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后腹腔鏡保留腎單位手術(shù)治療70歲以上老年局限性腎癌

2017-01-15 13:57黃建林羅一釗邱明星
關(guān)鍵詞:腎癌局限性腎功能

黃建林 安 宇 廖 勇 劉 競(jìng) 羅一釗 邱明星

(四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科,成都 610072)

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后腹腔鏡保留腎單位手術(shù)治療70歲以上老年局限性腎癌

黃建林 安 宇 廖 勇*劉 競(jìng) 羅一釗 邱明星

(四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科,成都 610072)

目的 探討后腹腔鏡保留腎單位手術(shù)治療70歲以上老年局限性腎癌的療效。 方法 2011年9月~2014年12月對(duì)16例70歲以上腎癌行后腹腔鏡腎部分切除術(shù)。建立后腹腔氣腹后分別置入3枚trocar,打開側(cè)椎筋膜,在腰大肌與腎脂肪囊間分離,上至膈肌,下至輸尿管。游離腎臟中部,找到腎動(dòng)脈,找到并游離腫物,置入血管阻斷鉗夾閉腎動(dòng)脈,剪刀距腫瘤邊緣0.5 cm切除腫物及部分腎實(shí)質(zhì),3-0可吸收線縫合集合系統(tǒng)(腫瘤位置較深鄰近集合系統(tǒng)者),以2-0倒刺線連續(xù)貫穿縫合腎實(shí)質(zhì),縫合完畢后以Hem-o-lok夾固定。松開血管阻斷鉗,出血部分加強(qiáng)縫合。 結(jié)果 16例手術(shù)均成功完成,無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開放。手術(shù)時(shí)間55~240 min,(132.4±46.4)min,血管阻斷時(shí)間12~40 min,(25.3±7.6)min;術(shù)中出血量10~200 ml,(79.7±62.6)ml,無(wú)輸血。術(shù)后住院時(shí)間6~15 d,(9.4±3.2)d。16例隨訪(30.8±9.5)月,1例術(shù)后24個(gè)月因全身腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移死亡,1例術(shù)后31個(gè)月因心臟疾病死亡,其余患者無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移。1例術(shù)后18個(gè)月出現(xiàn)腎功能衰竭,規(guī)律行腹膜透析。 結(jié)論 后腹腔鏡保留腎單位手術(shù)治療70歲以上老年局限性腎癌安全有效,條件允許時(shí)推薦采用。

腎細(xì)胞癌; 老年人; 保留腎單位手術(shù); 腹腔鏡

腎細(xì)胞癌是腎臟最常見的惡性腫瘤,占成人惡性腫瘤的2%~3%,高發(fā)年齡為50~70歲[1]。70歲以上老年人所占比例較少,17%~30.7%[1~3],隨著人口老齡化以及健康檢查的普及,這部分患者有增多的趨勢(shì)。局限性腎癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案為根治性腎切除術(shù)(radical nephrectomy, RN),但長(zhǎng)期隨訪顯示保留腎單位手術(shù)(nephron-sparing surgery, NSS)在控制腫瘤方面與根治性腎切除術(shù)相當(dāng)[4],且術(shù)后慢性腎病發(fā)生率低,近年來(lái),NSS逐步取代RN成為治療局限性腎細(xì)胞癌的首選方案。老年患者的全身器官功能衰退,機(jī)體抵抗力差,手術(shù)耐受性降低,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性增加,尤其是70歲以上老年人,常合并其他內(nèi)科疾病,治療選擇仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。我院2011年9月~2014年12月對(duì)70歲以上老年患者行后腹腔鏡腎部分切除術(shù)16例,效果滿意,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 臨床資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

本組16例,男13例,女3例。年齡70~89歲,(74.9±5.1)歲。腰痛2例,血尿1例,體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)13例。病變位置:左腎9例,右腎7例;腎上極5例,中極4例,下極7例;腫瘤最大直徑1.5~5.2 cm,(2.6±1.0)cm。2例為解剖性或功能性孤立腎(1例對(duì)側(cè)因惡性腫瘤切除,1例對(duì)側(cè)腎萎縮無(wú)功能)。臨床分期T1a期15例,T1b期1例,均無(wú)淋巴結(jié)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。R.E.N.A.L.腎臟測(cè)量評(píng)分[5]:4~6分9例,7~9分6例,10~12分1例。1例合并原發(fā)性高血壓、糖尿病和冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化性心臟病,1例合并原發(fā)性高血壓和冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化性心臟病,1例合并糖尿病和冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化性心臟病,2例合并原發(fā)性高血壓和糖尿病,1例合并原發(fā)性高血壓和慢性支氣管炎,1例合并原發(fā)性高血壓和慢性腎功能不全,2例合并原發(fā)性高血壓,1例合并糖尿病,1例合并慢性支氣管炎,1例合并腎功能不全。東部腫瘤協(xié)作組織(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG)體力狀況評(píng)分:0分9例,1分6例,2分1例。3例合并冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化性心臟病者心功能分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)2例,Ⅱ級(jí)1例。2例合并慢性支氣管炎者肺功能為輕度通氣功能障礙(FEV1/FVC 60%~70%)。

病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):局限性腎癌(增強(qiáng)CT檢查臨床分期T1期),年齡≥70歲, 除外NYHA心功能分級(jí)≥Ⅲ級(jí)、中重度通氣功能障礙、ECOG評(píng)分≥3分。

1.2 方法

全麻后取健側(cè)腰橋墊高位?;紓?cè)腋前線及腋后線肋緣下1.5 cm處、腋中線髂嵴上緣1.5 cm三處標(biāo)記。腋后線標(biāo)記處切開,用手指沿腰大肌前緣分離出一潛在腔隙,置入自制氣囊,注氣350~400 ml擴(kuò)張后,建立氣腹,分別置入3枚 trocar。分離鉗、超聲刀打開側(cè)錐筋膜,在腰大肌與腎脂肪囊間分離,上至膈肌,下至輸尿管。腎臟中部游離脂肪囊,先游離腎臟中部,找到腎動(dòng)脈,找到并游離腫物,置入血管阻斷鉗夾閉腎動(dòng)脈,剪刀距腫瘤邊緣0.5 cm切除腫物及部分腎實(shí)質(zhì),3-0可吸收線縫合集合系統(tǒng)(腫瘤位置較深鄰近集合系統(tǒng)者),以2-0倒刺線連續(xù)貫穿縫合腎實(shí)質(zhì),縫合完畢后以Hem-o-lok夾固定。松開血管阻斷鉗,出血部分加強(qiáng)縫合。

術(shù)后保留尿管3~5 d,血漿管引流量連續(xù)<30 ml/d時(shí)拔除,臥床休息5~7 d。術(shù)后1個(gè)月復(fù)查,此后每3~6個(gè)月復(fù)查,復(fù)查內(nèi)容包括腎功能、血常規(guī)、泌尿系彩超、胸部X線及腹部CT等。

2 結(jié)果

16例手術(shù)均獲成功,無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開放手術(shù)。手術(shù)時(shí)間55~240 min,(132.4±46.4)min;血管阻斷時(shí)間12~40 min,(25.3±7.6)min;術(shù)中出血量10~200 ml,(79.7±62.6)ml,無(wú)術(shù)中及術(shù)后輸血。術(shù)后病理:透明細(xì)胞癌15例,乳頭狀腺癌1例;無(wú)切緣陽(yáng)性。術(shù)后住院時(shí)間6~15 d,(9.4±3.2)d;恢復(fù)進(jìn)食時(shí)間1~4 d,(2.1±0.8)d;拔除引流管時(shí)間4~9 d,(6.6±2.5)d。術(shù)后出現(xiàn)漏尿1例,經(jīng)留置輸尿管支架管、延長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)尿管及引流管留置后治愈。

16例隨訪21~58個(gè)月,(30.8±9.5)月,1例術(shù)后24個(gè)月因全身腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移死亡,1例術(shù)后31個(gè)月因心臟疾病死亡,其余患者無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移。1例術(shù)后18個(gè)月出現(xiàn)腎功能衰竭(術(shù)前合并腎功能不全),規(guī)律行腹膜透析;1例肌酐升高(腎功能不全氮質(zhì)血癥期),未透析;2例影像學(xué)檢查顯示患側(cè)腎萎縮。

3 討論

70歲以上老年腎細(xì)胞癌相對(duì)較少,Lee等[6]認(rèn)為年齡與腫瘤特異性生存率有關(guān),但Sun等[7]認(rèn)為合并癥較多的老年患者多死于腫瘤之外的其他原因。因此,對(duì)于老年患者的治療選擇常有不同的意見。同相對(duì)年輕的患者一樣,老年腎癌的治療選擇包括RN、NSS、消融治療以及主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)等[8,9]。

70歲以上老年人通常合并心血管及肺部疾病,對(duì)于手術(shù)及麻醉耐受差,部分患者不宜接受手術(shù),可采取主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)或消融治療。然而,隨著體檢意識(shí)的增強(qiáng)及平均壽命的延長(zhǎng),更多老年腎臟腫瘤被發(fā)現(xiàn),并且腫瘤體積有減小的趨勢(shì);同時(shí),隨著手術(shù)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,老年腎癌患者接受手術(shù)治療并獲得良好的結(jié)局。Harano等[10]對(duì)34例70歲以上老年患者施行腹腔鏡RN,老年患者中原發(fā)性高血壓及心臟病比例高,但手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量及圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥與70歲以下患者類似。本組均為70歲以上老年人,12例有合并癥,均順利耐受后腹腔鏡腎部分切除術(shù),術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好。Berdjis等[11]認(rèn)為年齡并不是手術(shù)禁忌,他們觀察115例接受手術(shù)治療的75歲以上老年腎細(xì)胞癌,結(jié)果表明盡管老年患者合并癥多,但并發(fā)癥和病死率較75歲以下并無(wú)顯著差異;術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率與美國(guó)麻醉師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)評(píng)分相關(guān),而非與年齡相關(guān)。

老年局限性腎癌患者手術(shù)方式的選擇,目前仍存在爭(zhēng)議。許多研究對(duì)RN 與NSS 進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,絕大多數(shù)認(rèn)為這2種手術(shù)在患者術(shù)后生存率差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Becker等[12]對(duì)比65歲以上T1期老年腎癌患者分別行RN或NSS,結(jié)果顯示后者手術(shù)并發(fā)癥(包括漏尿、尿囊腫、腎積水及出血等)較高,30 d病死率無(wú)差別。然而,接受RN 的患者,術(shù)后腎功能衰竭與慢性腎功能損傷的發(fā)生率顯著高于接受NSS 的患者[13],而且老年患者術(shù)前合并腎功能不全比例較高[14],因此,很多研究支持選擇NSS[15]。從遠(yuǎn)期隨訪來(lái)看,Huang等[16]比較RN與NSS治療老年局限性腎癌患者(66歲以上),其中RN組 2547例(81%),NSS組556例 (19%),隨訪時(shí)間4年,結(jié)果顯示RN組總體死亡率較高,心血管事件比例增加。本組術(shù)后平均隨訪30.8月,死于腫瘤及其他原因各1例,需要透析1例,顯示該術(shù)式良好的腫瘤控制及腎功能保留。Lesage等[17]認(rèn)為接受NSS 后患者獲得更高生活質(zhì)量的可能性更大。因此,在技術(shù)可行的情況下,對(duì)于70歲以上老年局限性腎癌患者,我們更傾向于選擇NSS。

一般來(lái)說(shuō),70歲以上老年患者因常存在其他合并癥,有住院時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、并發(fā)癥多等特點(diǎn),因而更加適合選擇創(chuàng)傷較小的手術(shù)方式。相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù),腹腔鏡手術(shù)不僅減小切口、減少術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,也減輕患者的疼痛感,并縮短術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,對(duì)于腫瘤的控制效果腹腔鏡手術(shù)與開放手術(shù)相當(dāng)[18]。目前,絕大部分NSS可通過腹腔鏡手術(shù)完成,我們多經(jīng)后腹腔入路。從理論上講,氣腹可引起循環(huán)變化,體循環(huán)及肺循環(huán)阻力增大,心臟后負(fù)荷增加,心輸出量減小,可能出現(xiàn)心力衰竭。通過大量臨床實(shí)踐,腹腔鏡手術(shù)在具備上述優(yōu)勢(shì)的同時(shí),并沒有增加圍手術(shù)期手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[19]。本組患者術(shù)后均恢復(fù)良好,并發(fā)癥少,同樣證實(shí)腹腔鏡手術(shù)的安全性。

與年輕患者相比,70歲以上老年患者有合并癥多、預(yù)期壽命相對(duì)短、手術(shù)耐受差等特點(diǎn),但經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格篩選及圍手術(shù)期處理,仍能從手術(shù)中獲益。通過本組研究我們有以下體會(huì):①術(shù)前需完善心肺功能檢查及體能狀況評(píng)分,仔細(xì)進(jìn)行麻醉及手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。本組12例有合并癥,但體能狀況良好,均順利耐受手術(shù)。②術(shù)中同麻醉師的密切配合,熟練操作,手術(shù)時(shí)間盡量縮短。③術(shù)中在保證完整切除腫瘤時(shí),盡可能保留正常腎組織;熱缺血時(shí)間盡量在30 min內(nèi),必要時(shí)可不阻斷或選擇性阻斷,倒刺線縫合腎實(shí)質(zhì)可縮短操作時(shí)間;集合系統(tǒng)有損傷者需單獨(dú)縫合,有漏尿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者可提前留置輸尿管支架管。④圍手術(shù)期嚴(yán)格監(jiān)測(cè)及控制血壓及血糖,積極防治心腦血管意外及肺部感染。

總之,后腹腔鏡NSS治療70歲以上老年患者局限性腎癌安全有效, 有手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),條件允許時(shí)推薦采用。本組例數(shù)較少,為單中心回顧性研究,有待增加病例數(shù)以及多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究進(jìn)一步探討其臨床療效和最佳適應(yīng)證選擇。

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(修回日期:2016-12-04)

(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)

Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephron-sparing Surgery for Localized Renal Cancer in the Elderly Over 70 Years Old

Huang Jianlin, An Yu, Liao Yong, et al.

Department of Urology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China

Liao Yong, E-mail: liaoyong616@sina.com

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery in the treatment of elderly patients over 70 years old with localized renal cancer. Methods Sixteen elderly patients with renal cancer underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in our hospital from September 2011 to December 2014. During the surgery, 3 trocars were placed respectively after retro-peritoneum pneumoperitoneum had been established. While the lateral conal fascia was opened, separating was performed between the lumbar major muscle and fatty renal capsule, up to the diaphragm and down to the ipsilateral ureter. The renal artery was exposed from the central part of the kidney, and the mass was found and dissociated from circumambient fat. A nontraumatic vascular clamp was placed to occlude renal artery temporarily, and the tumor and partial renal parenchyma were resected away from the tumor edge 0.5 cm with scissors. The collection system was closed with a 3-0 absorbable suture when the tumor was located deeply and adjacent to the collection system, and the renal parenchyma wound was closed continuously with 2-0 barbed sutures, which was immobilized with a Hem-o-lok clip after the suture completed. The bleeding section was reinforced with added sutures after the vascular clamp released. Results All the operations in 16 cases were successfully completed without transferring to open surgery. The operation time was (132.4±46.4) min, ranged 55-240 min. The warm ischemia time (WIT) was (25.3±7.6) min, ranged 12-40 minutes. The mean estimated blood loss during surgery was (79.7±62.6) ml, ranged 10-200 ml. No patient

blood transfusion. The postoperative hospital stay was (9.4±3.2) d, ranged 6-15 d. The average follow-up time was (30.8±9.5) months. One patient died of tumor metastasis 24 months after surgery, and another one died of heart disease after 31 months after surgery. The remaining patients survived without recurrence or metastasis. One patient needed regular peritoneal dialysis because of renal failure occurred at 18 months after operation. Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery is a safe and effective approach in the treatment of elderly patients over 70 years old with localized renal cancer,which can be recommended if necessary.

Renal cancer; The elderly; Nephron-sparing surgery; Laparoscopy

B

1009-6604(2017)08-0748-04

10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2017.08.021

2016-08-22)

*通訊作者,E-mail: liaoyong616@sina.com

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