孫紅軍 林瑜亮 黨瑩 馬占峰 鐵興華 屈曉東 荔志云
(蘭州軍區(qū)蘭州總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,甘肅 蘭州 730050)
·腦膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤研究·
異甘草素聯(lián)合替莫唑胺對SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞增殖的影響
孫紅軍 林瑜亮 黨瑩 馬占峰 鐵興華 屈曉東 荔志云*
(蘭州軍區(qū)蘭州總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,甘肅 蘭州 730050)
目的探討異甘草素聯(lián)合替莫唑胺對SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞增殖的影響。方法采用含無血清達(dá)爾伯克氏改良伊格爾氏培養(yǎng)基(DMEM/F12)(含表皮生長因子(EGF)、成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(FGF)、B27)的懸浮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板培養(yǎng)、純化膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞,并通過CD133聯(lián)合Nestin標(biāo)記進(jìn)行免疫熒光鑒定;實驗分為對照組[含二甲基亞砜(DMSO)]、異甘草素(5~160 μmol/L)組、替莫唑胺(12.5~200 μmol/L)組、異甘草素+替莫唑胺組(160 μmol/L+12.5~200 μmol/L),通過細(xì)胞增殖-毒性檢測(CCK-8)法、流式細(xì)胞術(shù)、免疫熒光染色法分別檢測細(xì)胞抑制率、細(xì)胞周期及干細(xì)胞表面相關(guān)分化蛋白表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果異甘草素隨著濃度增加細(xì)胞抑制作用越強,且160 μmol/L時抑制率達(dá)32%,替莫唑胺隨著濃度增加抑制作用越強,且200 μmol/L時抑制率達(dá)40%;異甘草素聯(lián)合替莫唑胺組隨著濃度增加抑制作用越強,且160 μmol/L+200 μmol/L時抑制率達(dá)72%;隨著異甘草素濃度增加G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例增加,細(xì)胞周期阻滯于G0/G1期;隨著異甘草素濃度增加干細(xì)胞分化越多,且分化細(xì)胞的死亡越多。結(jié)論異甘草素能誘導(dǎo)SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞向星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞分化,且能抑制增殖,同時增強替莫唑胺化療敏感性。
異甘草素; 替莫唑胺; SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞; 誘導(dǎo)分化; 抑制增殖; 化療敏感性
膠質(zhì)瘤是最常見的神經(jīng)上皮源性顱內(nèi)腫瘤,約占中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤的40%,占中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的81%[1]。目前手術(shù)、化療、放療等治療效果均不佳,其主要原因是膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞耐放化療。2003年Singh等[2]采用無血清神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基分離出了腦腫瘤干細(xì)胞,2004年李銘初等[3]也相繼成功分離出了腦腫瘤干細(xì)胞,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為膠質(zhì)瘤的治療指明了方向。膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞是腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織的起源細(xì)胞,是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)的源泉,是腫瘤各種治療包括化學(xué)藥物治療的靶標(biāo),理論上,只有有效殺滅腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞,才能達(dá)到治愈腫瘤的目的。傳統(tǒng)化療僅針對腦腫瘤細(xì)胞,而對于腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞的作用及機制的研究較少。異甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL)是一種異黃酮類化合物,主要存在于甘草中,具有抗腫瘤、抗病毒、抗自由基、松弛血管、抑制血小板聚集、抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化等生物活性[4]。近年來,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ISL具有促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞分化,并抑制其生長的特點。替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)抗膠質(zhì)瘤的臨床應(yīng)用已公認(rèn)。本實驗以SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞為研究對象,研究通過ISL聯(lián)合TMZ對膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞增殖的影響,進(jìn)一步為ISL抑制膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞提供實驗依據(jù)。
一、實驗材料與試劑
人腦膠質(zhì)瘤SHG44細(xì)胞系(ATCC公司);胰蛋白酶(Sigma公司);胎牛血清( Hyclone公司);達(dá)爾伯克氏必需基本培養(yǎng)基(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media, DMEM)培養(yǎng)基( Gibco公司);達(dá)爾伯克氏改良伊格爾氏培養(yǎng)基(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media: Nutrient Mixture F-12, DMEM/F12)(1 ∶1)(Gibco公司);重組人表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)、B27、重組人堿性成纖維生長因子(basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF)(Invitrogen公司);小鼠抗人Nestin抗體(Abcam公司);兔抗人CD133抗體(Abnova公司);異硫氰酸熒光素(fluoresceine isothiocyanate, FITC)標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔二抗(Abcam公司);藻紅蛋白 (phyloerythrin, PE)標(biāo)記的兔抗小鼠二抗(Abcam公司);免疫染色封閉液、抗熒光淬滅封片液(碧云天生物科技研究所);懸浮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板6孔和96孔(Cyagen公司);碘化丙啶(propidine iodide, PI)和細(xì)胞增殖-毒性檢測(cell counting Kit-8, CCK-8)試劑盒(Sigma-Aldrich公司);異甘草素(上海源葉生物科技有限公司)。
二、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
1.SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):人腦膠質(zhì)瘤SHG44細(xì)胞以105個/ml接種于含10%胎牛血清高糖型DMEM培養(yǎng)基中。于37℃、5%CO2、100%濕度培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),每2~3 d換液一次。待細(xì)胞長滿培養(yǎng)皿底約80%時傳代。
2.SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及鑒定:將培養(yǎng)在含10%胎牛血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基中的對數(shù)生長期的SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,棄去培養(yǎng)液,0.25%胰蛋白酶2 ml置于100 mm培養(yǎng)皿中消化約1 min,用無血清神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基DMEM/F12(內(nèi)含2% B27、EGF 20 μg/L、bFGF 20 μg/L)終止消化,將其移至15 ml離心管中,反復(fù)吹打成單細(xì)胞懸液。1 500 rpm 離心8 min。棄去上清液,加入5 ml無血清神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液洗滌沉淀,1 500 rpm 離心5 min。棄去上清液,無血清神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液再次懸浮沉淀,形成1×104個細(xì)胞/ml 的懸浮細(xì)胞液。取其1 ml接種于懸浮細(xì)胞六孔板,加入1 ml無血清培養(yǎng)基,每天添加400 μl培養(yǎng)基。待膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞生長至7 d后再次收集離心,消化吹打懸浮成單個細(xì)胞后,再次接種于懸浮細(xì)胞六孔板。經(jīng)3次純化培養(yǎng)后進(jìn)行實驗。取良好活力的膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞球,接種于經(jīng)多聚賴氨酸包被的玻片上,37℃晾干,磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)漂洗3×5 min,室溫4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,棄去多聚甲醛,PBS漂洗3×5 min,0.5% TritonX-100 37℃透膜10 min;加免疫染色封閉液,室溫孵育30 min;滴加稀釋好的一抗:CD133 (1 ∶200),Nestin (1 ∶200),放入濕盒4℃孵育過夜 。棄去一抗孵育液,PBS漂洗3×5 min,加1 ∶100稀釋的PE標(biāo)記的兔抗小鼠二抗及1 ∶1 000稀釋的FITC標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔二抗,37℃孵育40min;PBS漂洗3×5 min;4',6 二脒基-2-苯吲哚鹽酸( 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 封片,熒光顯微鏡下觀察并拍照。
三、CCK-8法檢測細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞抑制
調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至2.5×103個/孔(100 μl)接種到96孔懸浮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中并進(jìn)行預(yù)培養(yǎng)。對照組和ISL每個濃度均設(shè)6個復(fù)孔。37℃、5%CO2、100%濕度培養(yǎng)24 h,每孔加入CCK-8液8 μl,繼續(xù)孵育3 h后使用酶標(biāo)儀讀取450 nm處吸光度值。重復(fù)3次。
四、細(xì)胞周期測定
經(jīng)ISL(0 μmol/L、10 μmol/L、40 μmol/L、160 μmol/L)加藥作用72 h后,收集細(xì)胞至10 ml離心管,1 000 r/min 離心5 min,棄上清液;用0.01 mol/L PBS清洗細(xì)胞3次,PBS 500 μl重懸細(xì)胞后轉(zhuǎn)移至1.5 ml離心管,1 ml 70%冰乙醇4℃固定過夜。1 200 r/min離心5 min,0.01 mol/L PBS 1 ml重懸,50 mg/ml RNase A 37℃作用1 h;用50 μg/ml碘化丙啶避光染色30 min,200目細(xì)胞篩過濾后進(jìn)行流式細(xì)胞儀上樣檢測。實驗重復(fù)3次。
五、免疫熒光染色標(biāo)記膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞分化情況
取純化、培養(yǎng)活力良好的膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞400 μl(150個細(xì)胞/400 μl)接種于放置有多聚賴氨酸包被的玻片的懸浮細(xì)胞24孔板,并加ISL至終濃度(10~160 μmol/L),至72 h。PBS 漂洗3×5 min,室溫4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,棄去多聚甲醛,PBS漂洗3×5 min,0.5%TritonX-100 37℃透膜10 min;加免疫染色封閉液,室溫孵育30 min;滴加稀釋好的一抗:Nestin ( 1 ∶200),β-Tubulin Ⅲ(1 ∶1 000),GFAP(1 ∶50),放入濕盒4℃孵育過夜。棄去一抗孵育液,PBS漂洗3×5 min,加1 ∶100稀釋的PE標(biāo)記的兔抗小鼠二抗,37℃孵育40 min;PBS漂洗3×5 min;4',6二脒基-2-苯吲哚鹽酸(4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 封片,熒光顯微鏡下觀察并拍照。
六、統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
一、膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞鏡下形態(tài)及鑒定
1.膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞倒置顯微鏡形態(tài):SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞經(jīng)Cyagen 6孔懸浮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板3次純化、培養(yǎng)至第7天,通過倒置顯微鏡觀察,膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞呈大小不等懸浮克隆球樣生長(圖1B),而膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞呈貼壁樣生長,且胞體伸出較長突起(圖1A)。
2.膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞鑒定:熒光染色后,熒光顯微鏡下觀察膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞球的干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物Nestin、CD133表達(dá)呈陽性(圖2),其中綠色是FITC標(biāo)記,紅色是PE標(biāo)記,DAPI染核呈藍(lán)色。
圖1 SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞及其干細(xì)胞形態(tài)(光鏡下,×200)
Fig 1 The morphology of SHG44 glioma cells and their stem cells (Light microscope, ×200)
A: Glioma cells showed adherent growth, and the cell body extended longer processes (×200); B: Glioma stem cells clustered in regular shape (×200) Bar=50 μm.
圖2 膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞球表達(dá)特異標(biāo)記物 Nestin、CD133 (×200)
Fig 2 These neurosphere were CD133- and Nestin-positive staining (×200)
A: Cellular nucleus stained by DAPI (blue); B: Neurospheres monoclonal-derived expressed positive Nestin (green); C: Neurospheres monoclonal-derived expressed positive CD133 (green).
二、ISL聯(lián)合替莫唑胺對SHG44人腦膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞抑制的影響
ISL隨著濃度增加細(xì)胞抑制作用越強,且160 μmol/L時抑制率達(dá)32%(圖3A),替莫唑胺隨著濃度增加抑制作用越強,且200 μmol/L時抑制率達(dá)40%(圖3B);ISL聯(lián)合替莫唑胺組隨著濃度增加抑制作用越強,且160 μmol/L+200 μmol/L時抑制率達(dá)72%(圖3C)。
圖3 不同濃度ISL及TMZ對膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞增殖的影響
Fig 3 Effects of different concentrations of ISL and TMZ on the proliferation of glioma stem cells
A: Inhibitory rate of ISL on glioma stem cells; B: Inhibitory rate of TMZ on glioma stem cells; C: Inhibitory rate of ISL combination with TMZ on glioma stem cells.
圖4 不同濃度ISL對SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞周期的影響
Fig 4 Effects of different concentrations of ISL on the cell cycle of SHG44 glioma stem cells
圖5 不同濃度ISL誘導(dǎo)SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞分化情況(IF, ×400)
Fig 5 Induced differentiation of SHG44 glioma stem cells by different concentrations of ISL (IF, ×400)
A: Glioma stem cells generated free-floating neurosphere-like, and Nestin protein were expressed in glioma stem cells; B: Neurons emited long processes, which were fiber mesh-like, and β-TubulinⅢ protein were expressed in neurons; C: Astrocytes emited many long and branching projections, whose end formed foot-like, and GFAP protein were expressed in astrocytes.
三、不同濃度ISL對膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞細(xì)胞周期的影響
ISL作用72 h時,10 μmol/L組與對照組相比,G2/M期細(xì)胞比例由0%增加至11.50%±8.29%(Plt;0.05),當(dāng)濃度增加至40 μmol/L及160 μmol/L,G2/M期細(xì)胞比例下降至0%;與對照組相比,G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例由26.89%±8.09%增加至:10 μmol/L組48.24%±24.68%,40 μmol/L組56.56%±14.51%,160 μmol/L組83.52%±9.85%(圖4)。
四、ISL誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞分化情況
各濃度組隨機選取5個視野拍照發(fā)現(xiàn)(圖5),對照組膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞無明顯分化,且呈球形,72 h后,隨著濃度增加分化細(xì)胞及干細(xì)胞同時減少,且高濃度時分化細(xì)胞較小且突起較短。其中未分化膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞呈懸浮球樣(圖5A);分化的神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞發(fā)出長突起,呈纖維網(wǎng)狀(圖5B);分化的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞胞體發(fā)出許多長而分支的突起,且突起的末端膨大形成腳板(圖5C)。
膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞是膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞克隆源性細(xì)胞[6],是膠質(zhì)瘤耐化療、抗拒放療以及膠質(zhì)瘤進(jìn)展和復(fù)發(fā)的根源[7]。膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞可分化為神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞以及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞。CD133是膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞最重要的標(biāo)記物,Nestin是神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志物,目前也被廣泛作為膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物應(yīng)用。另外,小部分CD133陰性細(xì)胞也具有膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞特性,但CD133陽性篩選是目前唯一可靠的評估方法[8]。本研究通過CD133聯(lián)合Nestin進(jìn)行免疫熒光鑒定,呈陽性表達(dá),證實此類神經(jīng)球具有膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞的特性。
ISL是甘草黃酮類化合物中主要的藥用活性成分之一,具有廣譜抗腫瘤、抗氧化、解痙、抗心律失常等作用[9],近年來,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對此已進(jìn)行了大量的研究。其中ISL抗腫瘤機制是目前研究的熱點之一。前期實驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ISL具有抑制SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖的作用,且呈時間和劑量依賴性,經(jīng)ISL處理的SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,其細(xì)胞內(nèi)自噬體和自噬溶酶體明顯增加,自噬相關(guān)分子LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ比值顯著增加,且ISL可通過抑制抗凋亡分子 Bcl-2和增加凋亡相關(guān)分子 Caspase-3促發(fā)SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,從而抑制和殺傷膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞。景治濤等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TMZ可通過下調(diào)TGF-β2 的表達(dá)來抑制膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞和分化膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲,并降低他們的免疫抑制作用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ISL和TMZ分別作用72 h時對膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞抑制作用呈劑量依賴性,而且ISL聯(lián)合TMZ可明顯增強抑制作用。同時研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ISL能誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞向星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元分化,且隨濃度增加誘導(dǎo)作用增強。TMZ聯(lián)合ISL抑制作用明顯強于ISL或TMZ單藥的抑制作用,可能是由于ISL誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞進(jìn)入分化狀態(tài)并增強了TMZ的化療敏感性。李雅娟等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ISL能抑制大鼠 C6 膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,并能誘導(dǎo)C6細(xì)胞向星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化,且呈時間、劑量依賴性,可能是通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化還原狀態(tài)誘導(dǎo)C6膠質(zhì)瘤分化,但具體機制尚不清楚。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同濃度ISL作用于SHG44膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞時,與對照組相比,ISL組G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例顯著增加,且隨著濃度增加G0/G1細(xì)胞比例也隨著增加,說明ISL能使細(xì)胞發(fā)生G0/G1阻滯。
綜上所述,本研究證明ISL能抑制膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞增殖,且能改變其細(xì)胞周期,可明顯增強TMZ化療敏感性。因此,繼續(xù)深入研究ISL對膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞的作用機制,ISL可能是更具選擇性、有效性以及低毒的新型抗膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞藥物,與目前的治療方式相結(jié)合,可能將大大改善膠質(zhì)瘤患者的預(yù)后和延長其壽命。
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EffectsofIsoliquiritigeninincombinationwithTemozolomideoncellproliferationofSHG44humanbraingliomastemcells
SUNHongjun,LINYuliang,DANGYing,MAZhanfeng,TIEXinghua,QUXiaodong,LIZhiyun
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,LanzhouGeneralHospitalofLanzhouMilitaryCommandofPLA,Lanzhou730050, China
ObjectiveThe effect of Isoliquiritigenin in combination with Temozolomide on cell proliferation of SHG44 human glioma stem cells are investigated.MethodsGlioma stem cells were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and B27, and the suspension cell culture plate was used. CD133 and Nestin were detected using immunofluorescence analysis. The experiment included control group (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO), different concentration of isoliquiritin group (5~160 μmol/L), temozolomide group (12.5~200 μmol/L), isoliquiritin+temozolomide group (160 μmol/L+12.5~200 μmol/L). The cell inhibition rates, the cell cycle and stem cell surface differentiated protein expression were detected by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.ResultsThe cell inhibition rate was increased with the isoliquiritin concentration increasing, and the inhibition rate was 32% when the concentration reached 160 μmol/L. The cell inhibition rate was increased with the temozolomide concentration increasing, and the inhibition rate was 40% when the concentration reached 200 μmol/L. The cell inhibition rate was increased with the increase of concentration of isoliquiritin in combination with temozolomide, and the inhibition rate reached 72% when the concentration reached 160+200 μmol/L. The cell cycle G0/G1phase was increased with the increase of the concentration of isoliquiritin, and the cell cycle was arrested in G0/G1phase. With the increase of the isoliquiritin concentration, the more stem cell differentiation, the more cell death.ConclusionIsoliquiritigenin can induce SHG44 glioma stem cells into astrocytes and neuron cell differentiation, and can inhibit the proliferation of glioma stem cells, and increase the chemotherapy sensitivity to temozolomide.
Isoliquiritigenin; Temozolomide; SHG44 human glioma stem cells; Induced differentiation; Inhibition of proliferation; Chemotherapy sensitivity
1671-2897(2016)15-405-05
R 739
A
孫紅軍,碩士研究生,E-mail: tcmsunhj@163.com
*通訊作者:荔志云,教授、主任醫(yī)師,E-mail: lizhiyun456@163.com
2016-04-21;
2016-08-20)