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根尖維管組織在狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生中的作用

2016-11-04 06:15劉鳳欒田代科趙梁軍
西北植物學(xué)報(bào) 2016年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:原球莖不定根外植體

劉鳳欒,閔 睫,陳 青,田代科,趙梁軍

(1 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 園藝學(xué)院,北京 100193;2 上海辰山植物園 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海辰山植物科學(xué)研究中心,上海市資源植物功能基因組學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海 201602)

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根尖維管組織在狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生中的作用

劉鳳欒1,2,閔睫2,陳青2,田代科2,趙梁軍1*

(1 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 園藝學(xué)院,北京 100193;2 上海辰山植物園 中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海辰山植物科學(xué)研究中心,上海市資源植物功能基因組學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海 201602)

為了解狗薔薇(RosacaninaL.)類原球莖發(fā)生機(jī)制,以建立月季高效再生體系,探討了根尖內(nèi)部維管組織在狗薔薇愈傷-不定根根尖膨大發(fā)育為類原球莖過(guò)程中所起作用。剪切試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),脫離愈傷的狗薔薇不定根根尖不能誘導(dǎo)類原球莖形成;橋接培養(yǎng)表明,通過(guò)維管組織向根尖運(yùn)輸外源激素TDZ誘導(dǎo)類原球莖發(fā)生的效率高于共質(zhì)體運(yùn)輸方式;TIBA(2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid)處理限制了根尖維管組織向分生區(qū)的延伸速度,并最終影響了類原球莖發(fā)生率;在類似狗薔薇愈傷-不定根結(jié)構(gòu)的蒺藜苜蓿(MedicagotruncatulaGaertn.)根段-不定根上也重現(xiàn)了根尖被誘導(dǎo)發(fā)育為綠色球體過(guò)程。由此表明,愈傷-不定根中完整的維管組織是狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之一,揭示獲得與愈傷-不定根類似的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和組合模式的外植體(如毛狀根),并將其視為整體進(jìn)行誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng),是建立月季類原球莖再生體系的前提之一。

狗薔薇;類原球莖;維管組織;薔薇屬;TDZ

類原球莖(protocorm-like body,PLB)原指蘭科植物莖尖、葉片等外植體被誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生類似其種子萌發(fā)過(guò)渡態(tài)——原球莖的一種組織結(jié)構(gòu)[1-2],認(rèn)為它是包含了未分化的薄壁細(xì)胞團(tuán)和多個(gè)分生中心的類似嫩莖的器官[3],在植物高效再生、遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化、次生代謝物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)及植物發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究等領(lǐng)域具有良好的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[4]。我們課題組首次在狗薔薇(RosacaninaL.)葉片愈傷產(chǎn)生的不定根根尖上成功誘導(dǎo)出類原球莖[5],并發(fā)現(xiàn)香水月季(R.odorataSweet)、多花薔薇(R.multifloraThunb.)和月季(R.hybridaL.)等9種薔薇屬植物亦可不同程度地重現(xiàn)此過(guò)程[6-7]。已有研究表明,狗薔薇類原球莖是體胚與器官發(fā)生的聚合體[5, 8],且再生率極高,為薔薇屬植物潛在的良好遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化受體[9]。結(jié)合其相關(guān)功能基因RcSERK1(SOMATICEMBRYOGENESISRECEPTOR-LIKEKINASE1)[10]、RcWUS(WUSCHEL)[11]、RcKN1(KNOX1)[12]、RcLEC1(LEAFYCOTYLEDON1)等在擬南芥及煙草中的表達(dá)規(guī)律和功能驗(yàn)證,以及細(xì)胞分裂素[13-14]和生長(zhǎng)素[15]在誘導(dǎo)其發(fā)生過(guò)程中的調(diào)控作用等研究結(jié)果,初步證明:狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生為“不定根根尖激素平衡破壞 — 根尖分生中心分化 — 體胚發(fā)生和器官發(fā)生(類原球莖發(fā)生) — 再生芽”過(guò)程,并發(fā)現(xiàn)偏藍(lán)光和紅光分別有利于其啟動(dòng)發(fā)生和分化萌發(fā)[16]。同時(shí),此過(guò)程僅局限于不定根根尖分生區(qū),易于解剖觀察與定位,且內(nèi)部發(fā)育與外部形態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確,取材方便,故此再生體系也是研究薔薇屬植物細(xì)胞分化、器官發(fā)生的良好體系。基于上述特點(diǎn),狗薔薇類原球莖對(duì)薔薇屬植物具有重要的研究和利用價(jià)值,進(jìn)一步了解其發(fā)生機(jī)制,對(duì)建立月季類原球莖再生體系以用于工廠化快繁和分子育種具有指導(dǎo)作用。

不同于其它植物類原球莖使用獨(dú)立的莖尖、葉片切塊等外植體即可被誘導(dǎo)[4, 17],狗薔薇類原球莖的發(fā)生要求將其葉片產(chǎn)生的愈傷-不定根視為整體進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)[5, 8]。針對(duì)這一獨(dú)特現(xiàn)象,本研究以狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生體系為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)比較不同培養(yǎng)方式下愈傷-不定根根尖的形態(tài)發(fā)育及其類原球莖發(fā)生特點(diǎn),分析維管組織在誘導(dǎo)狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生過(guò)程中作用,為闡明薔薇屬植物類原球莖發(fā)生的分子機(jī)理提供參考。

1 材料和方法

1.1材料與試劑

狗薔薇類原球莖再生體系:以狗薔薇葉片為外植體,在MS + 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D培養(yǎng)基中暗培養(yǎng)4周后,其葉片愈傷形成大量不定根。將愈傷-不定根轉(zhuǎn)接至1/2 MS + 20 mg/L TDZ培養(yǎng)基上光照培養(yǎng),可誘導(dǎo)不定根根尖膨大產(chǎn)生大量類原球莖,類原球莖經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)接培養(yǎng)可萌芽成為新植株,此即狗薔薇類原球莖再生體系[5,8](圖1)。試驗(yàn)材料為各個(gè)處理下不同發(fā)育時(shí)期的愈傷-不定根根尖及其類原球莖。蒺藜苜蓿(2HA)由中國(guó)科學(xué)院植物研究所贈(zèng)送。形態(tài)解剖采用常規(guī)石蠟切片切片技術(shù),Olympus BX-51顯微鏡觀察拍照。

1.2方法

1.2.1不定根維管組織完整性對(duì)根尖類原球莖形成的影響隨機(jī)選取具有5~7條不定根的愈傷,進(jìn)行不定根剪切培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)(圖2):剪取10個(gè)愈傷的所有不定根根尖(S1,約0.1 cm),均分2份,于誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基中分別豎置和平置培養(yǎng);其剩余的愈傷-不定根(C-S2)與上述豎置、平置根尖S1培養(yǎng)于同一皿中,重復(fù)3皿。同樣操作,剪取上半部不定根(S3),剪取整條不定根(S5),剪切不定根成根段(S6)進(jìn)行豎置與平置培養(yǎng),各自剩余部分的愈傷-不定根培養(yǎng)于對(duì)應(yīng)皿中。對(duì)照為正常誘導(dǎo)、未剪切的愈傷-不定根。

培養(yǎng)5 d和15 d時(shí),采樣S2、S4不定根各20條,切片觀察不定根切口位置發(fā)育狀況。培養(yǎng)40 d時(shí),統(tǒng)計(jì)各處理不定根根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率。發(fā)生率=形態(tài)發(fā)生不定根數(shù)/總不定根數(shù)。

A、a. 0 d的愈傷-不定根;B、b. 培養(yǎng)5 d時(shí),根尖變綠,PVE延生至分生區(qū),細(xì)胞功能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變;C、c. 培養(yǎng)12 d,根尖呈紡錘體,其內(nèi)部細(xì)胞分化為薄壁細(xì)胞;D、d. 培養(yǎng)30 d,膨大根尖表面形成類原球莖;E、e. 培養(yǎng)35 d,類原球莖萌芽。PLB. 類原球莖;PVE. 孔紋管分子;RC. 根冠;VT. 維管組織。綠色圓圈. 根尖干細(xì)胞池位置。圖1 狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生發(fā)育過(guò)程A, a. Callus - rhizoids;B, b. PVE extended to the meristem where the cells dedifferentiation began at 5 days on TDZ medium;C, c. Spindle-shaped tips showing parenchyma cells at 12 days on TDZ medium;D, d. PLBs were formed on the rhizoid tips at 30 days;E, e. PLBs generated buds at 35 days. PLB. Protocorm-like body;PVE. Pitted vessel element;RC. Root cap;VT. Vascular tissue. Green circle. Stem cell nicheFig.1 The developmental process of PLBs formation in R. canina

S1. 剪取0.1 cm根尖;C-S2. 剪去0.1 cm根尖的愈傷-不定根;S3. 剪取上半部的不定根;C-S4. 剪去上半部根尖的愈傷-不定根;S5. 剪取整條根培養(yǎng);S6. 剪切整條根為多個(gè)根段培養(yǎng);C. 愈傷圖2 愈傷-不定根的剪切處理示意圖S1. 0.1 cm tip;C-S2. Callus-rhizoids without 0.1 cm tips;S3. The upper half tip;C-S4. Callus-rhizoids without the upper half tips;S5. The whole rhizoid was cut for culturing;S6. Rhizoid segments were cultured;C. CallusFig.2 Schematic of cutting treatment on the callus-rhizoids

0-T. 愈傷在1/2 MS培養(yǎng)基而根尖在TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基;T-0. 愈傷在TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基而根尖在1/2 MS培養(yǎng)基圖3 愈傷-不定根的橋接培養(yǎng)示意圖0-T. Callus was cultured on 1/2MS medium while rhizoid tips on TDZ-induction medium;T-0. Callus was cultured on TDZ-induction medium while rhizoid tips on 1/2MS mediumFig.3 Schematic of bridging culture of callus-rhizoids

1.2.2不定根維管組織對(duì)根尖早期發(fā)育的影響在一個(gè)培養(yǎng)皿中制作2種不同培養(yǎng)基,一側(cè)為正常的1/2 MS + TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基,一側(cè)為無(wú)誘導(dǎo)激素的1/2 MS培養(yǎng)基(圖3)。剪掉過(guò)長(zhǎng)或過(guò)短不定根,愈傷保留約1.0 cm不定根1~2條,然后將愈傷-不定根分別搭接于兩側(cè)培養(yǎng)基。每皿正、反橋接各5個(gè)愈傷-不定根,每側(cè)正常接種5個(gè)愈傷-不定根作為對(duì)照(CK1、CK2),重復(fù)10皿。培養(yǎng)40 d后,統(tǒng)計(jì)不定根根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率。

1.2.3不定根維管組織向頂延伸速度對(duì)根尖發(fā)育的影響生長(zhǎng)素的極性運(yùn)輸促使維管組織的向前分化和延伸[18-19]。作為生長(zhǎng)素的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)底物,TIBA可與根尖內(nèi)部運(yùn)輸生長(zhǎng)素的PINs蛋白結(jié)合,進(jìn)而抑制生長(zhǎng)素的極性運(yùn)輸[20-21]。不同濃度TIBA均抑制狗薔薇類原球莖的發(fā)生,0.1 mmol/L TIBA為其半抑制濃度,故選擇此濃度進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。(1)TIBA抑制培養(yǎng)后轉(zhuǎn)至TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng):在TDZ+0.1 mmol/L TIBA抑制培養(yǎng)基接種愈傷-不定根,每皿20個(gè),共20皿。預(yù)培養(yǎng)1、3、5和7 d后,分別轉(zhuǎn)移3皿外植體至TDZ培養(yǎng)基上誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng),同時(shí)剪取1皿約50個(gè)根尖,切片觀察其發(fā)育狀態(tài);剩余2~4皿不轉(zhuǎn)接、持續(xù)抑制培養(yǎng)作為對(duì)照(CKTIBA)。(2)TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)后轉(zhuǎn)至TIBA抑制培養(yǎng),操作方法同上,剩余2~4皿持續(xù)誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)作為對(duì)照(CKTDZ)。2個(gè)處理均在轉(zhuǎn)換培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)40 d后,統(tǒng)計(jì)愈傷-不定根根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率。

1.2.4不定根(維管組織)長(zhǎng)度對(duì)根尖類原球莖發(fā)生的影響將愈傷-不定根接入TDZ培養(yǎng)基誘導(dǎo)類原球莖,每皿20個(gè)外植體,重復(fù)5皿。培養(yǎng)5 d后,按長(zhǎng)度分成短(≤0.5 cm)、中(0.5 ~ 1.0 cm)和長(zhǎng)(≥1.0 cm)等3種不定根,每種剪取根尖(長(zhǎng)度0.3 ~ 0.5 cm)各20個(gè),F(xiàn)AA固定,制作石蠟切片。培養(yǎng)12 d后,統(tǒng)計(jì)3種不定根根尖發(fā)育狀態(tài);培養(yǎng)40 d后,統(tǒng)計(jì)3種不定根根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率。

1.2.5類愈傷-不定根外植體的類原球莖誘導(dǎo)及其形態(tài)學(xué)觀察類似狗薔薇葉片愈傷可形成不定根,課題組以蒺藜苜蓿(2HA)組培苗根段為外植體誘導(dǎo)獲得不定根:將2HA組培苗的根切成約0.5 cm長(zhǎng)度,接種至P4+ 10 μmol/L NAA + 0.2 mmol/L GSSG培養(yǎng)基[22],黑暗培養(yǎng)3周后,根段表面形成大量不定根。模擬狗薔薇愈傷-不定根誘導(dǎo)類原球莖的條件,可誘導(dǎo)此根段-不定根根尖膨大成為綠色球體,但未能進(jìn)一步形成類原球莖。為了解造成此差異的原因,在誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)5、9 、20 和30 d后,對(duì)蒺藜苜蓿根段-不定根進(jìn)行根尖取樣,每時(shí)期20個(gè),進(jìn)行石蠟切片、解剖學(xué)觀察。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1愈傷-不定根維管組織完整性對(duì)根尖類原球莖形成的作用

將不定根由愈傷剪切下誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng),無(wú)論是豎置或平置的根尖S1、半條根S3、整條根S5和由整條根剪取的根段S6,均無(wú)法形成類原球莖。相反,剪去根尖S1和上半部S3后,剩余C-S2和C-S4不定根切口位置產(chǎn)生類原球莖,但發(fā)生率降低,分別為15.2%和20.7%(圖4)。

切片顯示,剪切處理的C-S2和C-S4在培養(yǎng)5 d時(shí),兩者不定根切口位置細(xì)胞分裂為排列緊密的小細(xì)胞(圖5,A),并可見(jiàn)多條清晰的導(dǎo)管分子。至15 d時(shí),切口處細(xì)胞膨大發(fā)育為一團(tuán)愈傷組織(圖5,B),40 d后愈傷表面產(chǎn)生類原球莖。剪切試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,愈傷-不定根作為有機(jī)整體,即保證愈傷與不定根內(nèi)部維管組織的完整性,是狗薔薇類原球莖可獨(dú)特發(fā)生的前提之一。

2.2不定根維管組織在根尖早期分化中的作用

橋接培養(yǎng)中,兩種相反橋接方式的根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率差異顯著(圖6)。愈傷在TDZ培養(yǎng)基-根尖在無(wú)TDZ培養(yǎng)基的T-0培養(yǎng)方式,誘導(dǎo)根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率顯著低于正常誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)CK1,但顯著高于與其反向的0-T培養(yǎng)方式(圖6)。分析造成此差異的主要原因?yàn)椋篢-0通過(guò)維管組織而0-T經(jīng)胞間連絲向不定根根尖輸送激素與營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),前者運(yùn)輸效率及能力遠(yuǎn)大于后者,由此導(dǎo)致了不同的根尖早期分化及功能轉(zhuǎn)變效率[8],進(jìn)而影響了根尖后期類原球莖誘導(dǎo)效果。

圖中不同小寫(xiě)字母表示0.05水平差異顯著,下同。圖4 不同剪切處理對(duì)根尖類原球莖誘導(dǎo)的效果Different normal letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level,the same as belowFig.4 The PLBs formation on the rhizoids with different cutting treatments

A.誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)5 d,切除根尖不定根的切口處細(xì)胞分裂為小細(xì)胞(黑色箭頭所示);B. 誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)15 d,不定根切口小細(xì)胞膨大發(fā)育成為愈傷組織(白色箭頭所示),維管組織(VT)發(fā)達(dá)圖5 切除根尖不定根切口的發(fā)育解剖A. Lots of little cells were observed at the incision of the rhizoid ithout tip (black arrow);B. Little cells on the rhizoid incision swelled into callus (white arrow),and vascular tissue was well developedFig.5 Histological analyses of the rhizoids without tips

圖6 不同橋接方式培養(yǎng)下根尖類原球莖發(fā)生率的差異Fig.6 Different rates of PLBs formation between two ways of bridging culture

TIBA-TDZ. 在TIBA抑制培養(yǎng)基預(yù)培養(yǎng)特定天數(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移至TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng);TDZ-TIBA. 在TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基預(yù)培養(yǎng)特定天數(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移至TIBA抑制培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng); X軸CKTDZ/CKTIBA.CKTIBA. 愈傷-不定根在TIBA抑制培養(yǎng)基上持續(xù)培養(yǎng)作為對(duì)照;CKTDZ. 愈傷-不定根在TDZ誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基持續(xù)培養(yǎng)作為對(duì)照?qǐng)D7 TIBA或TDZ預(yù)培養(yǎng)對(duì)狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生的影響TIBA-TDZ. Callus-rhizoids were transferred to TDZ medium after TIBA-preculture;TDZ-TIBA. Callus-rhizoids were transferred to TIBA medium after TDZ-preculture;X-axis CKTIBA / CKTDZ. Callus-rhizoids were cultured on TIBA or TDZ medium all the timeFig.7 The effects of preculture on TIBA or TDZ medium for PLBs formation

2.3不定根維管組織延遲發(fā)育對(duì)根尖類原球莖發(fā)生的抑制作用

抑制培養(yǎng)1 d再轉(zhuǎn)入誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng),其根尖類原球莖誘導(dǎo)率顯著高于持續(xù)抑制培養(yǎng)CKTIBA。然而,過(guò)長(zhǎng)抑制預(yù)培養(yǎng)(≥3 d)會(huì)導(dǎo)致不可逆的抑制效果,這些愈傷-不定根再轉(zhuǎn)移至誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng),其類原球莖發(fā)生率與持續(xù)抑制培養(yǎng)CKTIBA差異不大(圖7)。反之,誘導(dǎo)預(yù)培養(yǎng)7 d再抑制培養(yǎng)的愈傷-不定根,其類原球莖發(fā)生率雖低于持續(xù)誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)CKTDZ但高于持續(xù)抑制培養(yǎng)CKTIBA,這表明,誘導(dǎo)預(yù)培養(yǎng)可一定程度消除TIBA對(duì)不定根根尖膨大發(fā)育的抑制作用,但同時(shí)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,少于7 d的誘導(dǎo)預(yù)培養(yǎng)無(wú)此顯著抵消效果(圖7)。

切片觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制培養(yǎng)不定根的根尖發(fā)育進(jìn)程較誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)滯后2 ~3 d:抑制培養(yǎng)7 d 時(shí),僅少部分根尖樣品的維管組織延伸至根尖分生區(qū),而此事件在正常誘導(dǎo)5 d時(shí)即可大量發(fā)生(圖8)。這暗示,生長(zhǎng)素運(yùn)輸抑制劑TIBA的存在,擾亂了愈傷-不定根根尖內(nèi)部的生長(zhǎng)素極性輸出,進(jìn)而阻礙不定根維管組織向根尖的快速分化、延伸。因此,此抑制試驗(yàn)間接證明了愈傷-不定根維管組織對(duì)狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生的重要作用。

A.抑制培養(yǎng)3 d,根尖根冠解體,分生區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)秩序混亂;B.抑制培養(yǎng)5 d,2 ~ 3條導(dǎo)管(箭頭)延伸至分生區(qū);C.抑制培養(yǎng)7 d,維管束逐漸成熟,PVE出現(xiàn)在原分生區(qū)中柱細(xì)胞位置;a ~ c. 正常TDZ誘導(dǎo)下根尖發(fā)育過(guò)程圖8 TIBA對(duì)根尖維管組織向頂延伸的阻礙作用A. Stem cell niche became disorder and rhizoid cap started to disintegrate at 3 days on TIBA medium;B. Two-three vessels extended to the meristem at 5 days on TIBA medium;C. Vascular tissue matured,PVE formed at stele area; a-c. The normal process of callus-rhizoids cultured on TDZFig.8 The establishment of vascular channel was delayed by TIBA

2.4不定根維管組織長(zhǎng)度與根尖發(fā)育狀態(tài)的關(guān)系

不同長(zhǎng)度不定根在誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基上發(fā)育不同步。長(zhǎng)度越短,根尖膨大越快,形成類原球莖的能力越強(qiáng)(表1)。切片結(jié)果顯示,同一時(shí)期相比,長(zhǎng)度小于0.5 cm不定根的維管組織向根尖延伸速度最快、到達(dá)分生區(qū)最早,且分生區(qū)細(xì)胞發(fā)生分化、分裂最早(數(shù)據(jù)未顯示)。與之相比,長(zhǎng)度大于1.0 cm不定根內(nèi)部維管組織發(fā)育相對(duì)遲緩。這表明,不定根長(zhǎng)度及維管組織延伸速度與狗薔薇根尖類原球莖的發(fā)生存在密切關(guān)系。

2.5蒺藜苜蓿根段-不定根類原球莖誘導(dǎo)及其形態(tài)學(xué)分析

在誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)20 d后,蒺藜苜蓿根段-不定根(圖9,A)根尖膨大成綠色球體(圖9,B、C)。培養(yǎng)至30 d,根尖綠色球體衰老、解體,無(wú)類原球莖發(fā)生。與狗薔薇愈傷-不定根發(fā)育形態(tài)學(xué)比較,兩者根尖膨大發(fā)育至綠色球體過(guò)程相似,均經(jīng)歷維管組織向頂延伸、分生區(qū)細(xì)胞分化、根尖外圍細(xì)胞膨大(圖8,a ~ c)等事件。之后階段產(chǎn)生差別:蒺藜苜蓿根尖綠色球體外層細(xì)胞凋亡,其內(nèi)層細(xì)胞未分化出類原球莖分生中心(圖9,D),且最終未能形成類原球莖。導(dǎo)致此結(jié)果的具體原因需進(jìn)一步探討。

表1 不定根長(zhǎng)度對(duì)根尖發(fā)育及其類原球莖發(fā)生的影響Table 1 The effect of rhizoid length on the development of rhizoid tips and PLBs

注. 表中百分比為形態(tài)發(fā)生不定根數(shù)/總不定根數(shù),為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差;a、b表示差異顯著性(P< 0.05)

Note. The percentage including mean ± SE means of the number of developing rhizoids / the total number of rhizoids;a and b show significant difference (P< 0.05)

A.蒺藜苜蓿根段被誘導(dǎo)出白色不定根;B.根段-不定根培養(yǎng)20 d,不定根根尖形成綠色球體;C.不定根根尖外圍細(xì)胞膨大發(fā)育,原有序組織結(jié)構(gòu)喪失;D.球體根尖外圍細(xì)胞開(kāi)始解體圖9 蒺藜苜蓿根尖類原球莖的誘導(dǎo)A. Many white rhizoids were inducted on the root segments;B. Rhizoid tips developed into green globular tips at 20 days;C. The outer cells of rhizoid tips were swelling;D. The outer cells of globular rhizoids started to disintegrateFig.9 PLBs induction from the rhizoid tips of Medicago truncatula

3 討 論

在外源高濃度TDZ培養(yǎng)基上,狗薔薇不定根根尖失去原有的延伸功能,其結(jié)構(gòu)有序、功能確定的分生組織轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉至鸦钴S、脫分化的細(xì)胞群,經(jīng)分生中心發(fā)育成類原球莖,此即狗薔薇類原球莖的形態(tài)發(fā)育過(guò)程[8,23]。與其它植物類原球莖的誘導(dǎo)方式不同,此再生體系的獨(dú)特發(fā)生,與將愈傷-不定根整體作為外植體、而非傳統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)方式以不定根切段或愈傷單獨(dú)為外植體有關(guān):在剪切試驗(yàn)中,將不定根從愈傷分離進(jìn)行獨(dú)立培養(yǎng),破壞了兩者結(jié)合時(shí)其內(nèi)部完整封閉的維管組織所具備的毛細(xì)管作用,根尖無(wú)法快速?gòu)呐囵B(yǎng)基中吸收激素和營(yíng)養(yǎng),故不能改變自身發(fā)育進(jìn)程。

橋接試驗(yàn)中,在向不定根根尖輸送營(yíng)養(yǎng)與外源激素方式上,T-0和0-T處理存在極大不同:前者為通過(guò)維管組織的外質(zhì)體運(yùn)輸,后者是經(jīng)細(xì)胞質(zhì)與胞間連絲的共質(zhì)體運(yùn)輸。前者運(yùn)輸物質(zhì)能力顯著高于后者,這保證了短時(shí)間內(nèi)向根尖分生區(qū)匯聚大量外源激素與物質(zhì),進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)后續(xù)發(fā)育事件[8,24-25]。同時(shí),結(jié)合前者根尖內(nèi)部發(fā)育較后者快速的形態(tài)事實(shí)(數(shù)據(jù)未顯示),說(shuō)明維管組織的存在對(duì)不定根根尖前期功能轉(zhuǎn)變具有重要催化作用。

已有研究表明,生長(zhǎng)素是導(dǎo)管分子分化的先決條件[26-27],其極性運(yùn)輸促使了維管組織的向前分化和延伸[18-19]。在本研究中,作為生長(zhǎng)素運(yùn)輸?shù)鞍滓种苿┑腡IBA,抑制已有維管組織向不定根根尖分生區(qū)的延伸,最終阻礙了根尖膨大發(fā)育、降低了類原球莖發(fā)生率。此試驗(yàn)反證了愈傷-不定根內(nèi)部維管組織的快速向頂延伸對(duì)狗薔薇類原球莖發(fā)生的促進(jìn)作用。此外,不定根越短,根尖膨大越早、類原球莖發(fā)生率越高,暗示不定根維管組織長(zhǎng)度也會(huì)對(duì)狗薔薇類原球莖的形成產(chǎn)生影響。

前人使用不同濃度TDZ,在完整種苗的下胚軸[28]、子葉節(jié)[29-32]等部位誘導(dǎo)形成體胚或幼芽。在此過(guò)程中,除運(yùn)輸營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)以外,種苗內(nèi)部的維管組織亦可能起著對(duì)TDZ(或其衍生物)的快速運(yùn)輸、匯集作用。

上述資料表明,依賴完整獨(dú)立的維管組織,愈傷至不定根根尖之間建立了一條‘運(yùn)輸通道’,使得培養(yǎng)基(‘源’)中營(yíng)養(yǎng)與外源激素可被快速運(yùn)輸至不定根的根尖(‘庫(kù)’),從而引發(fā)了根尖膨大發(fā)育[8,15],即封閉獨(dú)立的維管組織是催化狗薔薇根尖功能轉(zhuǎn)變、誘導(dǎo)類原球莖發(fā)生的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之一。這提示,月季中建立類原球莖再生體系的前提是尋找或建立類似狗薔薇愈傷-不定根這種獨(dú)特結(jié)構(gòu)模式的外植體,或其它類似具獨(dú)立成熟維管組織的結(jié)構(gòu)組織。本研究中,以類似愈傷-不定根的蒺藜苜蓿根段-不定根為外植體,雖未最終誘導(dǎo)類原球莖,但成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了不定根根尖的膨大發(fā)育,一定程度上輔證了上述推論的合理性。此外,易自發(fā)形成毛發(fā)不定根的植物,或受發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌侵染易產(chǎn)生毛發(fā)根的植物,亦可嘗試通過(guò)愈傷/莖段-不定根等外植體誘導(dǎo)其類原球莖發(fā)生。

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(編輯:宋亞珍)

Role of Vascular Tissue of Rhizoids for Protocorm-like Bodies Regeneration inRosacanina

LIU Fengluan1,2, MIN Jie2, CHEN Qing2, TIAN Daike2, ZHAO Liangjun1*

(1 College of Horticulture,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources,Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center,the Chienese Academy of Science,Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden,Shanghai 201602,China)

Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) regeneration system has been established for severalRosaspp. More understandings on the process of PLBs formation, including what roles of vascular tissue of rhizoids play in the incipient stage, will contribute to the establishment of PLBs protocols in cut roses. We proposed a hypothesis named ‘vascular channel’: Through the vascular tissue inR.caninarhizoids, high concentration of TDZ (thidiazuron) containing in medium was quickly and largely transported to rhizoid meristem, resulting in the rhizoid meristem cells shifting their functions, which initiated PLBs development. In the present study, we provided some evidence on the rationality of this hypothesis. Both whole callus-free rhizoids and its segments were cultured either vertically or horizontally on the induction medium with TDZ, no PLBs formed. During the bridging culture, the efficiency of PLBs induction was higher in the callus-rhizoids relied on apoplastic transport than symplastic transport. The TIBA (2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid) treatment had suppressed the elongation of vascular tissue towards to the rhizoid meristem, which finally led to a low rate of PLBs formation. Furthermore, the partial process of PLBs system was reproduced inMedicagotruncatulaGaertn., their rhizoid tips derived from the rhizoid segment were induced into green ellipsoidal bodies. These findings indicated that the vascular tissue ofR.caninacallus - rhizoids being capable of rapidly delivering nutrients and hormones was critical for PLBs development, and it must be closed and complete from the callus to the rhizoid tip. Based on this, we proposed that the prerequisite for achieving a PLBs system of cut roses is to induce callus-rhizoids or similar explants possessing a transporting system that could rapidly aggregate hormones and nutrients.

Rosacanina;protocorm-like body;vascular tissue;Rosa;TDZ

1000-4025(2016)09-1764-08doi:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2016.09.1764

2016-06-04;修改稿收到日期:2016-07-26

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(NSFC 31171993)

劉鳳欒(1984-),男,博士,助理研究員,主要從事園林植物遺傳育種與花發(fā)育的研究。E-mial:19liu19@163.com

趙梁軍,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,從事園林植物栽培生理與分子生物學(xué)研究。E-mail:zhaolj5073@sina.com

Q813.1+3; Q944.5

A

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