林恒軍,邱學(xué)科,袁航
(1.浙江省金華市人民醫(yī)院 腫瘤肛腸科,浙江 金華 321000;2.浙江省人民醫(yī)院 肛腸外科,浙江 杭州 310013)
經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除在直腸癌患者中的臨床價值*
林恒軍1,邱學(xué)科1,袁航2
(1.浙江省金華市人民醫(yī)院 腫瘤肛腸科,浙江 金華 321000;2.浙江省人民醫(yī)院 肛腸外科,浙江 杭州 310013)
目的比較經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除和腹腔鏡輔助直腸癌前切除在直腸癌患者中的臨床價值。方法2012年1月-2014年1月前瞻性收集低位直腸癌患者120例,將患者隨機(jī)分為研究組(n =60)和對照組(n =60)。研究組采用經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù)治療,對照組采用腹腔鏡輔助直腸癌前切除術(shù)。主要觀察指標(biāo)為兩組患者術(shù)中情況、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況。結(jié)果與對照組比較,研究組手術(shù)時間明顯縮短[(132.32±14.92)vs(154.73±17.65)min,P =0.000];術(shù)后引流量明顯減少[(299.93±56.49)vs(365.24±68.94)ml,P =0.000)];胃腸功能恢復(fù)時間明顯縮短[(57.42±5.84)vs(61.85±7.40)h,P = 0.002];住院時間明顯縮短[(12.54±2.76)vs(14.75±2.10)d,P =0.000]。兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、肺炎、下肢動靜脈血管血栓、切口感染、吻合口瘺、腸梗阻、2年復(fù)發(fā)率和死亡率等差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05)。結(jié)論經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù)有助于加快患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)。
直腸癌;經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù);腹腔鏡手術(shù)
隨著人口的老齡化和飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的變化等,直腸癌發(fā)病率呈逐年增高趨勢[1-2],并已成為中老年人死亡的主要病因之一[3-4]。手術(shù)切除是直腸癌的主要治療方法之一,既往對于低位直腸癌,主要是通過開腹手術(shù)治療,然而開腹手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后恢復(fù)時間較長[5]。部分患者甚至因術(shù)后并發(fā)癥而導(dǎo)致術(shù)后化療時間推遲,有研究顯示延遲化療時間明顯增加了患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率[6]。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,腹腔鏡手術(shù)在低位直腸癌中的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)較為廣泛[7],經(jīng)腹會聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(Miles術(shù))和全直腸系膜切除術(shù)(total mesorectal excision,TME),進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)了低位直腸癌手術(shù)的發(fā)展,大大改善了直腸癌患者術(shù)后生存質(zhì)量和生存期[8-9]。為進(jìn)一步加快患者術(shù)后功能恢復(fù),改善患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,CHEN等[10]2013年5月-2013年11月共收集直腸癌患者20例經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除患者,結(jié)果顯示該手術(shù)是安全有效的。但是目前,這種術(shù)式在臨床應(yīng)用仍較少,其次其證據(jù)等級較低。因此,比較經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除和腹腔鏡輔助直腸癌前切除在直腸癌患者中的臨床價值,具有重要的臨床意義。現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1.1 一般資料
2012年1月-2014年1月前瞻性收集浙江省金華市人民醫(yī)院腫瘤肛腸科和浙江省人民醫(yī)院肛腸外科收治的低位直腸癌患者,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①低位直腸癌(術(shù)前病理確診直腸癌,腫瘤距齒狀線<10.0 cm);②腫瘤TNM分期≤Ⅲ期(局部無廣泛浸潤,無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移);③年齡大于等于18歲且小于等于75歲;④同意參與本研究。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①轉(zhuǎn)診患者;②復(fù)發(fā)性直腸癌;③急診手術(shù)(因腸梗阻、腸瘺和出血等不宜行擇期手術(shù));④潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、Crohn等其他腸道疾??;⑤術(shù)前行輔助性放化療或生物治療;⑥既往腹部手術(shù)史;⑦治療期間轉(zhuǎn)院或放棄治療;⑧隨訪期間失訪。研究期間,共收集直腸癌患者284例,其中178例符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),58例因同時符合排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而排除,最終共納入120例患者。根據(jù)隨機(jī)分組原則,將患者隨機(jī)分為研究組(n =60)和對照組(n =60)。其中,研究組男37例,女23例,平均年齡(52.73±9.84)歲,腫瘤TNM分期為Ⅱ期的32例,Ⅲ期的28例,腫瘤下緣距肛齒狀線平均距離為(7.38±1.84)cm;對照組男35例,女25例,平均年齡(52.83±9.59)歲,腫瘤TNM分期為Ⅱ期的31例,Ⅲ期的29例,腫瘤下緣距肛齒狀線平均距離為(7.63±1.73)cm;兩組患者的性別、年齡、TNM分期和腫瘤下緣距肛齒狀線平均距離等差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05),具有可比性。所有患者對本研究均知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究通過浙江省金華市人民醫(yī)院和浙江省人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 治療方法
1.2.1 研究組手術(shù)方法
術(shù)前行腸鏡+病理檢查,確診直腸癌后,完善相關(guān)檢查,進(jìn)行術(shù)前評估,術(shù)前12 h開始禁食并行胃腸道準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)晨禁水,術(shù)前30 min建立靜脈通道補(bǔ)充液體和電解質(zhì),并預(yù)防性使用抗生素。采用經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù):術(shù)中取頭低腳高30°改良截石位,臍上2.0 cm切開1.0 cm左右切口,置入Trocar孔,建立氣腹(13~15 mmHg),置入腹腔鏡,探查腫瘤情況。于左、右麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)和腹直肌外緣(平臍)切開1.0 cm左右小孔,植入Trocar孔后分別引入分離鉗和超聲刀。按TME原則,分離直腸至肛提肌平面。超聲刀切除乙狀結(jié)腸血管弓外系膜至預(yù)橫斷平面(距離腫瘤上緣10.0~15.0 cm),使用7號線在預(yù)留平面分別結(jié)扎腸管。擴(kuò)肛至4指,經(jīng)肛置入卵圓鉗,行直腸斷端卵圓鉗縫合。將腸管脫套式翻出肛門口,翻出腫瘤頭側(cè),于上方2.0 cm處由黏膜層至漿膜層切開該處(勿完全離斷),由此拖出近端乙狀結(jié)腸,裸化腸管達(dá)肛門口,切斷結(jié)扎線,置入管狀吻合器底釘座,行荷包縫合,回納入腹腔。翻出直腸破口,予直線閉合器閉合直腸,移除標(biāo)本。經(jīng)肛植入管狀吻合器,完成吻合。術(shù)中,嚴(yán)格按照無菌原則、無瘤和TME原則處理。術(shù)后待患者恢復(fù)后,如無手術(shù)禁忌證,根據(jù)結(jié)直腸癌治療指南擇期行FOLFOX6化療ZELOX (CapeOX)方案化療[11]。經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù)中情況見附圖。
附圖 經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù)中情況Attached fig. Typically intra-operative pictures of laparoscopic surgery by pull through technique for anterior resection of rectum
1.2.2 對照組手術(shù)方法術(shù)中采用腹腔鏡輔助直腸癌前切除術(shù)治療,其他方法和術(shù)中原則同研究組。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)收集
本研究共隨訪2年,主要觀察指標(biāo)包括術(shù)中情況(術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間和淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(切口感染、吻合口瘺、肺炎、下肢動靜脈血管血栓和腸梗阻)和術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況(術(shù)后引流量、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時間、住院時間);次要觀察指標(biāo)為臨床預(yù)后(2年死亡率和復(fù)發(fā)率)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
本研究使用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,使用t檢驗(yàn)分析兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時間、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、術(shù)后引流量、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時間和住院時間等差異;計(jì)數(shù)資料使用χ2檢驗(yàn),分析兩組患者切口感染、吻合口瘺、肺炎、下肢動靜脈血管血栓、腸梗阻、2年死亡率和復(fù)發(fā)率等差異。P<0.05則認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 手術(shù)情況
與對照組比較,研究組的手術(shù)時間明顯縮短[(132.32±14.92)vs(154.73±17.65)min,P =0.000]。兩組患者術(shù)中出血量和淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05)。見表1。
2.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥
研究組1例發(fā)生肺炎,1例發(fā)生下肢動靜脈血管血栓,1例發(fā)生腸梗阻;對照組1例發(fā)生切口感染,1例發(fā)生吻合口瘺,1例發(fā)生腸梗阻;差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05)。見表2。
表1 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較 (±s)Table 1 Comparison of the operation situation between patients in the both groups (±s)
表1 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較 (±s)Table 1 Comparison of the operation situation between patients in the both groups (±s)
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2.3 術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況
與對照組比較,研究組術(shù)后引流量明顯減少[(299.93±56.49)vs(365.24±68.94)ml,P =0.000];胃腸功能恢復(fù)時間明顯縮短[(57.42±5.84)vs (61.85± 7.40)h,P =0.002];住院時間明顯縮短[(12.54±2.76)vs(14.75±2.10)d,P =0.000]。見表3。
表2 兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥 例(%)Table 2 The postoperative complications in patients of the both groups n(%)
2.4 臨床預(yù)后
隨診2年,研究組3例死亡,24例復(fù)發(fā),對照組2例死亡,26例復(fù)發(fā),兩組患者2年死亡率和復(fù)發(fā)率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05)。見表4。
表3 術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況比較 (±s)Table 3 Comparison of the postoperative recovery (±s)
表3 術(shù)后恢復(fù)情況比較 (±s)Table 3 Comparison of the postoperative recovery (±s)
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表4 臨床預(yù)后比較 例(%)Table 4 Comparison of clinical outcomes n(%)
結(jié)直腸癌是中老年患者最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,嚴(yán)重危害了患者健康。因術(shù)中時間短、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等原因,腹腔鏡手術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于低位直腸癌的治療[12-13]。為進(jìn)一步加速患者術(shù)后康復(fù),改善其生活質(zhì)量,有學(xué)者提出了經(jīng)自然腔道手術(shù)。經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除是經(jīng)肛門結(jié)合腹腔鏡輔助而進(jìn)行的直腸癌切除術(shù),可能可以減少患者術(shù)后損傷,加速康復(fù)。然而目前相關(guān)研究較少,且臨床證據(jù)等級較低。為探討此問題,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了本研究。本研究結(jié)果顯示與腹腔鏡手術(shù)相比,研究組手術(shù)時間明顯縮短[(132.32±14.92)vs(154.73±17.65)min,P =0.000];術(shù)后引流量明顯減少[(299.93±56.49)vs(365.24±68.94)ml,P =0.000];胃腸功能恢復(fù)時間明顯縮短[(57.42±5.84)vs(61.85±7.40)h,P =0.002];住院時間明顯縮短[(12.54±2.76)vs (14.75±2.10)d,P =0.000],兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和復(fù)發(fā)率等差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05),表明這種手術(shù)是安全有效的,值得進(jìn)一步推廣。2013年DE LACY等[14]納入了20例低位直腸癌患者行經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù),結(jié)果顯示該種方法是可行的。2015年CHEN等[10]的報(bào)道同樣顯示這種手術(shù)方式的可行性。2014年姚寒暉等[15]研究則表明這種手術(shù)與腹腔鏡手術(shù)相比,明顯縮短了患者術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)時間和住院時間,支持本研究結(jié)果。促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)時間不僅有助于改善患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,同時還有助于盡快開始術(shù)后放化療。2011年發(fā)表在JAMA上的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明隨著術(shù)后開始化療時間的增加,患者總生存率和無進(jìn)展生存期顯著降低[16]。2016年DOS SANTOS等[17]的研究根據(jù)術(shù)后化療時間,將患者分為術(shù)后6~8周開始化療組和8周后化療組,結(jié)果顯示6~8周內(nèi)化療組患者存活率和術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率明顯降低。但本研究中,兩組患者術(shù)后2年復(fù)發(fā)率和死亡率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且兩組患者術(shù)后開始放化療時間差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[(16.48±3.29)vs (18.73±3.72)d,P =0.147]。這可能是本研究病例數(shù)較少造成的,也是該報(bào)道的一個不足。
快速康復(fù)理念是現(xiàn)代外科發(fā)展的一個方向[18- 19],本研究中采納的經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù)是符合其發(fā)展理念的。對于尚未擴(kuò)散至漿膜層的腫瘤,腹腔鏡下難以判斷腫瘤下緣;且對于部分骨盆狹窄的男性患者,腹腔鏡下難以離斷肛提肌平面直腸,而經(jīng)肛手術(shù)降低了橫斷難度[20]。經(jīng)肛手術(shù)在直視下進(jìn)行斷端吻合,更簡便,且經(jīng)自然腔道,未增加患者損傷和手術(shù)切口。
綜上所述,經(jīng)肛拖出式全腹腔鏡直腸癌前切除術(shù)可能可以加速低位直腸癌患者術(shù)后康復(fù),但目前相關(guān)研究較少,且臨床證據(jù)等級較低,尚需進(jìn)一步的多中心、大樣本量研究證實(shí)。
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(曾文軍 編輯)
Clinical value of laparoscopic surgery by pull through technique for anterior resection of rectum in patient with rectal cancer*
Heng-jun Lin1, Xue-ke Qiu1, Hang Yuan2
(1.Department of Anorectal Cancer, Jinhua People’s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China; 2.Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China)
ObjectiveTo compare the clinical values of laparoscopic surgery and laparoscopic surgery by pull through technique for anterior of rectum in patients with rectal cancer.MethodsFrom Jan, 2013 to Jan, 2014, 120 patients with low rectal cancer were prospectively collected. The patients were randomly divided into study group (n = 60) and control group (n = 60). Patients in the study group were treated with laparoscopic surgery by pull through technique for anterior resection of rectum, while patients in the control group were treated with laparoscopic surgery. The primary outcomes were intraoperative situations, postoperative complications and recovery.ResultsWhen compared with the control group, patients in the study group got a significantly shorter operative duration [(132.32±14.92) vs (154.73±17.65) min, P = 0.000]; a signifi cantly lower postoperative drainage volume [(299.93±56.49) vs (365.24±68.94) ml, P = 0.000]; a significantly shorter gastrointestinal function recovery time [(57.42±5.84) vs (61.85±7.40) h, P = 0.002]; and a signifi cantly less of length of hospital stay [(12.54±2.76) vs (14.75±2.10) d, P = 0.000]. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the amount of bleeding, the number of lymph node dissection, pneumonia, lower extremity arteriovenousthrombosis, incision infection, anastomotic leakage, intestinal obstruction, 2-year recurrence rate and mortality rate (P > 0.05).Conclusionlaparoscopic surgery by pull through technique for anterior resection of rectum can accelerate postoperative recovery.
colorectal cancer; laparoscopic surgery by pull through technique for anterior resection; laparoscopic surgery
R735.37
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2017.01.001
1007-1989(2017)01-0001-05
2016-08-02
2014年浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生一般研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No:2014KYA024)
袁航,E-mail:sun126sun126@126.com;Tel:18357198828