馮杰+++++佟小雅++++++俞佳麗++++++潘祉諭+++++查艷
[摘要]目的 探討脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的急性腎損傷中低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α(HIF-1α)和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的表達(dá)及褪黑素(Mel)對(duì)其表達(dá)的影響。方法 選取3~5周齡的30只Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠作為研究對(duì)象,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(n=10)、LPS組(n=10,靜脈注射500 μg/kg LPS)、Mel+LPS組(n=10,注射LPS之前15 min給予Mel)。48 h后采用TBA法檢測(cè)腎組織的丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,分別用RT-qPCR和免疫組化檢測(cè)HIF-1α、VEGF mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 LPS組腎小管上皮細(xì)胞腫脹、腎間質(zhì)水腫,有炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);Mel+LPS組的上述表現(xiàn)明顯減輕。LPS組血清BUN和Scr含量[(35.56±1.83)mmol/L和(46.23±2.87)μmol/L]顯著高于對(duì)照組[(12.69±0.97)mmol/L和(16.73±1.26)μmol/L]以及Mel+LPS組[(23.17±1.33)mmol/L和(35.67±2.25)μmol/L](P<0.05)。LPS組小鼠腎組織的MDA水平[(697.45±43.13)nmol/(mg·prot)]與對(duì)照組[(354.35±28.12)nmol/(mg·prot)]比較急劇增高(P<0.05),Mel+LPS組的MDA[(455.37±30.79)nmol/(mg·prot)]與LPS組比較則明顯降低(P<0.05)。LPS組小鼠腎組織的SOD水平[(3.75±0.23)U/(mg·prot)]與對(duì)照組[(2.93±0.29)U/(mg·prot)]比較急劇降低(P<0.05),Mel+LPS組的SOD水平[(3.20±0.27)U/(mg·prot)]與LPS組比較明顯增高(P<0.05)。LPS組小鼠腎組織的HIF-1α、VEGF mRNA和蛋白水平與對(duì)照組相比急劇增高(P<0.05),Mel+LPS組與LPS組比較明顯降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 Mel通過(guò)抑制MDA的產(chǎn)生和上調(diào)SOD的活性,調(diào)控HIF-1α和VEGF的表達(dá),起到了保護(hù)LPS誘導(dǎo)的急性腎損傷(AKI)腎臟功能的作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]褪黑素;腎損傷低氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子
[中圖分類號(hào)] R-332 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2016)10(b)-0012-04
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the expression and influence of melatonin on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in acute kidney injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Methods 30 Sprague-Dawly(3-5 weeks) rats were selected and randomly divided into the control group (n=10),the LPS group (n=10,500 μg/kg LPS was injected intravenously) and the Mel+LPS group (n=10,melatonin was administrated orally,15 min later,LPS was given),followed by 48 hours,the rats were killed.The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test was given to detect the level of MDA and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).The mRNAs and proteins of HIF-1α and VEGF were determined by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry.Results There was renal tubular epithelial cells swelling,renal interstitial edema and inflammation in the LPS group,those symptoms was attenuant in Mel+LSP group.The level of Scr and BUN in the LPS group [(35.56±1.83)mmol/L and (46.23±2.87)μmol/L] was higher than that in the control group [(12.69±0.97)mmol/L and (16.73±1.26)μmol/L] and the Mel+LPS group [(23.17±1.33)mmol/L and (35.67±2.25)μmol/L] (P<0.05).The level of MDA in the LPS group [(697.45±43.13)nmol/(mg·prot)] was higher than that in the control group [(354.35±28.12)nmol/(mg·prot)] and the level of MDA in the Mel+LPS group [(455.37±30.79)nmol/(mg·prot)] was lower than that in the LPS group (P<0.05).The level of SOD in the LPS group [(3.75±0.23)U/(mg·prot)] was lower than that in the control group [(2.93±0.29)U/(mg·prot)] and Mel+LPS group[(3.20±0.27)U/(mg·prot)] (P<0.05).The level of HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA and protein in the LPS group was higher than that in the control group,and less than that in the Mel+LPS group.Conclusion By inhibiting the production of MDA and up regulating the activity of SOD,Mel can regulate the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α,and plays a role in protecting LPS induced AKI renal function.
[Key words]Melatonin;Renal injury hypoxia inducible factor-1α;Vascular endothelial growth factor
內(nèi)毒素血癥(endotoxemia,ETM)可出現(xiàn)在兒科多系統(tǒng)的多種疾病中,一旦并發(fā)腎損傷常難以救治。缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)在多種腎損傷的動(dòng)物模型中具有腎臟保護(hù)作用,其在腎損傷發(fā)病過(guò)程中的作用在臨床研究中也備受關(guān)注。血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是HIF-1α最重要的靶基因之一,在缺氧情況下可被HIF-1α迅速誘導(dǎo)活化。褪黑素(melatonin,Mel)是松果體分泌的吲哚類神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌激素,目前臨床上主要用于內(nèi)分泌和腫瘤等其他疾病的治療。近年來(lái)的研究表明,Mel對(duì)ETM腎損傷具有保護(hù)作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)觀察ETM幼年大鼠腎組織中HIF-1α、VEGF的表達(dá),探討Mel干預(yù)對(duì)ETM腎損傷的作用及其對(duì)HIF-1α介導(dǎo)的VEGF表達(dá)的影響。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)檢測(cè)試劑購(gòu)自Cell Signaling Technology,脂多糖(lipopo-lysaccharide,LPS)購(gòu)至Sigma, Mel購(gòu)自Sigma-Aldrich,兔抗HIF-1α抗體、兔抗VEGF抗體和兔抗β-actin抗體購(gòu)自Abcam,HRP標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG購(gòu)自博興生物,DAB辣根過(guò)氧化物酶顯色試劑盒購(gòu)自碧云天,RT-qPCR試劑盒購(gòu)自Thermo Fisher Scientific。清潔級(jí)3~5周齡雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠30只,購(gòu)自貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心。
1.2動(dòng)物模型建立
將3~5周齡清潔級(jí)SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組、LPS組、Mel+LPS組,每組10只。LPS組靜脈注射500 μg/kg LPS,Mel+LPS組注射LPS之前15 min給予Mel,然后500 μg/kg LPS靜脈注射,48 h后,麻醉下處死幼年大鼠,采血1 ml,取雙側(cè)腎臟。
1.3大鼠腎功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)檢測(cè)及病理學(xué)檢測(cè)
全自動(dòng)生化儀測(cè)Scr、BUN。處死大鼠,取腎組織用于病理檢測(cè)。石蠟切片常規(guī)過(guò)碘酸希夫反應(yīng)(periodic acid-Schiff reaction,PAS)染色,光鏡下雙盲法觀察腎小管間質(zhì)的變化情況。
1.4大鼠腎臟氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)指標(biāo)檢測(cè)
腎組織勻漿(0.01 mol/L PBS緩沖液以產(chǎn)生10%組織裂解液),按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書操作,用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法測(cè)定腎臟的MDA水平,檢測(cè)535 nm處吸光度,結(jié)果用nmol/(mg·prot)表示。用超氧化物歧化酶SOD測(cè)定試劑盒檢測(cè)腎臟SOD活性,按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書操作,檢測(cè)550 nm處吸光度,結(jié)果用U/(mg·prot)表示。
1.5免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測(cè)腎組織HIF-1α和VEGF的蛋白表達(dá)
石蠟切片2 μm,常規(guī)脫蠟至水,滅活內(nèi)源性酶,熱修復(fù)抗原。加1∶150稀釋的兔抗HIF-1α抗體、兔抗VEGF抗體,4℃過(guò)夜;生物素標(biāo)記抗兔IgG(1∶1000),室溫孵育2 h;洗滌后,加辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的鏈霉親和素工作液孵育,37℃,30 min,DAB顯色,封片、顯微鏡觀察。
1.6 RT-qPCR檢測(cè)腎組織HIF-1α和VEGF mRNA的表達(dá)
Trizol裂解細(xì)胞提取總RNA,用紫外可見分光光度儀測(cè)定其純度和含量。反轉(zhuǎn)錄得到cDNA。熱循環(huán)的條件:94℃變性30 s,54℃退火1 min,72℃延伸1 min,循環(huán)30次。mRNA的表達(dá)變化用2ΔΔCt表示。
1.7統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1各組腎組織HE染色的病理學(xué)變化
LPS組的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞腫脹、腎間質(zhì)水腫,有炎細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。Mel+LPS組與LPS組比較,上述表現(xiàn)明顯減輕(圖1)。
2.2各組腎功能變化和氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)指標(biāo)的比較
LPS組的血清BUN、Scr含量顯著高于對(duì)照組,Mel+LPS組的BUN、Scr含量顯著低于LPS組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。LPS組小鼠腎組織的MDA水平顯著高于對(duì)照組,Mel+LPS組小鼠腎組織的MDA水平顯著低于LPS組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。LPS組小鼠腎組織的SOD水平顯著低于對(duì)照組,Mel+LPS組小鼠腎組織的SOD水平顯著高于LPS組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.3 Mel對(duì)HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)的影響
LPS組小鼠腎組織的HIF-1α mRNA(4.35±1.87)和蛋白水平(6.82±1.97)與對(duì)照組(1.00±0.00)和(3.29±0.57)相比急劇增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Mel+LPS組的HIF-1α mRNA(2.35±0.76)和蛋白水平(3.95±1.02)與LPS組比較明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2、圖3)。
2.4 Mel對(duì)VEGF mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)的影響
LPS組小鼠腎組織的VEGF mRNA(2.01±1.32)和蛋白水平(4.34±1.26)與對(duì)照組(1.00±0.00)和(2.53±0.74)相比明顯上調(diào),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Mel+LPS組的VEGF mRNA(1.35±0.18)和蛋白水平(2.55±0.75)與LPS組比較明顯下調(diào),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖4、圖5)。
3討論
ETM可出現(xiàn)在兒科多系統(tǒng)的多種疾病中,是兒科ICU中重癥感染患兒最常見的死亡原因之一。腎臟是其重要靶器官,一旦并發(fā)急性腎損傷(AKI)常難以救治[1]。近年來(lái),HIF-1在某些腎臟疾病中的作用逐漸受到關(guān)注,然而,HIF-1活性及其對(duì)下游基因VEGF的表達(dá)調(diào)控在ETM幼年大鼠腎損傷過(guò)程中扮演的角色尚不清楚[2]。Mel是松果體分泌的吲哚類神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌激素,是目前最為強(qiáng)效的自由基清除劑,在腎臟疾病中發(fā)揮著抗氧化、抗凋亡和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[3]。
3.1 Mel對(duì)LPS誘導(dǎo)的腎功能的保護(hù)作用
Mel主要作為治療失眠的睡眠調(diào)節(jié)劑。Mehta等[4]證實(shí),血液透析終末期腎病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)患者體內(nèi)的Mel水平明顯低于正常人,血液透析患者可以通過(guò)攝入Mel改善其睡眠質(zhì)量。日本學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),其可延緩腎臟肥大的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。本研究結(jié)果顯示,LPS誘導(dǎo)的大鼠腎功能受損,Scr和BUN增高,Mel+LPS使大鼠腎功能明顯改善,Scr和BUN明顯降低。這一結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了Mel能夠改善腎功能的結(jié)論。
3.2 Mel對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)指標(biāo)的影響
在正常情況下,活性氧被少量釋放且被內(nèi)生的抗氧化劑所拮抗,如過(guò)氧化氫酶[5-7]。高水平和低水平的氧分壓都會(huì)增強(qiáng)氧化應(yīng)激,這使得維持組織的含氧量處在生理水平,能夠避免氧化應(yīng)激給組織帶來(lái)的損傷。組織MDA水平可代表組織的氧化應(yīng)激水平,而SOD為組織清除氧自由基的主要酶[8-11]。Sasabe等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)Mel能夠調(diào)節(jié)MDA和SOD的表達(dá),從而防止細(xì)胞的DNA損傷。
在乳腺癌組織內(nèi),Mel能夠通過(guò)SOD抑制HIF-1α,同時(shí)抑制HIF-1α誘導(dǎo)的VEGF的表達(dá)[13-15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,Mel能夠保護(hù)腎功能,且Mel能夠下調(diào)HIF-1α和VEGF。
Mel能逆轉(zhuǎn)LPS誘導(dǎo)的腎組織的MDA增高而使SOD減少。LPS誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激加重了AKI小鼠的腎臟功能障礙。Mel通過(guò)抑制MDA的產(chǎn)生、上調(diào)SOD的表達(dá)、活性調(diào)控HIF-1α和VEGF的表達(dá)起到了抗氧化應(yīng)激保護(hù)LPS誘導(dǎo)的AKI腎臟功能的作用,這為研究Mel在腎臟中的保護(hù)作用提供了一定的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
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