趙瑩
長(zhǎng)春市婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科三療區(qū),吉林長(zhǎng)春130000
產(chǎn)科護(hù)理帶教中PBL教學(xué)方法研究
趙瑩
長(zhǎng)春市婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院產(chǎn)科三療區(qū),吉林長(zhǎng)春130000
以往傳統(tǒng)的很多帶教方式無(wú)論在內(nèi)容上還是在形式上,都比較單一,難以得到參與護(hù)生的認(rèn)可。PBL教學(xué)法這種新的教學(xué)模式即是學(xué)生在老師的引導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)過(guò)“提出問(wèn)題→建立假設(shè)→自學(xué)解疑→論證假設(shè)”的邏輯過(guò)程獲取醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)。PBL護(hù)理帶教法的主要方法是帶教護(hù)士以該院所制定的各項(xiàng)護(hù)理課程為依據(jù),自行設(shè)計(jì)帶教的有關(guān)內(nèi)容,緊緊圍繞著該院產(chǎn)科中常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)帶教案例,讓護(hù)生清楚的了解各項(xiàng)護(hù)理工作的正確操作方案,及時(shí)指出護(hù)生在護(hù)理操作中的問(wèn)題,并幫助其改正。研究證明,選擇了新型的PBL帶教方式,帶教護(hù)士更加注重對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)病例做出分析,這非常有利于產(chǎn)科護(hù)生增加臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)。并且會(huì)讓患者感到信任,避免了護(hù)患之間出現(xiàn)矛盾。
產(chǎn)科護(hù)理;護(hù)理帶教;PBL教學(xué)法
對(duì)于護(hù)生而言,參與實(shí)習(xí)不僅是其實(shí)踐鍛煉的必要過(guò)程,而且是從護(hù)生轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽o(hù)士的過(guò)渡環(huán)節(jié)。在以往對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)護(hù)生所采取的帶教方式中,都是選出有著多年實(shí)踐經(jīng)歷的護(hù)士來(lái)實(shí)施帶教。但是,很多帶教方式無(wú)論在內(nèi)容上還是在形式上,都比較單一,難以得到參與護(hù)生的認(rèn)可[1]。近些年來(lái),該院在開(kāi)展產(chǎn)科的護(hù)理帶教時(shí),應(yīng)用了能夠?qū)F(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題作為導(dǎo)向的、先進(jìn)的帶教方式,即PBL帶教法,從而使得帶教的效果得到明顯改善,護(hù)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性也得到了明顯的提高。
PBL教學(xué)法是以問(wèn)題為基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)習(xí),以由8~10名學(xué)生和1名導(dǎo)師為1小組,圍繞某一具體病例的疾病診治等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行討論,強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自學(xué)能力、實(shí)踐能力、團(tuán)隊(duì)合作精神,這一設(shè)計(jì)理念體現(xiàn)了以人為本的先進(jìn)教育思想[2]。這種新的教學(xué)模式即是學(xué)生在老師的引導(dǎo)下,以PBL為載體,圍繞每一個(gè)PBL中包含的核心知識(shí)展開(kāi)主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí),經(jīng)過(guò)“提出問(wèn)題→建立假設(shè)→自學(xué)解疑→論證假設(shè)”的邏輯過(guò)程獲取醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)[3]。
①帶教護(hù)士以該院所制定的各項(xiàng)護(hù)理課程為依據(jù),自行設(shè)計(jì)帶教的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。②帶教護(hù)士要摸清全部護(hù)生的知識(shí)水平,并結(jié)合其專業(yè)特點(diǎn),做到有目標(biāo)性的設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)案例,以利于護(hù)生更好地適應(yīng)該專業(yè)的臨床操作,之后,帶領(lǐng)護(hù)生分析與解決從案例里面發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,以進(jìn)一步提高護(hù)生的能力。③帶教護(hù)士在設(shè)置其帶教內(nèi)容之前,充分考慮臨床護(hù)理工作的實(shí)際情況,以確保帶教內(nèi)容能與護(hù)理工作之間存在必要的聯(lián)系。④帶教護(hù)士要緊緊圍繞著該院產(chǎn)科中常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)帶教案例,而且各案例之間必須要存在差異性。常用案例包括:高危產(chǎn)婦護(hù)理、腹部切口部位脂肪液化護(hù)理與感染護(hù)理等。⑤帶教護(hù)士必須要讓護(hù)生清楚了解各項(xiàng)護(hù)理工作的正確操作方案,及時(shí)指出護(hù)生在護(hù)理操作中的問(wèn)題,并幫助其改正。
帶教護(hù)士在平時(shí)開(kāi)展帶教工作中,應(yīng)當(dāng)將全部護(hù)生自身的各項(xiàng)護(hù)理水平提高情況都認(rèn)真的進(jìn)行記錄,且在帶教結(jié)束后,將參與帶教的護(hù)生都組織起來(lái),考核其業(yè)務(wù)情況[4-5]??己说膬?nèi)容分為兩類,就是操作技能與理論知識(shí),其中,操作技能的總分?jǐn)?shù)是70分,理論知識(shí)的總分?jǐn)?shù)是30分,根據(jù)分項(xiàng)設(shè)定具體內(nèi)容,總分為100分,最后根據(jù)匯總的數(shù)值來(lái)確定臨床帶教的效果。
從許多教學(xué)實(shí)踐中可看出,在產(chǎn)科開(kāi)展的護(hù)理帶教中,采取PBL帶教方式的根本目的是:幫助護(hù)生進(jìn)一步了解將要從事的護(hù)理工作,加深其對(duì)知識(shí)的理解并增強(qiáng)技能,以更好地勝任今后的工作。①選擇了新型的PBL帶教方式,帶教護(hù)士更加注重對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)病例做出分析,這非常有利于產(chǎn)科護(hù)生增加臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)[6]。這時(shí),經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的護(hù)生往往認(rèn)識(shí)不到這一點(diǎn),也不注重對(duì)其實(shí)施心理護(hù)理,從而可能引起護(hù)患矛盾。②在采取PBL帶教方式來(lái)開(kāi)展帶教時(shí),帶教教師會(huì)為護(hù)生講解對(duì)這類患者如何做正確護(hù)理,即在實(shí)施常規(guī)護(hù)理之后,運(yùn)用心理護(hù)理措施,向其說(shuō)明引起脫發(fā)的原因與預(yù)防的辦法等,這樣,就會(huì)讓患者感到信任,避免了護(hù)患間出現(xiàn)矛盾[7]。再如:婦科手術(shù)中,部分患者會(huì)有手術(shù)切口脂肪液化這種嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,通常情況下,護(hù)生在護(hù)理婦科手術(shù)患者的過(guò)程之中,將精力主要放在了觀察相關(guān)生命指標(biāo)上,而較少觀察其手術(shù)切口的實(shí)際愈合狀況,這樣的話,就使得患者易于出現(xiàn)手術(shù)切口脂肪液化[8]。但是,在采取了PBL帶教方式之后,帶教護(hù)士認(rèn)識(shí)會(huì)有較大的改變,更會(huì)注重向護(hù)生講解婦科手術(shù)切口在什么情況下會(huì)出現(xiàn)脂肪液化、以及有哪些癥狀、預(yù)后和防治措施等,使其加深對(duì)該病的了解,能夠在將來(lái)的工作中重視該病。
綜上所述,在產(chǎn)科開(kāi)展的護(hù)理帶教之中采取PBL帶教方式,可極大增強(qiáng)護(hù)生的核心能力,有必要大力普及這一帶教方式。
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Research on PBL Teaching Method in the Nursing Teaching in the Department of Obstetrics
ZHAO Ying
Third Treatment Area,Department of Obstetrics,Changchun Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Changchun,Jilin Province, 130000 China
Most traditional teaching methods are single both in content and form,difficult to win the recognition of nurse students,the new teaching model of PBL teaching method can make the nurse students clearly know the accurate operation plan of various nursing jobs and point out the nursing operation issues in time and help them correct the issues according to the various nursing courses,self-made teaching related contents and common issues in the department of obstetrics,and the PBL teaching method makes students obtain the medical knowledge guided by teachers,and the research shows that the newly PBL teaching model can make the nurse teacher pay more attention to the analysis of reality cases,which is very conducive to increasing the clinical experience of nurse students in the department of obstetrics,making patients being trusted and avoiding the contradiction between nurses and patients.
Nursing in the department of obstetrics;Nursing teaching;PBL teaching method
R47
A
1672-5654(2017)03(c)-0060-02
10.16659/j.cnki.1672-5654.2017.09.060
2016-12-27)
趙瑩(1968-),女,吉林長(zhǎng)春人,本科,副主任護(hù)師,主要從事婦、產(chǎn)科臨床護(hù)理及帶教工作。