順利完成,術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,未出現(xiàn)回腸膀胱血運(yùn)不良及壞死發(fā)生,未發(fā)生內(nèi)疝及早期腸梗阻。兩組術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;但改良手術(shù)組與常規(guī)手術(shù)組術(shù)中側(cè)腹膜縫針數(shù)、耗時(shí)、出血量、腹膜游離面積、側(cè)腹膜切口長(zhǎng)度等指標(biāo)比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,表1)。
表1 全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù)術(shù)式改良組與常規(guī)組的比較 ±s)
目前,肌層浸潤(rùn)性膀胱癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療為根治性膀胱切除術(shù),可以有效提高患者生存率,降低局部復(fù)發(fā)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率[4,5]。膀胱全切改變了原有的排尿線路,尿流改道手術(shù)隨之而出。隨著腔鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展與成熟,腹腔鏡手術(shù)與機(jī)器人輔助的腹腔鏡手術(shù)也已應(yīng)用于多種尿流改道術(shù)[6],臨床多采用腹腔鏡下全膀胱切除術(shù)后腹腔外完成尿流改道[7]。近年來,出現(xiàn)了原位新膀胱術(shù),同樣存在諸如吻合口狹窄、尿道殘端腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)后再次手術(shù)治療困難、術(shù)后尿潴留、尿失禁、腎積水等并發(fā)癥。同時(shí),受腫瘤生長(zhǎng)部位影響,也不是所有患者適宜原位新膀胱術(shù)。因此,尿流改道術(shù)宜根據(jù)患者及疾病具體情況而采取合適的方案,如出現(xiàn)腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、頻發(fā)血尿、腫瘤侵犯輸尿管導(dǎo)致腎積水、腎功能不全時(shí),就可能僅行輸尿管皮膚造口,甚至連膀胱都可以無需切除。
回腸膀胱術(shù)(Bricker膀胱)自1950年Bricker報(bào)道以來,因其技術(shù)容易被掌握,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,至今仍為成人永久性尿流改道的常用術(shù)式之一[2]。但因該方法將回腸膀胱末端及輸尿管吻合口留置于腹腔內(nèi),所以,如果出現(xiàn)吻合口漏尿,尿液將直接排入腹腔腸管間,嚴(yán)重干擾腸道功能,引發(fā)腹腔感染、腸粘連、腸梗阻等[8]。隨著技術(shù)的日臻完善,將回腸膀胱末端及輸尿管吻合口位置改為置于腹膜外,即部分腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù),則顯著降低了因術(shù)后漏尿、感染等對(duì)腹腔腸道的影響。具體方法是,切開右側(cè)腹膜,將回腸膀胱近端及輸尿管固定于腹膜外,然后縫合關(guān)閉側(cè)腹膜切口[9]。目前,回腸膀胱術(shù)大多采用此做法。
1984年,我院李樹森主任又將其改良為全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù),整個(gè)回腸膀胱和輸尿管吻合口均置
于腹膜外[10]。近年臨床研究表明,側(cè)腹膜大切口腹膜外回腸膀胱雖然可以減少對(duì)腸道功能的影響,但需要將右側(cè)腹膜大面積游離切開,腹膜損失較多,易出血,耗時(shí)長(zhǎng),操作復(fù)雜。對(duì)此,我們對(duì)該手術(shù)方法進(jìn)一步改良,選擇回盲部?jī)?nèi)下方側(cè)腹膜做2~3 cm小切口,將回腸膀胱及其系膜拉出到右側(cè)側(cè)腹膜外。將側(cè)腹膜小切口邊緣與系膜根部間斷縫合關(guān)閉此切口。在腹膜外將雙側(cè)輸尿管與回腸膀胱做吻合。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不論是術(shù)中側(cè)腹膜縫針數(shù)、耗時(shí)、出血量、腹膜游離面積,還是側(cè)腹膜切口長(zhǎng)度,改良手術(shù)組都明顯優(yōu)于常規(guī)手術(shù)組。改良手術(shù)組保留了側(cè)腹膜的完整性,而且牽出回腸膀胱后同樣不會(huì)出現(xiàn)回腸膀胱缺血壞死,同樣達(dá)到全腹膜外回腸膀胱的要求。
綜上所述,全腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù)采用腹膜小切口回腸拖出法更安全實(shí)用。通過改良后可明顯縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少手術(shù)造成腹膜損失,減少出血量,降低手術(shù)難度,且不增加手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。
[1]許存孝,趙升田. 臨床泌尿外科學(xué)[M]. 濟(jì)南:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2007:158-162.
[2]吳階平. 吳階平泌尿外科學(xué)[M]. 濟(jì)南: 山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 2001:94.
[3]徐國(guó)華,李振華,張青. 泌尿外科手術(shù)要點(diǎn)圖解[M].北京:中國(guó)醫(yī)藥科技出版社,2013: 183-186.
[4]Stein J P, Quek M L, Skinner D G. Lymphadenectomy for invasive bladder cancer: I. historical perspective and contemporary rationale [J]. BJU Int, 2006,97(2):227-231.
[5]World Health Organization(WHO) Consensus Conference in Bladder Cancer, Hautmann R E, Abol-Enein H,etal. Urinary diversion[J]. Urology, 2007,69(1 Suppl):17-49.
[6]Huang J, Lin T, Liu H,etal. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder for bladder cancer: oncologic results of 171 cases with a medina 3-year follow-up[J]. Eur Urol, 2008,54(1):442-449.
[7]陳光富,張旭,史立新,等. 機(jī)器人腹腔鏡下根治術(shù)膀胱切除加尿流改道術(shù)的臨床分析[J]. 中華泌尿外科雜志,2012,33(10):744-748.
[8]Pycha A, Comploj E, Martini T,etal. Comparison of complications in three incontinent urinary diversions [J]. Eur Urol, 2008,53(4):834-844.
[9]梅驊,陳凌武. 泌尿外科手術(shù)學(xué)[M].3版. 北京: 人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2008: 358-360.
[10]李鑫,李樹森, 李占文. 腹膜外回腸膀胱術(shù)[J]. 內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2001, 33(6):521-522.
(2015-06-20收稿2015-12-20修回)
(責(zé)任編輯武建虎)
Modification of procedure of total extraperitoneal ileal conduit
WANG Xiaojun1, LI Xin1, LI Jin2,CUI Peng1, ZHAO Xingxing1, HU Qi1, WANG Jiaqi3, and LI Haixia1.
1.Department of Urology, Tumor Hospital of BaoTou city, Baotou 014030,China,2. Department of Breast Surgery, Tumor Hospital of BaoTou city, Baotou 014030,China,3.Department of Radiology, Tumor Hospital of BaoTou city, Baotou 014030,China
ObjectiveTo study the application of pulling out ileum from small lateral peritoneum incision in total extraperitoneal ileal conduit.Methods57 bladder cancer patients admitted from January 2011 to December 2014 in this department were recruited. The inclusion criteria included pathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma, clinical stage T2b-T4a, and expected survival >1 year. 27 patients received conventional procedure, with traditional large incision applied during lateral peritoneum incision; 30 patients received modified procedure, with ileum dragging out through small lateral peritoneum incision. The differences between the two groups regarding numbers of stitches during lateral peritoneum incision suture, time consumed for the surgery, intraoperative blood loss, area of peritoneum isolated, lateral peritoneum incision length, the time to first post-operative anal exhaust, the reasons for post-operative internal hernia and early intestinal obstruction, as well as post-operative blood supply for ileal conduit and whether necrosis showed up.ResultsThe time to first post-operative anal exhaustion for the two group were (72±6) h and (72±10) h, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant. For modified group and conventional group, the numbers of stitches applied during lateral peritoneum incision suture were (5±2) and (12±2), time consumed were (15±5) min and (25±5) min, blood loss were (10±5) ml and (30±8) ml, the area of peritoneum isolated were (20±5) cm2, and (45±5) cm2, and lateral peritoneum incision length were (3±1) cm and (12±2) cm, respectively. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionsModified procedure can shorten the time consumed during procedure, reduce peritoneum loss and blood loss, as well as simplify procedure without more procedure-induced complications.
dragging out ileal by lateral extra-peritoneal incision; total extraperitoneal ileal conduit; bladder cancer
汪小軍,本科學(xué)歷,主治醫(yī)師。
014030,包頭市腫瘤醫(yī)院:1.泌尿外科,2.乳腺外科,3.影像科
李鑫,E-mail:lixinbt@sina.com
R694