曹輝綜述,張瑋審校
·綜述·
核苷(酸)類藥物治療慢性乙型肝炎患者影響HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的免疫學(xué)因素研究進(jìn)展*
曹輝綜述,張瑋審校
宿主的免疫系統(tǒng)功能決定了乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染的最終轉(zhuǎn)歸。核苷(酸)類藥物抗病毒治療能快速降低病毒載量,恢復(fù)宿主的免疫功能,HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換就是宿主免疫系統(tǒng)功能部分恢復(fù)的標(biāo)志。本文介紹了近五年這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究,探討了天然免疫和獲得性免疫與HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的相關(guān)性,為提高核苷(酸)類藥物抗病毒治療過程中的HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換率提供依據(jù)。
慢性乙型肝炎;HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換;先天性免疫;獲得性免疫;細(xì)胞因子
HBV感染是導(dǎo)致慢性肝臟損傷的重要病因。全球有超過2.8億人口為HBV慢性感染者,持續(xù)的HBV慢性感染是引起肝硬化、肝癌最主要的原因。近年來,病毒性肝炎相關(guān)死亡中一半以上都與HBV慢性感染相關(guān)[1]。在中國,HBsAg陽性的流行率超過7.18%,雖然已經(jīng)實(shí)施了有效的疫苗干預(yù),但HBV慢性感染一直是影響生活質(zhì)量的危害因素[2]。
HBV慢性化機(jī)制尚未完全明確,但HBV清除已被證實(shí)與宿主HBV特異性免疫應(yīng)答密切相關(guān)。在自身免疫性肝炎(Autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)和原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎(Primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)的患者中,HBsAg陽性流行率遠(yuǎn)低于正常人,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了宿主的免疫應(yīng)答在清除HBV感染中的重要性[3]。HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的定義是指血清HBeAg、HBV -DNA檢測不到,同時(shí)伴隨著中和性抗體Anti-HBe的出現(xiàn)。HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換意味著宿主免疫系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)具有控制和清除HBV的能力,形成了對HBV監(jiān)控的“體系”[4]。HBsAg、HBeAg被證實(shí)對宿主的先天免疫和獲得性免疫中的多種免疫元素的功能有干擾作用??共《舅幬锬芸焖俳档筒《据d量,給宿主免疫系統(tǒng)一個(gè)恢復(fù)的“窗口期”。HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換就是機(jī)體部分免疫功能恢復(fù)的標(biāo)志,是先天免疫和獲得性免疫共同作用的結(jié)果[5]。
先天免疫系統(tǒng)是非抗原特異的防護(hù)機(jī)制,在暴露于感染后可以立即或數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)發(fā)生應(yīng)答,是宿主清除病原體和控制感染的最初應(yīng)答,也是抵御病原體和其他潛在威脅的第一道防線。肝臟先天免疫系統(tǒng)包括補(bǔ)體、Kupffer細(xì)胞、自然殺傷細(xì)胞(NK細(xì)胞)、自然殺傷T細(xì)胞(NKT細(xì)胞)和肝內(nèi)樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC),這些免疫細(xì)胞可以針對病原微生物產(chǎn)生獨(dú)特的免疫應(yīng)答[6]。多種先天免疫細(xì)胞的精細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)對于有效清除入侵的病原體和其他威脅是至關(guān)重要的。
1.1 NK/NKT細(xì)胞NK細(xì)胞是肝臟內(nèi)主要的淋巴細(xì)胞,參與組成抵御病原體的第一道防線。NK細(xì)胞無主要組織相容性抗原復(fù)合體(MHC)限制、不依賴抗體、無須預(yù)先抗原致敏,就能殺傷病毒感染細(xì)胞。NK細(xì)胞有兩個(gè)表型:CD56(CD56brightNK)高表達(dá),則其細(xì)胞毒性低,而IFNγ分泌高;低表達(dá)CD56(CD56dimNK),則細(xì)胞毒性高,而IFNγ分泌低[7]。慢性乙型肝炎患者(CHB),NK細(xì)胞分化多傾向于CD56dimNK,表現(xiàn)出“炎性”表型,特點(diǎn)是高表達(dá)活動(dòng)性受體(包括CD161、CD38、KI67等)的CD56dimNK細(xì)胞,有傾向的聚集在肝臟內(nèi),表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的肝細(xì)胞毒性,主要參與肝細(xì)胞凋亡,引起肝星狀細(xì)胞活化,導(dǎo)致肝纖維化。而IFNγ仍處于低表達(dá)狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致了肝臟持續(xù)受損,卻不能徹底清除HBV[8]。核苷(酸)類藥物(NAs)治療后,NK細(xì)胞的表型逐漸恢復(fù)至“靜止”狀態(tài),活動(dòng)性受體的表達(dá)水平逐漸下降。與此同時(shí),NK細(xì)胞分化開始傾向一個(gè)利于清除HBV的表型CD56brightNK。若隨著病毒載量以及抗原濃度下降,CD56brightNK細(xì)胞頻數(shù)以及分泌IFN-γ的水平逐漸上升,往往在接下來的治療中能獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換[9]。與NAs相比,Peg-IFNα對NK細(xì)胞的作用更加高效,Peg-IFNα能直接擴(kuò)增CD56brightNK細(xì)胞頻數(shù),提高NK細(xì)胞的活力,增強(qiáng)其分泌IFNγ的功能。CD56brightNK細(xì)胞是NK細(xì)胞最早分化的亞群,早于CD56dimNK細(xì)胞,它們能優(yōu)先和DC細(xì)胞相互作用,在早期先天免疫應(yīng)答以及獲得性免疫應(yīng)答中占據(jù)重要的作用[10]。IFN和NAs聯(lián)合治療不但能促使HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換,還能提高HBsAg陰轉(zhuǎn)率,這與改變NK細(xì)胞的表型和功能密切相關(guān)[11]。Femke等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)Peg-IFNα聯(lián)合阿德福韋治療獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換、HBsAg陰轉(zhuǎn)的CHB患者,CD56dimNK細(xì)胞頻數(shù)明顯下降,其表面抑制性受體NKG2A、趨化因子受體CX3CR1呈低表達(dá);而CD56brightNK細(xì)胞頻數(shù)明顯升高,并分泌高水平的IFNγ。其細(xì)胞表面,能使NK細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出肝毒性的活動(dòng)性受體CD161低表達(dá),腫瘤壞死因子凋亡相關(guān)的調(diào)導(dǎo)配件(TNF-related apoptosis-indueing ligand,TRAIL)高表達(dá),TRAIL可以介導(dǎo)機(jī)體特異性地清除肝細(xì)胞中的病毒??傊珻D56brightNK細(xì)胞頻數(shù)升高,有助于在抗病毒治療過程中獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換。
NKT細(xì)胞是一類特殊的T細(xì)胞亞群,同時(shí)表達(dá)NK細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞的表面標(biāo)志物。在HBV感染的動(dòng)物模型中NKT細(xì)胞能分泌抗病毒因子IFNγ和TNFβ參與控制HBV復(fù)制[13]。NKT細(xì)胞按照表型和功能分為CD4+NKT和CD4-NKT。HBV慢性感染者,NKT細(xì)胞主要以CD4+NKT占優(yōu)勢。CD4+NKT細(xì)胞主要分泌抗炎類細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受,CD4-NKT主要分泌Th1類細(xì)胞因子,促使Th1免疫應(yīng)答,清除病毒。隨后,jiang等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)接受NAs獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的患者,CD4-NKT/CD4+NKT比值明顯高于沒有出現(xiàn)的患者。提示HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換與NKT細(xì)胞的表型密切相關(guān)。
1.2 DC細(xì)胞DC是經(jīng)典的抗原遞呈細(xì)胞,攝入和提呈抗原后可活化CD4+和CD8+T細(xì)胞。此外,DC細(xì)胞還是體內(nèi)Ⅰ型IFN的主要來源,Ⅰ型IFN主要參與調(diào)節(jié)肝臟內(nèi)局部免疫應(yīng)答[15]。HBV慢性感染后,隨著HBeAg濃度升高,DC細(xì)胞數(shù)量逐漸減少,幸存的DC細(xì)胞開始低表達(dá)CD80、CD86、HLA-DR等共刺激分子,使DC細(xì)胞的抗原提呈功能減弱以及分泌IL-10水平上升,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致Th1以及細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)的效應(yīng)下降。Lin等[16]調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)與處于免疫耐受期的HBV感染者相比,自然獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的HBV感染者,DC細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)大的抗原提呈及分泌IL-12等促炎細(xì)胞因子的功能。隨后,wei等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)用恩替卡韋加自體DC細(xì)胞治療CHB患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換率明顯高于恩替卡韋單藥組。展現(xiàn)出了DC細(xì)胞在HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換中不可或缺的作用。
1.3 TLRTOLL樣受體(TOLL-like receptor,TLR)常表達(dá)于肝細(xì)胞、DC細(xì)胞、Kuffper細(xì)胞和肝血竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞膜表面和胞漿中,經(jīng)病原相關(guān)分子(PAMP)激活,發(fā)揮信號傳感器作用。HBV多種抗原分子(如HBsAg、HBeAg)可激活多種TLR受體(如TLR2、TLR4、TLR7),TLR與病原分子結(jié)合后,經(jīng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)途徑,如核因子(NF)-KB,產(chǎn)生各種細(xì)胞因子如TNFα、IL-6、IL-12、IFNγ、趨化因子來清除HBV[18]。但HBV也有相應(yīng)的拮抗機(jī)制,HBV病毒顆粒、HBsAg、HBeAg能降低TLR的表達(dá),或抑制TLR途徑激活的先天免疫,從而促使HBV感染慢性化[19]。HBV還能下調(diào)模式識別受體(Pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)的表達(dá),阻止PRR-PAMP相互作用,干擾下游信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路來阻止PRRs激活以及下游IFNγ及核因子(NF)-K B相關(guān)炎性因子(如TNFα)釋放[20]。
影響到HBV感染的轉(zhuǎn)歸與單核細(xì)胞TLR2的表達(dá)水平直接相關(guān)。TLR2主要表達(dá)在單核細(xì)胞上,經(jīng)TLR2配體(Pam3csk4)刺激,分泌TNF-a、IL-6、IL-10。肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)的HBeAg,可以干擾TLR2活化所需的MyD88與TRAM和(或)Mal的相互作用來阻止TLR2信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,而血清中的HBsAg能選擇性的關(guān)閉JNK-MAPK信號通路,抑制Pam3csk4,從而降低IL-12的分泌。IL-12是重要的免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子,是連接先天免疫和獲得性免疫的橋梁,其主要功能是輔助T細(xì)胞的增殖和分化,促進(jìn)Th1細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答以及分泌IFNγ,還能促使CD8+T細(xì)胞充分發(fā)育CTL細(xì)胞以及增強(qiáng)它們的殺傷能力[21]。故而當(dāng)JNK-MAPK信號通路關(guān)閉時(shí)則更難清除HBsAg。Huang等[22]研究佐證了這一觀點(diǎn),他發(fā)現(xiàn)接受NAs治療后,隨著病毒抗原濃度下降,單核細(xì)胞表達(dá)TLR2水平逐漸上升的CHB患者,都能在后續(xù)的治療中獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換。與NAs相比,PEG-INFα治療獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換率顯著升高,可能與PEG-INFα不僅能提升TLR2的表達(dá),還能提高Pam3csk4的活性相關(guān)[23]。
TOLL樣受體中的TLR-7受體主要表達(dá)在漿樣樹突狀細(xì)胞(pDCs)和B淋巴細(xì)胞的核內(nèi)體區(qū)域中,其作用是識別病毒的單鏈RNA(Single strand RNA,ssRNA)。TLR-7刺激上調(diào),能促使pDC細(xì)胞分泌IFNα和其它的細(xì)胞因子/趨化因子,誘導(dǎo)NK細(xì)胞活化以及激活細(xì)胞毒性淋巴細(xì)胞[24]。此外,Lanford等[25]還發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR7被激活后,還能提高干擾素刺激基因(ISG)的表達(dá),促進(jìn)pDC細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生I型IFN,從而清除HBV。顯然,Toll樣受體能精密的協(xié)調(diào)先天免疫和獲得性免疫應(yīng)答,在宿主清除HBV中占據(jù)重要的角色,可為徹底清除HBV帶來曙光。
長期暴露于高水平病毒抗原下,T細(xì)胞被大量耗竭,功能嚴(yán)重受損,受損程度與病毒載量成正比。殘存功能低下的T細(xì)胞表達(dá)高水平的共抑制性受體,如程序性死亡分子1(Programmed death 1,PD-1)、細(xì)胞毒T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原4(Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)、T細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白分子-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3,Tim-3),影響T細(xì)胞的應(yīng)答和分化[26]。正是基于上述原因,在HBV感染時(shí),獲得性免疫反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)為延遲、持續(xù)時(shí)間短和窄譜的T細(xì)胞應(yīng)答,表現(xiàn)為免疫耐受。
2.1 Th1/Th2細(xì)胞Th1、Th2是CD4+Th細(xì)胞的亞群,CD4+Th細(xì)胞因細(xì)胞環(huán)境不同分化為功能不同的亞型。HBV慢性感染后,極高濃度的抗原肽、肝內(nèi)微環(huán)境中相當(dāng)豐富的IL-10、TGFβ、精氨酸酶等有助于CD4+Th細(xì)胞極向分化,導(dǎo)致Th1、Th2細(xì)胞頻數(shù)明顯比健康人少,且分泌Th1、Th2樣細(xì)胞因子能力差[27]??共《局委熌芨纳七@一缺陷。Peg-IFNα能誘導(dǎo)CD4+Th細(xì)胞偏向Th1和Th2分化,雖然它們被認(rèn)為是促炎細(xì)胞,分泌促炎因子,加重肝臟損傷。但Peg-IFNα誘導(dǎo)后分化的Th1、Th2細(xì)胞主要分泌IFγ、IL-2、TNFα等細(xì)胞因子以非細(xì)胞毒途徑清除肝內(nèi)的HBV,降低HBV載量,減少病毒蛋白合成,雖然HBsAg清除率不高,但HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換率明顯上升[28]。隨著血清HBV DNA載量、抗原濃度下降,若CD4+Th細(xì)胞分化開始以Th1、Th2占優(yōu)勢,往往能獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換[29]。You等[30]隨訪長療程接受恩替卡韋治療獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的CHB患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)其Th1、Th2細(xì)胞頻數(shù)以及Th1、Th2樣細(xì)胞因子明顯比基礎(chǔ)水平多。未實(shí)現(xiàn)HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的患者,沒有出現(xiàn)類似的現(xiàn)象,Th1、Th2細(xì)胞頻數(shù)和Th1、Th2樣細(xì)胞因子仍然較低。因此,他認(rèn)為Th1、Th2細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答強(qiáng)度,在HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換中至關(guān)重要。
Th1、Th2免疫應(yīng)答增強(qiáng),表現(xiàn)在它們分泌的細(xì)胞因子水平上升。Th1細(xì)胞分泌IL-2、IFNγ、TNFα,能促使CD8+T細(xì)胞活化成高效的CD8+CTL細(xì)胞,在基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后層面抑制HBV復(fù)制;還能維護(hù)CD8+T細(xì)胞分化、增殖、代謝以及凋亡的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)器AKT、mTOR的功能。HBV持續(xù)感染時(shí),CD8+T細(xì)胞上的AKT、mTOR調(diào)節(jié)功能受損,F(xiàn)OX01效應(yīng)作用上升。FOX01作為PD-1的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子,促使CD8+T細(xì)胞分化成功能低下的效應(yīng)CD8+CTL細(xì)胞,這種細(xì)胞的特點(diǎn)是對病毒抗原不敏感,細(xì)胞毒性低,通過Fas/FasL或穿孔素直接殺傷感染的肝細(xì)胞途徑減弱以及分泌IFNγ等細(xì)胞因子減少[31]。Th2細(xì)胞分泌IL-4、IL-5、IL-10,主要作用是支持B細(xì)胞的激活和增殖,輔助HBV特異性B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生高水平的抗體。Rong[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)Anti-HBc滴度與HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換率高度相關(guān),Anti-HBc包括IgM和IgG由HBcAg-特異性B淋巴細(xì)胞分泌。他認(rèn)為基礎(chǔ)高滴度的Anti-HBc可能與Th1、Th2細(xì)胞高度免疫應(yīng)答相關(guān)。
此外,Th1/Th2樣細(xì)胞因子的水平及比值在清除HBV中也起到了重要的作用。Tang[33]等從關(guān)于小鼠HBV感染模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),下調(diào)細(xì)胞因子信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制因子SOCS1和SOCS3,能顯著提高Th1、Th2細(xì)胞頻數(shù)以及Th1/Th2樣細(xì)胞因子的比值。SOCS1和SOCS3已經(jīng)被證實(shí)是重要的T細(xì)胞分化調(diào)節(jié)信號,能干擾CD4+Th細(xì)胞分化的信號通路STAT1和STAT4。HBV可通過上調(diào)SOCS1和SOCS3的表達(dá),影響宿主CD4+Th細(xì)胞的分化。NAs治療能快速抑制病毒的復(fù)制,降低病毒對CD4+Th細(xì)胞分化信號通路的干擾。在接受NAs治療獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的患者,Th1/Th2樣細(xì)胞因子的比值顯著上升,具體表現(xiàn)在Th1型細(xì)胞因子IL-2、TNFα、IFNγ水平上升,Th2型細(xì)胞因子lL-6、IL-10水平下降等[34]。Chokshi[35]的研究得到了相似的結(jié)果,他發(fā)現(xiàn)在獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的CHB患者外周血中,IL-2,TNF-a、IFNγ的含量顯著上升,而沒有獲得的HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的CHB患者,TGFβ、lL-6、IL-10含量上升。
2.2 調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)Treg細(xì)胞由CD4+Th細(xì)胞分化而來,極化因子為TGFβ,主要分泌IL-10、TGFβ細(xì)胞因子。Treg細(xì)胞通過細(xì)胞直接接觸或分泌IL-10、TGFβ間接抑制多種淋巴細(xì)胞反應(yīng),從而抑制HBV的清除反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致感染慢性化[36]。急性肝衰竭(ACLF)發(fā)生時(shí),活化的促炎細(xì)胞、促炎因子、趨化因子受體可以誘導(dǎo)Treg的產(chǎn)生,并募集其他抗炎細(xì)胞至肝臟,抑制過度的肝臟免疫損傷,促進(jìn)肝臟修復(fù),保護(hù)肝臟。提示Treg細(xì)胞在維持對內(nèi)源性和外源性抗原免疫耐受的重要性[37]。Yang[38]比較了HBV慢性感染者與健康人的外周血發(fā)現(xiàn),HBV慢性感染者外周血中調(diào)節(jié)性B細(xì)胞(Regulatory B cell,Breg)、Treg細(xì)胞頻數(shù)明顯比健康人多,且與HBV載量呈正相關(guān)。Breg細(xì)胞能促使CD4+Th細(xì)胞偏向Treg細(xì)胞分化,并提高Treg細(xì)胞上FOXP3和CTLA-4的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)IL-10,TGF-B的分泌,從而抑制Th1細(xì)胞、Th17細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答[39]。抗病毒治療能降低外周血中Treg細(xì)胞頻數(shù)。從Yang等[40]研究可以反映出來。他發(fā)現(xiàn)接受TDF抗病毒治療獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的CHB患者,其外周Treg細(xì)胞頻數(shù)明顯下降,而在沒有獲得的患者中,Treg細(xì)胞幾乎不下降。有趣的是,他還發(fā)現(xiàn)在獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的患者,Treg細(xì)胞T細(xì)胞抗原受體(T cell receptor,TCR)/β鏈可變區(qū)(Vβ),Vβ家族中以Vβ14,Vβ20,Vβ24高表達(dá)。沒有獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的患者,Vβ家族中以Vβ12,Vβ15,Vβ22高表達(dá)。β鏈可變區(qū)(Vβ)能對病毒表位肽進(jìn)行特異性識別,是與表位肽/MHC-I復(fù)合體最密切聯(lián)結(jié)的TcR部分。Vβ家族不同成員的比例,直接關(guān)系到CTL細(xì)胞對病毒抗原的應(yīng)答性[41]?;诖耍欠窨梢詫reg細(xì)胞頻數(shù)以及Vβ家族中的分子型作為預(yù)測HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的指標(biāo),這需要更加深入的研究。
2.3 濾泡輔助性T細(xì)胞(Tfh)大部分抗原需要與Tfh細(xì)胞或Tfh細(xì)胞分泌的細(xì)胞因子接觸才能激活體液免疫,Tfh細(xì)胞的特征是高表達(dá)化學(xué)趨化因子受體CXCR5。CXCR5+Tfh細(xì)胞的特性與CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞相似,后者在循環(huán)血液中的頻數(shù)可以反應(yīng)出前者在淋巴組織中的頻數(shù)[42]。在生發(fā)中心(Germinal center),CXCR5+Tfh細(xì)胞的主要作用是輔助Anti-HBe分泌性B細(xì)胞分泌抗體Anti-HBe中和HBeAg[43]。Tfh細(xì)胞可通過CD40/CD154等多種受體/配體與B細(xì)胞結(jié)合,輔助抗原特異性B細(xì)胞分化成記憶性B細(xì)胞或漿細(xì)胞[44]。Tfh細(xì)胞與B細(xì)胞相互作用的強(qiáng)度與HBeAg的血清轉(zhuǎn)換率之間存在相關(guān)性。Zhang等[45]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),接受Peg-IFNα治療獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的CHB患者,外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T、CD19+CD38+B細(xì)胞頻數(shù)明顯增多,且CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞表面高表達(dá)共刺激受體/配體ICOS、CD40L,低表達(dá)共抑制受體PD-1。CD19+CD38+B細(xì)胞高表達(dá)ICOSL、CD40,低表達(dá)PD-L1,而在沒有獲得HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的CHB患者中,這種情況是截然相反。CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞表達(dá)的共刺激受體CD40與B細(xì)胞表達(dá)的配體CD40L之間相互作用,能誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生漿細(xì)胞和記憶性B細(xì)胞,還能加速抗體的成熟,促進(jìn)抗體與抗原之間的親和力。CD19+CD38+B細(xì)胞表達(dá)的配體ICOSL上調(diào),能促使Tfh細(xì)胞活化,促進(jìn)IL-21分泌。IL-21是Tfh細(xì)胞最重要的輔助信號分子,血清中IL-21的水平可作為預(yù)期HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)[43]。然而,Lei et al[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)CHB患者外周血中CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞過度活化(表現(xiàn)在CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞頻數(shù)增多,輔助B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生高水平的抗體),但HBeAb和HBsAb的分泌卻無明顯改觀。此外CXCR5+CD4+T細(xì)胞過度的免疫應(yīng)答,不僅與肝臟炎癥密切相關(guān),還能產(chǎn)生ANA、AMA、ss-A、ss-B、scl-70、nRNP/sm等多種自身抗體,有誘發(fā)肝外自身免疫性疾病的可能。因此,Tfh細(xì)胞所介導(dǎo)的體液免疫在清除HBV感染中的免疫作用需進(jìn)一步探索。
免疫學(xué)因素在清除病毒中發(fā)揮重要的作用。抗病毒治療后,隨著HBV-DNA、HBsAg、HBeAg等濃度下降,先天免疫和獲得性免疫中多種免疫元素功能逐漸恢復(fù),分泌具有清除病毒作用的細(xì)胞因子明顯增多,HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換是宿主免疫部分恢復(fù)的結(jié)果,意味著宿主的免疫系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)重建。但是這種抗病毒治療帶來的免疫重建是不穩(wěn)定的,終止抗病毒藥物后,宿主的免疫系統(tǒng)可表現(xiàn)出持續(xù)低效的免疫應(yīng)答,甚至又有可能回到免疫耐受的狀態(tài)??共《局委煂γ庖呦到y(tǒng)的影響很復(fù)雜,多種免疫細(xì)胞的相互作用、抗炎因子與促炎因子之間的平衡以及共刺激受體與共抑制受體的相互協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制仍需深入研究,以期為安全停藥及清除HBsAg提供新的治療策略。
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(收稿:2016-10-10)
(本文編輯:朱傳龍)
Research Progress of Immunological factors influencing HBeAg seroconversion across chronic hepatitis B patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues
Cao Hui,Zhang Wei.Department of Liver Diseases,Longhua Hospital,Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai 200030,China
The function of host immune system determines the final outcomes of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.Antiviral treatment by nucleos(t)ide analogs can quickly reduce the viral loads and recovery host immune function.HBeAg seroconversion is a sign for at least a partial host immune system recovery.This paper reviews the relevant basic and clinical research in the nearly last 5 years to explore the correlation between innate immunity and acquired immunity with HBeAg seroconversion and tries to provide evidence for the improvement of HBeAgseroconversionrate in the nucleos(t)ide analogs treatment process.
Hepatitis B;HBeAg;Innate immunity;Acquired immunity;Cytokine
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2017.03.035
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號:81373860);上海市中醫(yī)中西醫(yī)臨床重點(diǎn)扶持項(xiàng)目(編號:ZY3-JSFC-1-1009)
200030上海市上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院肝病科
曹輝,男,26歲,碩士研究生。主要從事中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療肝病研究
張瑋,E-mail:18918104444@189.cn