康傳桂

那么，什么是英語閱讀的推理判斷呢？

推理判斷題就是要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定的推理判斷，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中的某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息進而推出的答案：即對原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫或綜合概括。

在推理判斷題的題干中通常含有infer， suggest， imply， conclude， indicate等標志性詞語。 這種題型主要包括細節(jié)判斷題、態(tài)度觀點推斷題、寫作意圖推斷題、文章出處判斷題和猜測想象推斷題，具體的設(shè)問規(guī)律有：

A. 推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有：

1） The passage is most likely to be taken from .

2） Where would this passage most probably appear？

3） The passage is most likely a part of.

B. 推測文章的觀點或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式有：

1） It can be inferred from the passage that .

2） What conclusion can be drawn from the passage？

3） From the passage we can conclude that .

C. 推測作者寫作目的或意圖的設(shè)題形式有：

1） The purpose in writing this text is to .

2） The author writes this passage to .

3） The author in this passage intends to .

D. 邏輯排序題的設(shè)題方式：

1） Which of the following describes ones logic in doing sth.？

2） Which of the following shows the correct order of what happened to...？

E. 是非判斷題的設(shè)題方式：

1） Which of the following is （not）true or false？

2） All of the following statements are wrong except .

3） All of the following statements are right / true except .

4） Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage / text？

如何做英語閱讀理解推理判斷題解呢？這當然要根據(jù)閱讀后面的設(shè)題來考慮，就是看看是什么樣的要求；具體可能見到的題型和解決的技巧如下：

A. 寫作意圖推測判斷題：此題型要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，推測作者的寫作意圖及運用某種寫作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實和形象，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或意見。這種題型要求考生們不但能理解文章的內(nèi)容，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的寫作方法進行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。

B. 細節(jié)推斷判斷題：要求考生根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。

C. 預測想象推理判斷題：有些內(nèi)容文章中沒有明確說明，要求考生根據(jù)語篇，對事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進行預測推理。做這類題時應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路，即：文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系來敘述。立足已知，推斷未知，從而做出比較科學的、合情合理的預測。不能主觀臆想，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點。

D. 因果推斷題：要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導致結(jié)果的可能原因。考生要準確掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。

E. 人物態(tài)度及觀點判斷題：閱讀測試中有些是考查考生對作者的主要思想、被描寫人物語氣、言談話語中流露的情緒、性格傾向和作者或文中人物態(tài)度、觀點等方面的理解題。做這一類題時一定要注意：由表及里地準確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點代替作者的思想觀點；特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言，以及表達感情、態(tài)度觀點的詞語。要注意作者在文章中的措詞，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。結(jié)合自己平時積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風俗習慣等背景知識來判斷。

英語閱讀理解的推理判斷題的推理也不是像偵破案中的那么復雜，所以，一般都是簡單推理，就是以表面文字為前提，以具體事實為依據(jù)進行推理，做出判斷。這種推理方式比較直接，只要弄清事實，即可結(jié)合常識推斷出合理的結(jié)論。 如：

When men and women lived by hunting 50，000 years from now， how could they even begin to picture modern life？ Yet to men of 50，000 years from now， we may seem as primitive （原始的） in our ideas as the StoneAge hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spunders， or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words， which I have just made up， have to stand for things and ideas that we simply cant think of.

Question：The text discusses men and women 50，000 years ago and 50，000 years from now in order to show that .

A. human history is extremely long

B. life has not changed a great deal

C. it is useless to plan for the next 50，000 years

D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future

從段首 When men and women lived by hunting 50，000 years ago， how could they even begin to picture modern life？ 可推出：生活在今天的人們要想像50，000 年以后會發(fā)生什么，當然也是困難的。答案選D 。

除了這種簡單的推理判斷外，有時為了考出考生的英語水平，設(shè)題會拐彎抹角的，這就是有的復雜的推理判斷了。這種所謂復雜推理不但要以文字為依據(jù)，而且還要以文章的語境、內(nèi)涵為前提。這是一種間接而復雜的邏輯推理方式?？忌茢喑鑫恼聸]有表明但又合乎邏輯的推理，就必須由表及里地歸納或演繹。

請見江蘇高考題：

Freedom and Responsibility

Freedoms challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.

Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies， one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

In Greece， in Athens （雅典）， a little city in a little country， there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed， and the unwritten， which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was selfcontrolled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens， not because it was forced on him from the outside， but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.

But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it， and work for it， it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance， a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenians pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state， the state was to give to them.What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them； and with this as the primary object， ideas of freedom and selfreliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.

Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of selfdependence and responsibility for the common good， they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens， the Athens of Ancient Greece， refused responsibility； she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.

But， “the excellent becomes the permanent”， Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever， but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American， James Madison， referred to， “The capacity （能力） of mankind for selfgovernment.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind， but once man has a great and good idea， it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that mans thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.

65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Countries where their people need help.

B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

66. People believing in freedom are those who .

A. regard their life as their own business

B. seek gains as their primary object

C. behave within the laws and value systems

D. treat others with kindness and pity

67. What change in attitude took place in Athens？

A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.

B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.

C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.

D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.

68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean？

A. Athens would continue to be free.

B. Athens would cease to have freedom.

C. Freedom would come from responsibility.

D. Freedom would stop Athens from selfdependence.

69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison？

A. The author is hopeful about freedom.

B. The author is cautious about selfgovernment.

C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.

D. The author is proud of mans capacity.

70. What is the authors understanding of freedom？

A. Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.

B. Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.

C. Freedom should have priority over responsibility.

D. Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.

答案與解析

第65題，詞義推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations， splendid empires， but no freedom anywhere可知，在古希臘發(fā)現(xiàn)自由之前，各地都不存在自由。古埃及和古巴比倫也是沒有自由的國家，又由one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses可知，一個有強大權(quán)力的人統(tǒng)治著無助的群眾，所以選D項正確。

第66題，推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed， and the unwritten， which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was selfcontrolled. 可知，雅典人的自由在于自覺遵守已經(jīng)通過的書面法律和非書面法律，他們靠selfcontrolled來獲取自由，由此可推斷出信仰自由的人應(yīng)該是那些遵守法律和價值體系的人，所以選C。

第67題，推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句中responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing進行推理判斷，故選A。

第68題，詞義推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的If men insisted on being free from the burden of selfdependence and responsibility for the common good， they would cease to be free可知選B。

第69題，推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中的對話和某些行為，推斷作者對自由充滿了希望，故選A。

第70題，推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文，作者認為真正的自由依賴自我承擔責任，依賴自我約束，故選D正確。