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膽總管微小結(jié)石的影像學(xué)診斷

2017-01-12 10:56鄭明偉
關(guān)鍵詞:胰管膽總管膽道

鄭明偉

膽總管微小結(jié)石的影像學(xué)診斷

鄭明偉

膽總管結(jié)石是臨床常見(jiàn)病,而膽總管微小結(jié)石直徑較小、具有較大的移動(dòng)性,常易引發(fā)膽絞痛、急性膽管炎和急性胰腺炎,臨床確診較為困難,目前臨床常用的影像學(xué)檢查包括B超、CT、MRCP、ERCP和EUS,對(duì)膽總管微小結(jié)石的檢查各有優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足,臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)于影像學(xué)檢查方法的選擇應(yīng)根據(jù)病人狀況、當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院設(shè)備情況和醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平而定,提高診斷率,為治療方案的制定提供依據(jù)。

超聲內(nèi)鏡;膽總管微小結(jié)石;診斷

膽總管結(jié)石是一種臨床中常見(jiàn)的疾病,易引發(fā)急性膽源性胰腺炎和急性梗阻性化膿性膽管炎,甚至危及生命。膽總管微小結(jié)石通常是指直徑小于3 mm的沉淀于膽汁中的顆粒狀固體物質(zhì),主要由膽汁內(nèi)析出的膽固醇結(jié)晶、膽紅素鈣和碳酸鈣顆粒組成,是膽泥逐漸形成膽總管結(jié)石的必由階段[1-3]。

由于膽總管微小結(jié)石直徑較小,在膽總管內(nèi)移動(dòng)較為容易,進(jìn)而影響膽管括約肌和胰管,引起膽絞痛、急性膽管炎、膽管括約肌功能障礙和急性胰腺炎。研究表明,13%~14.3%的不明原因的上腹部疼痛和急性復(fù)發(fā)性胰腺炎與膽總管微小結(jié)石有關(guān)[4-5]。因此,臨床上采用合理的影像學(xué)檢查準(zhǔn)確診斷膽總管微小結(jié)石顯得尤為重要。

1 腹部超聲

腹部超聲能多切面精確探查膽樹(shù),在臨床上簡(jiǎn)便易行,價(jià)格便宜,目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于膽胰疾病的篩查。腹部超聲對(duì)膽總管結(jié)石診斷特異性可達(dá)92%~96%[6-7]。但是,腹部超聲并不能顯示膽道系統(tǒng)的立體形態(tài)及全貌,且受限于操作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn),易于受到胃腸道氣體干擾,并且對(duì)于肥胖的患者其診斷準(zhǔn)確率也受到影響。

膽總管微小結(jié)石在超聲探測(cè)下通常表現(xiàn)為無(wú)聲影的低回聲區(qū),由于膽總管微小結(jié)石易于黏附于遠(yuǎn)端膽管壁,因此腹部超聲往往僅能顯示無(wú)聲影,或是提示膽管壁毛糙、增厚,易漏診。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道腹部超聲對(duì)膽總管微小結(jié)石的診斷敏感性為55%~66%[7-9],假陰性結(jié)果多來(lái)自于肥胖、胃腸道積氣的膽總管微小結(jié)石患者。

2 腹部CT

CT診斷膽道結(jié)石主要依靠密度對(duì)比判定,診斷有一定的準(zhǔn)確性,敏感性為60%~87%,特異性為97%~100%[10-12]。但對(duì)于低密度或等密度結(jié)石,由于其鈣鹽成分少,接近于膽汁密度,尤其是在膽總管不擴(kuò)張的情況下,可造成漏診。此外,由于同一結(jié)石不同部分密度可能不同,因此CT可能會(huì)錯(cuò)誤的判斷結(jié)石大小。

多層螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral CT,MSCT)依靠薄層掃描及強(qiáng)大的圖像后處理軟件使其不使用膽道對(duì)比劑就能產(chǎn)生類似磁共振胰膽管成像(MRCP)的胰膽管樹(shù)圖像,稱為MSCT陰性法胰膽管成像(negative MSCT cholangiopancreatography,N-MSCTCP)。膽總管結(jié)石在N-MCSCTCP上直接征象為高密度鈣化或軟組織密度,周圍膽汁環(huán)繞,表現(xiàn)同MRCP相似,為梗阻端倒杯口狀。N-MCSCTCP診斷膽道結(jié)石總的準(zhǔn)確度為76.3%~80%,但對(duì)膽總管微小結(jié)石顯示不佳,檢出率僅為35.5%~45.1%[13-14]。含鈣結(jié)石在N-MCSCTCP呈高密度,直徑為2 mm的微小結(jié)石亦能確診斷,但呈等密度的微小結(jié)石N-MCSCTCP診斷比較困難,尤其在膽管擴(kuò)張不明顯時(shí)診斷敏感性更低。N-MCSCTCP上不能顯示的膽總管結(jié)石主要與其體積過(guò)小、同周圍組織密度相近有關(guān)。

3 MRCP

MRCP是診斷膽總管結(jié)石的一種非侵襲性檢查方式,其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于無(wú)創(chuàng)安全,而且不需要患者處于鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài),也不會(huì)有輻射暴露的問(wèn)題,同時(shí)操作簡(jiǎn)便快速,適應(yīng)于多數(shù)患者,也包括既往行腸道吻合術(shù)的患者。英國(guó)膽總管結(jié)石診治指南將MRCP及內(nèi)鏡超聲(EUS)作為首選的無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查[15]。

MRCP主要是利用重T2加權(quán)的效果,以增強(qiáng)膽胰管內(nèi)靜止的液性結(jié)構(gòu)信號(hào),從而突出膽胰管的細(xì)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu),操作過(guò)程中生成多幅圖像,并通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)重建出膽胰管的三維圖像效果,從而多方位多角度的顯示膽胰管,具有較好的空間分辨率。膽總管結(jié)石在MRCP圖像表現(xiàn)為膽道內(nèi)圓形、類圓形或多邊形的充盈缺損,周圍繞以高信號(hào)的膽汁,嵌頓性結(jié)石表現(xiàn)為凸面向上的杯口狀充盈缺損,在乳頭水平呈新月形,梗阻端上方膽管擴(kuò)張,膽總管擴(kuò)張較肝內(nèi)膽管擴(kuò)張更為明顯。

MRCP作為近些年診斷膽總管結(jié)石的主要方式,具有較高的準(zhǔn)確性、敏感性及特異性[15-17],堪比十二指腸鏡逆行膽胰管造影(ERCP),同時(shí)高于CT[17-19],綜合大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)[16-22],其敏感性范圍在81%~100%之間,特異性約為85%~100%,準(zhǔn)確性約為89%~100%。膽總管結(jié)石直徑的大小是影響MRCP診斷的重要因素,MRCP診斷膽總管結(jié)石的敏感性隨著膽總管結(jié)石直徑的縮小,降低非常明顯:膽總管結(jié)石直徑>10 mm時(shí),敏感性為67%~100%;結(jié)石直徑6~10 mm時(shí),敏感性為89%~94%;結(jié)石直徑小于6 mm時(shí),敏感性為33%~71%[18,23-24],其原因在于某些模糊圖像或偽影的干擾,以及在MRCP檢查的過(guò)程中,小結(jié)石可能發(fā)生移動(dòng);從MRCP操作原理來(lái)說(shuō),當(dāng)掃查層厚大于5 mm時(shí),需要依靠部分容積效應(yīng)來(lái)重建圖像,因此就不能完全真實(shí)的反映該處組織,當(dāng)結(jié)石直徑小于5 mm時(shí),就有可能出現(xiàn)漏診的情況。同時(shí),有研究報(bào)道,對(duì)膽源性胰腺炎患者進(jìn)行膽總管結(jié)石的掃查,MRCP的敏感性也較低,約為62%[25]。

為了更好的提高M(jìn)RCP的診斷效果,大量學(xué)者對(duì)MRCP技術(shù)不斷探索。近年有研究報(bào)道釓噴葡胺及釓塞酸二鈉可有效提高其敏感性及特異性[26-27],但也有文獻(xiàn)指出,是否應(yīng)用造影劑不會(huì)對(duì)MRCP診斷膽總管結(jié)石產(chǎn)生影響[28]。也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,采用屏氣時(shí)單次激發(fā)半傅立葉采集序列聯(lián)合相控陣線圈技術(shù)、術(shù)前消化道準(zhǔn)備、屏氣練習(xí)及MRCP檢查中相關(guān)參數(shù)進(jìn)行改良,都能提高膽總管結(jié)石的檢出率[22,29-30]。

但是MRCP也具有一些局限性。首先,MRCP不能對(duì)體內(nèi)含有金屬制品的患者進(jìn)行檢查,例如起搏器、手術(shù)留在體內(nèi)的鋼釘?shù)?,不僅是因?yàn)闀?huì)影響最終的成像效果,更重要的是因?yàn)楹舜艜?huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)強(qiáng)力的磁場(chǎng),可能導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)金屬的移位,或引起其它損傷。其次,過(guò)度肥胖、幽閉恐懼癥也能影響MRCP的檢查。而且老年患者,往往呼吸配合欠佳,難以獲得滿意的圖像。

總之,MRCP是診斷膽總管結(jié)石的有效方式,無(wú)創(chuàng)安全,無(wú)明顯禁忌癥,同時(shí)具有較高的準(zhǔn)確性、敏感性及特異性,但其診斷直徑較小結(jié)石的效果還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

4 ERCP

近年來(lái),ERCP被認(rèn)為是診斷膽總管結(jié)石的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。ERCP檢查能清晰顯示肝內(nèi)外膽管全貌,并能在內(nèi)鏡下對(duì)十二指腸乳頭區(qū)黏膜進(jìn)行直接觀察和活檢,在檢查同時(shí)能夠進(jìn)行乳頭括約肌切開(kāi)術(shù)、膽道膽總管取石、膽胰管支架置入等操作,達(dá)到相應(yīng)的治療目的。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,ERCP診斷膽總管結(jié)石的敏感性是84%~89%,特異性是97%~100%。但有研究表明,診斷性ERCP對(duì)膽總管微小結(jié)石的敏感性為89%[31-33],這可能與造影劑濃度過(guò)高或膽總管顯影不充分有關(guān)。Liu等[34]報(bào)道70例膽源性胰腺炎患者中6例(8.5%)膽總管微小結(jié)石未能診斷。

值得注意的是,ERCP是一項(xiàng)侵入性操作,成功率約為95%,且有出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的可能,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為4%~4.95%,常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥包括急性胰腺炎、消化道出血和穿孔等,嚴(yán)重者甚至危及生命。同時(shí),ERCP包括相應(yīng)的EST等操作可能會(huì)對(duì)十二指腸乳頭括約肌在場(chǎng)不可逆的影響,遠(yuǎn)期出現(xiàn)膽管反流、膽道感染等并發(fā)癥[35-37]。而且,對(duì)于胃旁路手術(shù)、膽腸吻合術(shù)等解剖異?;颊唠y以順利完成ERCP手術(shù)。此外,ERCP需要熟練的內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師和相應(yīng)的設(shè)備,這限制了ERCP在基層醫(yī)院開(kāi)展。因此,盡管ERCP診斷膽總管微小結(jié)石具有較高的敏感性和特異性,診斷性ERCP不推薦作為首選診斷方案[38]。

5 EUS

EUS是將內(nèi)鏡與高分辨率的超聲顯像相結(jié)合,超聲探頭可貼近胃腸道掃查膽胰系統(tǒng),由于避開(kāi)腹壁脂肪和胃腸氣體干擾,所以能近距離清晰顯影,大大提高了膽總管結(jié)石的診斷率,特別是微小結(jié)石。多項(xiàng)前瞻性研究報(bào)道,超聲內(nèi)鏡診斷膽總管結(jié)石敏感性84%~100%,特異性90%~100%[32,39-42]。EUS對(duì)膽總管微小結(jié)石診斷率較其它影像學(xué)檢查具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。Mirbagheri等[43]前瞻性評(píng)估35例腹部超聲正常的上腹部疼痛患者,其中33例EUS發(fā)現(xiàn)膽道微小結(jié)石。Sugiyama等[44]報(bào)道對(duì)于3~5 mm的膽道結(jié)石,EUS較MRCP有更高的敏感性。多項(xiàng)研究表明,EUS對(duì)于膽總管微小結(jié)石的診斷率高于MRCP和ERCP[18,45-46]。

EUS是一種安全、無(wú)輻射的診斷方法,極少出現(xiàn)操作相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,而且在ERCP術(shù)前行EUS可避免不必要的ERCP操作所造成的痛苦及并發(fā)癥。但對(duì)于幽門(mén)、十二指腸狹窄及胃空腸吻合術(shù)后的患者,由于解剖因素探頭無(wú)法到達(dá)十二指腸降段操作無(wú)法完成。且EUS對(duì)器械及操作者的要求較高,因此廣泛開(kāi)展受到一定限制。

綜上所述,臨床常見(jiàn)影像學(xué)檢查對(duì)膽總管微小結(jié)石的診斷各有優(yōu)劣,臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)根據(jù)本單位醫(yī)療條件選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臋z查方法。盡管目前尚缺乏大宗病例的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,但多種方法的聯(lián)合診斷無(wú)疑可以提高BML的診斷率,為臨床治療提供可靠依據(jù)。

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R657.4+2

A

1007-6948(2017)05-0572-04

10.3969/j.issn.1007-6948.2017.05.034

天津市南開(kāi)醫(yī)院微創(chuàng)外科(天津300100)

鄭明偉,E-mail:zhengmw95@sohu.com

(收稿:2017-07-26 修回:2017-09-20)

(責(zé)任編輯 石承先)

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