張 國(guó), 陶東霞, 田 力, 林 帥, 薛維爽, 滕偉禹
甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)癥合并腦靜脈竇血栓1例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
張 國(guó)1, 陶東霞1, 田 力2, 林 帥1, 薛維爽1, 滕偉禹1
目的 探討甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)癥(簡(jiǎn)稱甲亢)合并腦靜脈竇血栓的發(fā)病機(jī)制及臨床特點(diǎn)。方法 報(bào)道1例我院診治的甲亢合并腦靜脈竇血栓的臨床資料,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)對(duì)甲亢合并腦靜脈竇血栓的臨床表現(xiàn)及發(fā)病機(jī)制予以分析總結(jié)。結(jié)果 甲亢合并腦靜脈竇血栓以青年女性多見,常與甲亢的發(fā)生及其控制不佳有關(guān);甲亢患者血液高凝狀態(tài)及甲狀腺腫壓迫引起血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常與腦靜脈竇血栓形成有關(guān)。甲亢合并腦靜脈竇血栓患者中有77.42%表現(xiàn)為重癥靜脈竇血栓,其治愈率為87.1%,死亡率為3.2%。結(jié)論 甲亢是腦靜脈竇血栓形成的少見病因,其臨床癥狀重,積極治療后大多數(shù)預(yù)后較好。
甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)癥; 腦靜脈竇血栓; 發(fā)病機(jī)制; 臨床特點(diǎn)
腦靜脈竇血栓(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST)是一種少見的靜脈缺血性卒中,約占所有卒中患者的0.5%~1.0%[1]。CVST為多種原因引起血液高凝狀態(tài)所致,明確其病因?qū)χ委熅哂兄匾饬x。Kaliebe[2]在1913年首次報(bào)導(dǎo)了1例甲亢合并CVST患者,Ferro等[3]研究表明由甲狀腺疾病引起的CVST約占1.7%?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道1例我院收治的甲亢合并CVST病例,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)對(duì)甲亢伴發(fā)CVST的發(fā)病機(jī)制及臨床特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行探討,以提高對(duì)甲亢合并CVST的認(rèn)識(shí)。
1.1 我院確診的病例 女性,16歲,既往健康?;颊呷朐呵? d無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)前額部、右側(cè)顳部及眼眶部持續(xù)性脹痛,并伴有惡心、嘔吐。于當(dāng)?shù)夭轭^部CT未見異常,給予頭痛對(duì)癥治療后癥狀減輕。入院前12 h出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)直陣攣發(fā)作,持續(xù)約6~7 min后緩解,遺留左側(cè)肢體無力、麻木感。隨后間斷發(fā)作7次。查體:體溫37.2 ℃,脈搏148次/分,呼吸24次/分,血壓142/94 mmHg。雙眼球外展欠充分,左上肢肌力0級(jí),左下肢肌力Ⅱ級(jí),雙側(cè)Babinski征陽性,頸強(qiáng)可疑陽性。
實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:FT315.69 pmol/L(參考值2.63~5.70),F(xiàn)T4 42.80 pmol/L(參考值9.01~19.05),TSH 0.00 mIU/L(參考值0.35~4.94),TPOAb 131.42 IU/ml(參考值0.00~5.61),TGAb 24.36 IU/ml(參考值0.00~4.11)。TRAb 4.77 IU/L(參考值0.00~1.75)。血漿D-二聚體測(cè)定2.23 μg/ml(參考值0.00~0.50)。凝血功能:Fig 5.97(參考值2.00~4.00)APTT 51.5 s(參考值32.0~43.0)。同型半胱氨酸、風(fēng)濕3項(xiàng)、風(fēng)濕抗體系列、抗心磷脂抗體、抗β2糖蛋白Ⅰ抗體、狼瘡抗凝物、ANCAI、ANCAII、蛋白C、蛋白S未見異常。腦脊液:無色透明,壓力300 mmH2O(1 mmH2O=0.0098 kPa),細(xì)胞數(shù)1×106/L,蛋白829 mg/L,葡萄糖4.2 mmol/L,氯離子115 mmol/L,多核細(xì)胞NEU 100%。影像學(xué)檢查:頭部MRI+C、MRV及FLAIR顯示部分靜脈竇不顯影及腦實(shí)質(zhì)缺血性改變(見圖1A~D)。腦電圖:廣泛輕度異常,未見發(fā)作波。甲狀腺ECT:甲狀腺雙葉內(nèi)顯像劑分布彌散濃聚,甲狀腺雙葉攝取功能增強(qiáng)。甲狀腺彩超:甲狀腺回聲不均勻減低。診斷及治療:根據(jù)臨床資料,該患者診斷為:腦靜脈竇血栓形成、自身免疫性甲狀腺病(甲亢期)、竇性心動(dòng)過速。給予甘露醇、低分子肝素、德巴金、甲巰咪唑、倍他樂克緩釋片等治療。2 w后,低分子肝素改為利伐沙班片口服。3 w后患者頭痛完全消失,左側(cè)肢體肌力恢復(fù)正常,雙眼外展略受限。出院后4 w復(fù)查MRV示腦靜脈竇再通(見圖1E),雙眼外展正常。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索方法及報(bào)告的病例 檢索中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、Pubmed數(shù)據(jù)庫、Web of science數(shù)據(jù)庫,收集甲亢合并CVST的病例報(bào)道文獻(xiàn)(截止日期為2016年8月)[4~27],結(jié)果共24篇文獻(xiàn)入選,收集到甲亢合并CVST患者30例。對(duì)此30例及本例患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行匯總分析(見表1)。
表1 31例甲亢合并CVST患者的臨床資料
CVST是指多種病因引起的以腦靜脈回流受阻為特征的特殊類型腦血管病,常與血液的高凝狀態(tài)有關(guān)。甲亢主要以血液中甲狀腺素升高為特征,可導(dǎo)致血液呈高凝狀態(tài)以及凝血功能異常。甲亢合并CVST極為罕見,本文分析總結(jié)本例及國(guó)內(nèi)外公開文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的30例患者臨床資料,總結(jié)甲亢合并CVST的臨床特點(diǎn),探討其發(fā)病機(jī)制。
2.1 臨床特點(diǎn) 甲亢合并CVST患者中以青年女性多見,常與甲亢的發(fā)生及其控制不佳有關(guān)。其中具有典型甲亢癥狀的僅占29.03%,大多數(shù)無甲亢癥狀或癥狀不典型;但一些患者雖無甲亢癥狀,檢查卻發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺激素明顯升高,TSH降低。甲亢合并CVST病變部位以上矢狀竇和橫竇多見,這與其他病因的CVST無特殊差別[28]。重癥靜脈竇血栓是指CVST合并有靜脈性腦梗死、腦出血、抽搐、或者伴有意識(shí)障礙者,其病程長(zhǎng)、并發(fā)癥多,病死率在30%左右[3,27]。Caplan總結(jié)6項(xiàng)研究共計(jì)1122例CVST患者,其中頭痛約占85%,神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀約占55%,癇性發(fā)作約占40%。本文收集到的31例患者中頭痛發(fā)生率約占93.55%,神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀約占58.06%,抽搐癥狀約占45.16%;31例患者中有24例(77.42%)為重癥靜脈竇血栓,略高于其他原因CVST。Ferro等[3]研究624例大樣本CVST,其中493例(79%)完全治愈,84例(13.4%)預(yù)后不佳。總結(jié)31例甲亢合并CVST的患者,治愈率為87.1%,死亡率3.2%??梢姾笳咧斡矢?,病死率低,這可能與同時(shí)有效控制甲亢本身有關(guān)。
2.2 發(fā)病機(jī)制 甲亢合并CVST的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,可能與過高的甲狀腺激素引起血液呈高凝狀態(tài)及甲狀腺腫引起的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常有關(guān)。甲亢患者凝血因子Ⅷ、Ⅺ、Ⅸ、血管性血友病因子的合成、分泌增加,其中以凝血因子Ⅷ升高最多見[9,14,16,17,23,24,25]。凝血-纖溶平衡的破壞引起血液呈高凝狀態(tài),甲亢患者Fib升高,在給予抗甲狀腺藥物治療后,血漿Fib水平恢復(fù)正常,表明過高的甲狀腺激素水平是引起Fib增高的原因;甲亢患者D-二聚體升高,表明其凝血功能增強(qiáng)和繼發(fā)纖溶亢進(jìn)[17,18,21,22,24]。自身免疫性甲狀腺病大多合并有不同程度的甲狀腺腫大,尤其是胸骨后甲狀腺腫壓迫頸部靜脈和鎖骨下靜脈引起血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常,使顱內(nèi)靜脈系統(tǒng)血流瘀滯,最終引起CVST。
本文報(bào)道的患者為青少年女性,初發(fā)甲亢;以頭痛為首發(fā)癥狀,伴有抽搐、局灶神經(jīng)功能缺損,Fib、D-二聚體增高,給予抗凝及抗甲狀腺藥物等治療后痊愈,考慮患者CVST的發(fā)生可能單純與甲亢相關(guān)。
綜上所述,臨床上診斷腦靜脈竇血栓后,在除外感染、妊娠、產(chǎn)褥期、口服避孕藥等常見危險(xiǎn)因素后,即使無甲亢癥狀,也應(yīng)檢查是否合并有甲亢,尤其對(duì)青年女性患者更應(yīng)注意;發(fā)生中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀的甲亢患者應(yīng)避免誤診、漏診CVST;甲亢合并CVST在治療CVST同時(shí)要積極治療甲亢,避免向重癥演變,增加死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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Hyperthyroidism associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:one case report and literature review
ZHANGGuo,TAODongxia,TIANLi,etal.
(DepartmentofNeurology,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang110001,China)
Objective To investigate the pathogenesis and clinical features of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST) in patients with hyperthyroidism.Methods Report a case of hyperthyroidism with CVST in the Neurology Department and to summarize manifestations and pathogenesis of the relevant literature.Results Hyperthyroidism associated with CVST is common in young women,which is related to the occurrence and the poor control of hyperthyroidism.The formation of CVST is associated with hypercoagulability of patients with hyperthyroidism and the abnormal hemodynamics cased by goiter’s presser.77.42% of the patients present as severe CVST,witch crue rate is 87.1% and mortality is 3.2%.Conclusion Hyperthyroidism is a rare pathogeny of CVST.Despite its clinical symptoms severely,the prognosis is favorable for most patients after positive treatment.
Hyperthyroidism; Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; Pathogenesis; Clinical features
圖1A 頭部MRV示右側(cè)橫竇、乙狀竇及大部分上矢狀竇未見確切顯影(箭頭);圖1B、C、D 頭部MRI平掃加增強(qiáng)示:雙側(cè)額、頂區(qū)多發(fā)片狀稍長(zhǎng)T1長(zhǎng)T2信號(hào),F(xiàn)LAIR高信號(hào),灰白質(zhì)界限略模糊,部分灰質(zhì)可見線狀短T1信號(hào)影,增強(qiáng)掃描局部可見腦回樣強(qiáng)化;圖1E 1個(gè)月后復(fù)查MRV:右側(cè)橫竇、乙狀竇、上矢狀竇血管部分再通
1003-2754(2017)02-0161-03
2016-10-23;
2016-11-29
遼寧省科學(xué)技術(shù)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.2014226033);沈陽市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.F16-206-9-03) 作者單位:(1.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽 110001;2.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院,遼寧 沈陽 110004)
滕偉禹,E-mail:tengweiyucmu@126.com
R743.32
A