嚴蓮,宋美璇,李顯蓉
(1.西南醫(yī)科大學護理學院,四川 瀘州 646000;2.西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院 胃腸外科,四川 瀘州 646000)
依托咪酯-芬太尼類藥物在老年胃鏡檢查應用的Meta分析*
嚴蓮1,宋美璇1,李顯蓉2
(1.西南醫(yī)科大學護理學院,四川 瀘州 646000;2.西南醫(yī)科大學附屬醫(yī)院 胃腸外科,四川 瀘州 646000)
目的Meta分析依托咪酯和丙泊酚分別聯(lián)合芬太尼類藥物用于老年胃鏡檢查的麻醉效果及安全性。方法 計算機檢索Cochrane圖書館、PubMed、Embase、中國生物醫(yī)學文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫(CBM)、中國知網、維普資訊網和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫等建庫至2016年發(fā)表的關于依托咪酯-芬太尼類藥物用于老年無痛胃鏡術的隨機對照試驗(RCT),按照Jadad量表評價納入研究的質量和提取資料,采用RevMan 5.3軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。結果11篇RCT(1 535例患者)納入分析,依托咪酯組(E組)765例,丙泊酚組(P組)770例。依托咪酯組患者心率(HR)[加權均數(shù)差(WMD)=2.25,95%CI(0.93,3.56),P =0.001]和平均動脈壓(MAP)[WMD=9.09,95%CI(7.60,10.57),P =0.000]的變化幅度較丙泊酚組小,發(fā)生低氧血癥[=0.46,95%CI(0.32,0.65),P =0.000]的風險較丙泊酚組低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義;不良反應的發(fā)生方面,依托咪酯組發(fā)生呼吸暫停[=0.26,95%CI(0.15,0.48),P =0.000]、注射痛[=0.02,95%CI(0.01,0.05),P =0.000]的風險較丙泊酚組低,發(fā)生惡心嘔吐[=3.44,95%CI(2.03,5.84),P =0.000]、肌陣攣[=8.14,95%CI(4.18,15.87),P =0.000]的風險較丙泊酚組高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。結論依托咪酯聯(lián)合芬太尼類藥物用于老年無痛胃鏡術能較好地保持循環(huán)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定,是一種安全有效的麻醉方案。
依托咪酯;丙泊酚;胃鏡;老年;Meta分析
胃鏡是上消化道疾病常用輔助檢查之一,老年并不是胃鏡檢查的絕對禁忌證,約50%~65%的老年人呼吸、循環(huán)功能減退,大多合并高血壓和冠心病等循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病,傳統(tǒng)的胃鏡檢查會影響患者的循環(huán)、呼吸系統(tǒng),引起惡心、嘔吐[1-4]。無痛胃鏡是患者在麻醉藥物的作用下進入鎮(zhèn)定、睡眠的狀態(tài)時進行的胃鏡檢查操作,能大大減輕患者的痛苦,目前常見的幾種麻醉藥物,包括苯二氮卓類、非巴比妥類和阿片類等藥物[5-7]。依托咪酯是一類非巴比妥類藥物,通過中樞神經系統(tǒng)的γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)受體誘導麻醉,起效迅速,有輕微的血管舒張作用,改善冠狀動脈的血流量,對循環(huán)系統(tǒng)和呼吸系統(tǒng)的影響較小,是冠心病和休克患者麻醉用藥較好的選擇[8-12]。丙泊酚也是一類非巴比妥類藥物,但其在麻醉過程中易引起呼吸抑制和低血壓,在老年人群中應用的安全性值得探討[13-15]。芬太尼類藥物(芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼)屬于阿片類藥物,常與依托咪酯或丙泊酚聯(lián)用,可以減少藥物劑量,減輕惡心嘔吐等不良反應[15-17]。無痛胃鏡應用于老年人群的安全性和有效性仍缺乏臨床證據(jù)。本文采用Meta分析的方法,對已公開發(fā)表的依托咪酯與丙泊酚分別聯(lián)合芬太尼類藥物用于老年人群無痛胃鏡的隨機對照試驗(ran domized controlled trial,RCT)進行比較分析,探尋老年人群胃鏡麻醉的最佳方案,為臨床實踐提供依據(jù)。
1.1.1 納入標準研究類型為RCT。研究對象為需行無痛胃鏡檢查的老年患者(年齡≥60歲),無重要器官功能障礙疾病及藥物過敏史。干預措施:實驗組(E組)依托咪酯聯(lián)合芬太尼類藥物實施麻醉;對照組(P組)丙泊酚(又名異丙酚)聯(lián)合芬太尼類藥物實施麻醉。觀察指標:①心率(heart rate,HR)(心動過緩:HR<60次/min);②平均動脈壓(mean
1.1 文獻納入arterial pressure,MAP);③血氧飽和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)(低氧血癥:SpO2<90%);④不良反應:呼吸暫停、注射痛、惡心嘔吐和肌陣攣。
1.1.2 排除標準
患者年齡小于60歲;聯(lián)合使用其他麻醉藥物或輔助藥物;樣本例數(shù)低于30例;文獻中數(shù)據(jù)表述不清或不完整,無法進行Meta分析或系統(tǒng)評價;統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)不符合條件;重復發(fā)表、各種原因無法獲得全文的文獻。
1.2 文獻檢索
計算機檢索Cochrane圖書館、PubMed、Embase、中國生物醫(yī)學文獻數(shù)據(jù)庫(CBM)、中國知網、維普資訊網、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時限從建庫至2016年。文獻檢索語種為英文和中文。英文檢索詞:etomidate;propofol;gastroscopy;aged。中文檢索關鍵詞:依托咪酯;丙泊酚;胃鏡;老年。
1.3 文獻篩選與資料提取
由兩名評價者按照納入和排除標準獨立進行初篩,并進一步查找和閱讀文獻進行復篩,進行交叉比對,若遇分歧則討論解決或交由第3位研究者裁定。提取作者及年份、研究例數(shù)、隨機方法、盲法、藥物的劑量及用法、結局指標等信息。
1.4 文獻質量評價
按照Jadad量表對納入研究的方法學質量進行評價,評價內容包括:①隨機序列的產生;②隨機化隱藏;③盲法;④退出與失訪。前3項評價表示為恰當(2分)、不清楚(1分)、不恰當(0分);退出與失訪表示為有(1分)或無(0分),計算總分后1~3分視為低質量,4~7分視為高質量。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法及發(fā)表偏倚的估計
采用Cochrane協(xié)作網提供的RevMan 5.3軟件進行Meta分析。采用χ2檢驗和I2檢驗對納入研究進行臨床異質性檢驗,以α=0.1為檢驗水準,若各研究之間無異質性(P >0.1,I2<50%),則選擇固定效應模型進行Meta分析,若各研究間異質性高(P <0.1,I2>50%),分析異質性產生的原因,采取亞組分析或采用逐個剔除法行敏感性分析,減少異質性的影響。對連續(xù)型變量采用加權均數(shù)差(weighted mean difference,WMD),計數(shù)資料采用比值比(odds ratio,)作為效應量,所有效應量均計算其95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval,CI),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。若兩個研究組之間存在統(tǒng)計學異質性而沒有臨床異質性或差異無統(tǒng)計學意義時,采用隨機效應模型:如兩組異質性過大或無法找尋數(shù)據(jù)來源時,采用描述性分析。
2.1 檢索結果
根據(jù)檢索策略初篩文獻共計329篇。英文26篇,中文303篇。閱讀題目及摘要初篩剩余文獻17篇,閱讀全文復篩剩余文獻11篇,最后共納入文獻11篇,共1 535例患者。文獻篩選流程見圖1。
2.2 納入研究的基本特征及質量評價
所有研究均提及“隨機”,部分研究未描述具體的隨機化方法。納入研究的基本特征見表1,質量評估結果見表2。
圖1 文獻篩選流程圖Fig. 1 Study flowdiagram
表1 納入研究的基本特征Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
表2 納入研究的質量評價Table 2 Quality evaluation of included studies
2.3 Meta分析結果
2.3.1HHRR11篇文獻[18-28]報道了兩組老年患者麻醉前后胃鏡操作中和結束后的HR水平。11篇文獻的患者麻醉前基礎HR水平差異沒有統(tǒng)計學意義,資料具有可比性;麻醉狀態(tài)胃鏡操作中,11篇文獻的HR水平合并異質性較大,異質性可能來源于各研究取值的時間點不同,合并7篇[19-22,24-26]研究,發(fā)表偏倚,見圖2。異質性較小(P =0.290,I2=18%),HR水平的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[WMD=2.25,95%CI(0.93,3.56),P =0.001],見圖3。表明依托咪酯組患者胃鏡檢查中HR的波動較丙泊酚組小。心動過緩的發(fā)生情況,納入5篇文獻[19-20,24,26,28]報道的心動過緩的發(fā)生例數(shù),其差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。見圖4。
2.3.2 MMAAPP10篇文獻[18-27]報道了兩組老年患者在麻醉前和麻醉起效后行胃鏡術中的MAP水平。麻醉前,兩組患者的基礎MAP水平差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義,資料具有可比性;麻醉起效后,合并10篇[18-27]研究報道的胃鏡操作中MAP水平異質性較大,異質性來源可能與取值時間點不同,合并8篇[19,21-27]的研究,發(fā)表偏倚,見圖5。異質性較?。≒ =0.380,I2=6%),MAP水平差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[WMD=9.09,95%CI (7.60,10.57),P =0.000] ,見圖6。結果表明依托咪酯組患者MAP下降的程度較丙泊酚組輕。
圖2 HR的漏斗圖Fig.2 Funnel plot of analyzed data on heart rate
圖3 HR的森林圖Fig.3 Forest plot of pooled data on heart rate
2.3.3 SpO3 SpO29篇文獻[18,21-28]報道了兩組患者麻醉前和麻醉后胃鏡操作中的SpO2水平。麻醉前的SpO2的基礎值差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義,資料具有可比性。胃鏡操作中,各研究報道的SpO2合并起來異質性較大,分析其異質性產生的原因可能與采用的吸氧濃度、給氧方式不同有關。項以柱[25]、汪軍[18]、郭波[21]、黃雅慧[26]和陳明浩[24]的研究中各采用鼻導管吸氧2、3、3、3和5 L/min,結果表明兩組患者SpO2差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,都認為依托咪酯組患者SpO2下降程度較丙泊酚組低;陳世鴻[23]和王尚[27]的研究各采用鼻導管吸純氧3 L/min、面罩吸氧5 L/min,其結果表明兩組患者SpO2水平變化差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。低氧血癥的發(fā)生情況,合并5篇[18-20,24,26]的文獻報道的低氧血癥發(fā)生例數(shù),異質性較?。≒ =0.180,I2=36%),結果顯示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[=0.46,95%CI(0.32,0.65),P =0.000],見圖7。表明依托咪酯組發(fā)生低氧血癥的風險較丙泊酚組低。
圖4 心動過緩發(fā)生率的森林圖Fig.4 Forest plot of pooled data on the incidence of bradycardia
圖5 MAP的漏斗圖Fig.5 Funnel plot of analyzed data on mean arterial pressure
圖6 MAP的森林圖Fig.6 Forest plot of pooled data on mean arterial pressure
2.3.4 呼吸暫停合并5篇文獻[19-20,24-26]報道的呼吸暫停發(fā)生例數(shù),異質性較?。≒ =0.340,I2=12%),結果顯示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[=0.26,95%CI(0.15,0.48),P =0.000],見圖8。表明依托咪酯組發(fā)生呼吸暫停的風險較丙泊酚組低。
2.3.5 注射痛7篇文獻[18-21,24,26-27]報道了注射痛的發(fā)生例數(shù),合并分析4篇[19-21,24]異質性較?。≒ =0.360,I2=6%)的文獻,結果顯示其差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[= 0.02,95%CI(0.01,0.05),P =0.000],見圖9。依托咪酯組發(fā)生注射痛的風險較丙泊酚組低。
2.3.6 惡心嘔吐8篇文獻[18-21,23-24,26-27]報道了惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生情況,合并分析異質性較?。≒ =0.270,I2=20%),結果顯示其差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[=3.44,95%CI(2.03,5.84),P =0.000],見圖10。表明依托咪酯組發(fā)生惡心嘔吐風險較丙泊酚組高。
2.3.7 肌陣攣7篇文獻[18-21,24,26-27]報道了的肌陣攣發(fā)生例數(shù),合并分析異質性較小(P =0.950,I2=0%),結果顯示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[=8.14,95%CI(4.18,15.87),P =0.000],見圖11。表明依托咪酯組發(fā)生肌陣攣的風險較丙泊酚組高。
圖7 低氧血癥發(fā)生率的森林圖Fig.7 Forest plot of pooled data on the incidence of hypoxemia
圖8 呼吸暫停發(fā)生率的森林圖Fig.8 Forest plot of pooled data on the incidence of apnea
圖9 注射痛發(fā)生率的森林圖Fig.9 Forest plot of pooled data on the incidence of injeaction pain
圖10 惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率的森林圖Fig.10 Forest plot of pooled data on the incidence of nausea and vonciting
圖11 肌陣攣發(fā)生率的森林圖Fig.11 Forest plot of pooled data on the incidence of myoclomus
無痛胃鏡是目前減輕患者惡心嘔吐,有效提高依從性的內鏡檢查手段。本研究采用Meta分析的方法重點比較依托咪酯與丙泊酚分別聯(lián)合芬太尼類藥物在老年胃鏡應用中的有效性和安全性,其結果顯示依托咪酯組患者HR、MAP、SpO2的波動幅度較丙泊酚組小,發(fā)生低氧血癥、呼吸暫停、注射痛的風險較丙泊酚組低,但發(fā)生惡心嘔吐、肌陣攣的風險較丙泊酚組高。依托咪酯最大的藥物特性是具有良好的血流動力學穩(wěn)定性,起效迅速,7~14 min自然蘇醒,對呼吸抑制作用較小,幾乎不影響自主神經系統(tǒng),對交感神經系統(tǒng)和壓力感受器的影響較小,不影響心臟的收縮功能,臨床劑量0.10~0.30 mg/kg范圍內,心排血量與心臟指數(shù)稍增加,HR略減慢[1,29]。依托咪酯乳劑所使用的溶劑為20%中長鏈甘油三酯,接近正常人體的生理滲透濃度,對血管幾乎無刺激,而丙泊酚乳劑中以長鏈的甘油三酯為主,對血管的刺激性較大,注射部位疼痛感明顯[30-31],低血壓和呼吸抑制發(fā)生率也較高[7,32-33]。惡心嘔吐是依托咪酯常見的副作用之一,檢查前常規(guī)禁食禁飲避免誤吸,芬太尼類藥物預給藥可減輕其反應[13,34-35]。肌陣攣在依托咪酯應用中的發(fā)生率大約為20%~45%[7,36],與注射劑量和濃度相關,0.10~0.30 mg/kg的安全劑量范圍內緩慢靜脈推注,芬太尼類藥物或硫酸鎂預給藥可一定程度上減少肌陣攣的發(fā)生[1,37-39]。此外,雖然在依托咪酯組低氧血癥和呼吸暫停的發(fā)生風險不高,但麻醉過程中仍應該重視操作過程SpO2的監(jiān)測和有效的氧供給,可采用面罩給氧3~5 L/min。
綜上所述,據(jù)現(xiàn)有研究的Meta分析結果表明,依托咪酯用于老年患者無痛胃鏡能夠降低操作刺激對HR的影響和MAP、SpO2下降的風險,具有較好的循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性,較低的注射痛刺激性,但應密切關注其惡心嘔吐和肌陣攣等不良反應的發(fā)生。芬太尼類藥物預給藥聯(lián)合依托咪酯的麻醉方案應用于老年無痛胃鏡術,基于對循環(huán)穩(wěn)定性的考慮,特別是針對循環(huán)系統(tǒng)疾病的老年患者,能較好的保護心血管和腦的功能,是較有效及安全的方法。鑒于本研究納入的11個研究,樣本量小,且研究設計方案未完全闡明,筆者建議繼續(xù)開展大樣本、高質量、多中心的RCT進一步論證。此外,還建議開展大型的隊列研究以觀察依托咪酯的遠期療效及有無并發(fā)癥情況。
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(吳靜 編輯)
Etomidate plus Fentanyl-class drugs applied in older patients undergoing gastroscopy: a meta-analysis*
Lian Yan1, Mei-xuan Song1, Xian-rong Li2
(1.Nursing College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China; 2. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affi liated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China)
ObjectiveTo make a systematical review of the safety and effi cacy of Etomidate plus Fentanylclass drugs and Propofol plus Fentanyl-class drugs in older patients undergoing gastroscopy. Methods We searched the Cochrane library, PubMed, Embase, China Biology Medicine (CBM), CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Database for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the effi cacy of Etomidate plus Fentanyl-class drugs(Fentanyl, Sufentanil, remifentanil) in older patients undergoing gastroscopy. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the method recommended by the Jadad scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 5.3 software.Results11 RCTs involving 1 535 patients were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed that patients in the Etomidate group had a lower heart rate [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD)=2.25, 95%CI(0.93, 3.56), P = 0.001] and mean arterial pressure [WMD = 9.09, 95%CI (7.60, 10.57), P = 0.000] fl uctuation than whose of the Propofol group.The hypoxemia occurrence [=0.46, 95% CI (0.32, 0.65), P = 0.000] in Etomidate group is also lower than which of the Propofol group. For side effects aspects, the risk of apnea[=0.26, 95%CI(0.15, 0.48), P = 0.000] and injectionpain [= 0.02, 95%CI (0.01, 0.05), P = 0.000] in the Etomidate group is much lower than the Propofol group ,while the myoclonus [=8.14, 95%CI (4.18, 15.87), P = 0.000], nausea and vomiting [=3.44, 95%CI (2.03, 5.84),P = 0.000] were more incidental than the Propofol group.ConclusionEtomidate plus Fentanyl-class drugs can effectively maintain circulatory system for the old undergoing painless gastroscopy, demonstrated to be a safe and valid anesthesia method.
Etomidate; Propofol; gastroscopy; aged; meta-analysis
R619
: A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2017.01.002
1007-1989(2017)01-0006-09
2016-07-27
四川省科技廳資助項目(No:2016SZ0062)
李顯蓉,E-mail:1204987356@qq.com