李華軍
分析長(zhǎng)難句是準(zhǔn)確理解長(zhǎng)難句的前提,是高考高分的保證。因此,準(zhǔn)確理解長(zhǎng)難句是考生應(yīng)掌握的必備技能。
如何分析長(zhǎng)難句?首先找出句子的主干部分(主謂賓, 或主系表),然后再理解句子的修飾、補(bǔ)充成分。
現(xiàn)將2016年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句分類精析如下:
一、主謂之間被定語(yǔ)從句所分隔
( 2016全國(guó)丙卷語(yǔ)法填空) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
[分析]句中that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句, 賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)Confucius與謂語(yǔ)influenced the development of chopsticks之間被who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句所分開。
[句意]一些人認(rèn)為這位生活在公元前約551~479年的中國(guó)偉大學(xué)者孔子影響了筷子的發(fā)展。
二、主謂之間被復(fù)雜的同位語(yǔ)所分隔
主謂之間被復(fù)雜的同位語(yǔ)(名詞+定語(yǔ)從句)所分隔。如:
(2016全國(guó)甲卷閱讀理解D篇) Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.
[分析]Shackleton started a business為句子主干,主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的a onetime British merchant-navy officer ...為Shackleton的同位語(yǔ);在同位語(yǔ)中,who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾officer;before his 1914 voyage 為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),to make...是不定式短語(yǔ)作目的狀語(yǔ)。
[句意]Shackleton,一個(gè)曾經(jīng)的英國(guó)商船隊(duì)軍官,在1908年到達(dá)過(guò)距離南極點(diǎn)不足100英里的地方,在他1914年航海前開始做生意,從電影和靜態(tài)攝影中賺錢。
三、主謂之間被非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所分隔
(2016全國(guó)甲卷完形填空) The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up.
[分析]The woman jumped up為句子主干,sitting at the desk為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ),seeing my madness為原因狀語(yǔ)。
[句意]坐在桌旁的那位婦女,看到了我瘋狂的舉動(dòng),同情地跳了起來(lái)。
四、從句中有多個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
(2016全國(guó)乙卷語(yǔ)法填空) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
[分析]句中when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明先行詞the mid-1980s;在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中,過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)permitted ... 作定語(yǔ)修飾reporter;現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)caring for ... 作定語(yǔ)修飾unit;過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)rescued from ... 作定語(yǔ),修飾pandas。
[句意]但我和熊貓的聯(lián)系可以追溯到20世紀(jì)80年代中期的一檔電視節(jié)目中,我是第一個(gè)被允許拍攝一個(gè)特殊單位的西方電視臺(tái)記者,這個(gè)單位是照顧從野外挨餓中營(yíng)救的熊貓的。
五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中含從句
(2016全國(guó)甲卷閱讀理解C篇) Then the person it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
[分析]Then the person leaves it in a public place為句子的主干,hoping that...是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ),其中that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句;在賓語(yǔ)從句中又包含了一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)traveling...作伴隨狀語(yǔ),且這一個(gè)伴隨狀語(yǔ)中還包含了一個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞reader。
[句意]然后,這個(gè)人可以把它(書)留在一個(gè)公共場(chǎng)合,希望這本書經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)冒險(xiǎn),隨著每個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)它的新讀者到處旅行。
六、并列句中又含從句
( 2016全國(guó)丙卷完形填空)We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player, but I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Millers accident.
[分析]本句是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句,在后一個(gè)分句中包含了一個(gè)由in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
[句意]我們是以10比1贏得比賽并且我被評(píng)為最有價(jià)值的球員,但我經(jīng)常做惡夢(mèng),在夢(mèng)中我因?yàn)镸iller的事故而受責(zé)備。
七、從句套從句,環(huán)環(huán)相扣
( 2016全國(guó)乙卷閱讀理解C篇) For this courier job,youre consciously aware that in that box youve got something that is potentially going to save somebodys life.
[分析]youre aware that ... 為句子主干,前一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,在賓語(yǔ)從句中包含了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞something。
[句意]對(duì)于這個(gè)遞送工作,你得清醒地意識(shí)到在那個(gè)箱子里放的很可能是挽救別人生命的東西。
八、多個(gè)從句且從句套從句
( 2016全國(guó)乙卷閱讀理解D篇)Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.
[分析]句中when引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;主句的主語(yǔ)what may be implied為主語(yǔ)從句,that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,在這個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句中,what引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,作consider的賓語(yǔ)。
[句意]因此,當(dāng)一個(gè)來(lái)自其中某個(gè)文化群體的人在說(shuō)話的時(shí)候突然停住時(shí),可能是在暗示講話者希望聽眾在繼續(xù)(講下去)之前思考一下剛才所講的內(nèi)容。