陳金盛,江燦,郭軍
· 循證理論與實(shí)踐·論著 ·
不同BMI水平對(duì)新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響的Meta分析
陳金盛1,江燦1,郭軍1
目的 系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)不同體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)水平對(duì)普通人群新發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Pubmed、CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫中關(guān)于BMI與普通人群新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的觀察性研究,檢索時(shí)間截止至2016年7月。根據(jù)預(yù)先設(shè)定的文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由2名評(píng)價(jià)員獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選、資料提取、質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)等工作,將符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)納入,利用RevMan 5.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果 在初步檢索得到的685篇文獻(xiàn)中,共納入12篇符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,與正常組相比,超重組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加43%(RR=1.43,95%CI:1.30~1.57,P<0.00001),肥胖組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加89%(RR=1.89,95%CI:1.69~2.12,P<0.00001);與超重組相比,肥胖組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加32%(RR=1.32,95%CI:1.25~1.39,P<0.00001);與非肥胖組相比,肥胖組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加55%(RR=1.55,95%CI:1.41~1.69,P<0.00001)。結(jié)論 超重與肥胖明顯增加普通人群新發(fā)房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),隨著BMI水平的增加,新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在逐級(jí)增加。
心房顫動(dòng);體質(zhì)指數(shù);超重;肥胖;危險(xiǎn)因素;Meta分析
心房顫動(dòng)(AF)簡稱房顫,是臨床上最常見的心律失常。資料顯示,我國房顫的總體患病率為0.61%,呈現(xiàn)出隨年齡增長而增加的趨勢(shì),其中80歲以上人群的患病率為7.5%,男性患病率高于女性[1]。房顫是心肌梗死、腦卒中和心力衰竭的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[2-4]。房顫患者的死亡率是普通人的2倍,心力衰竭與腦卒中是主要的致死原因,在65歲以上的患者中,女性死亡率高于男性[5,6]。房顫及其引發(fā)的腦卒中、心力衰竭等并發(fā)癥對(duì)人類的生命健康造成了很大的威脅,它正日益給社會(huì)帶來沉重的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān),因此,識(shí)別潛在的危險(xiǎn)因素并加以有效控制,是實(shí)現(xiàn)房顫防控、減輕醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)的重要手段之一。相關(guān)研究表明,肥胖可增加普通人群新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7-20]。不同的BMI水平對(duì)普通人群新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響分別如何,這個(gè)問題需要更多循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的解答。因此,本文采用Meta分析的方法對(duì)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析評(píng)估,以明確不同BMI水平對(duì)新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,從而為房顫防控策略的制定提供更可靠的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①前瞻性或回顧性隊(duì)列研究;②研究對(duì)象為普通人群;③研究內(nèi)容為BMI水平與新發(fā)房顫的關(guān)系;④觀察終點(diǎn)為房顫發(fā)生。
1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①未使用WHO的BMI分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或其他明確定義的BMI分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②未提供各個(gè)BMI水平中新發(fā)房顫病例數(shù)量;③研究對(duì)象為心臟手術(shù)后患者;④研究對(duì)象動(dòng)物或細(xì)胞;⑤文獻(xiàn)為綜述、系統(tǒng)回顧或Meta分析。WHO的BMI分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<25.0 kg/m2為正常;25.0 kg/m2≤BMI<30.0 kg/m2為超重;BMI≥30.0 kg/m2為肥胖。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索 利用計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Pubmed、CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫,文種限定為英文和中文,檢索日期截止至2016年7月。英文檢索詞為:atrial fibrillation,obesity,overweight,body mass index。中文檢索詞為:房顫、心房顫動(dòng)、肥胖、超重、體質(zhì)指數(shù)。所有檢索均采用主題詞與自由詞相結(jié)合方式。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取 由兩名評(píng)價(jià)員分別獨(dú)立閱讀所有檢索得到的文獻(xiàn),然后根據(jù)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選。結(jié)果如有分歧,則通過雙方討論或由第三位評(píng)價(jià)員進(jìn)行確定。最后對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取。所要提取的文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容如下:第一作者、出版年份、總樣本量、各BMI水平級(jí)別的樣本量、性別比例、隨訪時(shí)間、終點(diǎn)事件。
1.4 方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 采用Downs and Black清單[21]對(duì)所納入的隊(duì)列研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。該評(píng)價(jià)量表包括5個(gè)部分共計(jì)27個(gè)條目,分別是報(bào)告質(zhì)量(11分)、外部真實(shí)性(3分)、偏倚(7分)、混雜因素(6分)、效能(2分)。滿分29分,得分越高,代表文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量越高。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 通過Revman 5.3軟件對(duì)提取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和I2檢驗(yàn)對(duì)所納入的研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),如果I2≥50%,P≤0.05,則表明各研究結(jié)果之間存在異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析;如果I2<50%,P>0.05,則表明各研究結(jié)果之間不存在異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行分析。發(fā)表偏倚采用漏斗圖進(jìn)行評(píng)估。本研究的效應(yīng)指標(biāo)是相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)及其95%可信區(qū)間(CI),其中P值<0.05認(rèn)為是差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果 初步檢索共得到685篇文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)閱讀標(biāo)題、摘要以后,剔除23篇為綜述或Meta分析的文獻(xiàn),排除622篇明顯不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),對(duì)初篩納入的40篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行全文內(nèi)容的仔細(xì)閱讀,其中28篇文獻(xiàn)因無提供各個(gè)BMI水平中新發(fā)房顫病例的具體數(shù)據(jù)或無提供明確的BMI分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而被排除,最終納入12篇原始文獻(xiàn),共計(jì)449 669人。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程(圖1)。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的一般情況及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 納入文獻(xiàn)的一般情況及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)(表1)。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖
表1 納入研究的一般情況及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 超重組與正常組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較 對(duì)超重組與正常組的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行比較,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為P=0.001,I2=64%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,超重組房顫發(fā)病率為2.61%,正常組房顫發(fā)病率為0.95%。與正常組相比,超重組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加43%,兩組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=1.43,95%CI:1.30~1.57,P<0.00001)(圖2)。
2.3.2 肥胖組與超重組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較 對(duì)肥胖組與超重組的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行比較,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為P=0.15,I2=30%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,肥胖組房顫發(fā)病率為3.40%,超重組房顫發(fā)病率為2.61%。與超重組相比,肥胖組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加32%,兩組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=1.32,95%CI:1.25~1.39,P<0.00001)(圖3)。
2.3.4 肥胖組與正常組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較 對(duì)肥胖組與正常組的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行比較,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為P=0.002,I2=63%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,肥胖組房顫發(fā)病率為3.40%,正常組房顫發(fā)病率為0.95%。與正常組相比,肥胖組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加89%,兩組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=1.89,95%CI:1.69~2.12,P<0.00001)(圖4)。
2.3.5 肥胖組與非肥胖組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較 對(duì)肥胖組與非肥胖組(超重組+正常組)的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行比較,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為P=0.008,I2=57%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,肥胖組房顫發(fā)病率為3.40%,非肥胖組房顫發(fā)病率為1.47%。與非肥胖組相比,肥胖組的房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加55%,兩組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(RR=1.55,95%CI:1.41~1.69,P<0.00001)(圖5)。
2.3.6 發(fā)表偏倚 對(duì)以上各組進(jìn)行漏斗圖分析,結(jié)果都呈基本對(duì)稱的倒置漏斗圖(圖6),表明各研究結(jié)果之間無顯著發(fā)表偏倚。
圖2 超重組與正常組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較
圖3 肥胖組與超重組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較
圖4 肥胖組與正常組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較
圖5 肥胖組與非肥胖組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較
圖6 不同BMI水平對(duì)新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響比較的漏斗圖(A:超重組與正常組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較的漏斗圖;B:肥胖組與超重組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較的漏斗圖;C:肥胖組與正常組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較的漏斗圖;D:肥胖組與非肥胖組新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較的漏斗圖)
房顫是一種最嚴(yán)重的心房電活動(dòng)紊亂,它往往伴隨著較高的心血管疾病發(fā)病率與死亡率。誘發(fā)房顫的危險(xiǎn)因素不是單一的,其發(fā)病機(jī)制也較為復(fù)雜。本文通過Meta分析表明,在普通人群中,超重與肥胖可增加新發(fā)房顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),隨著BMI水平的增加,新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在逐級(jí)增加。
超重與肥胖增加普通人群新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的機(jī)制尚未完全明確。與肥胖相關(guān)的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)可能是肥胖誘發(fā)房顫的一個(gè)重要介導(dǎo)因素[22]。OSAHS可以導(dǎo)致夜間血氧飽和度下降,由此引發(fā)的間歇性低氧和高碳酸血癥可以增加交感神經(jīng)張力,引起心房有效不應(yīng)期縮短與心肌細(xì)胞鈣超載,這可能跟增加房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)[23,24]。肥胖可能影響心臟收縮功能,引起左房增大,促進(jìn)房顫基質(zhì)的形成[25]。肥胖患者左房增大的一個(gè)可能機(jī)制是整體血壓水平的增高[26]。肥胖與高血壓可協(xié)同增加房顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可能的機(jī)制是體重增加與左心室肥厚有關(guān),并增加高血壓的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而長期高血壓可引起左心室重構(gòu),最終導(dǎo)致左心室、左心房增大,進(jìn)一步增加房顫發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27]。研究指出,血漿高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)與房顫相關(guān)[28],肥胖患者體內(nèi)hs-CRP水平明顯高于正常體重者[29],而hs-CRP是一種公認(rèn)的炎癥標(biāo)志物,Bruins等[30]的研究認(rèn)為房顫與炎癥相關(guān),據(jù)此可推斷,肥胖有可能是通過一種慢性炎癥狀態(tài)來誘發(fā)房顫。此外,肥胖患者往往伴隨著代謝綜合征,包括糖尿病、高血壓病、高脂血癥等,這些因素都會(huì)增加房顫的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其他的解釋包括左心室舒張功能減低、血容量增加、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)等神經(jīng)體液機(jī)制的激活以及脂肪浸潤引起的心肌組織結(jié)構(gòu)和電生理特性的異常等[19,31]。
綜上所述,超重與肥胖可能通過多種機(jī)制增加普通人群的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn),BMI水平與新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān)。較高的BMI水平往往預(yù)示著較高的新發(fā)房顫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。BMI也許可以作為房顫發(fā)病的一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)因素,在房顫防控策略的制定中應(yīng)得到充分的認(rèn)識(shí)。然而,由于本文所納入研究的數(shù)據(jù)尚不全面,各研究的質(zhì)量參差不齊,各研究結(jié)果之間也存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,同時(shí)也不能完全調(diào)整其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素、藥物使用等的影響。考慮到以上的局限性,還有待進(jìn)一步開展更多、更詳細(xì)、更精確的研究來得到更加穩(wěn)定可信的結(jié)論。
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本文編輯:翁鴻,姚雪莉
The effect of BMI category on the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation: a Meta-analysis
CHEN Jin-sheng*,JIANG Can,GUO Jun.*Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
GUO Jun, E-mail: dr.guojun@163.com
Objective To evaluate the effect of different BMI levels on the risk of new atrial fibrillation in the general population. Methods Observational studies of the relationship between BMI and the risk of new atrial fibrillation in the general population published in Pubmed and CNKI database before July 2016 were retrieved. Two reviewers independently completed the literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation, and used RevMan 5.3 software for meta-analysis. Results There were 12 articles selected from 685 retrieved articles. Compared with the normal group, the risk of atrial fibrillation increased by 43% (RR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.30~1.57, P<0.00001) in the overweight group, and the risk of AF increased by 89% (RR=1.89, 95%CI: 1.69~2.12, P<0.00001) in the obese group. Compared with the overweight group, the risk of atrial fibrillation in the obese group increased by 32% (RR=1.32, 95%CI: 1.25-1.33, P<0.00001). Compared with the non-obese group, the risk of atrial fibrillation in the obese group increased by 55% (RR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.41~1.69, P<0.00001). Conclusion Overweight and obesity significantly increase the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in general population, and there is a graded relationship between increased BMI and increased risk of new-onset AF.
Atrial fibrillation; Body mass index; Overweight; Obesity; Risk factors; Meta-analysis
R541.75
A
1674-4055(2017)03-0265-04
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81673635)
1510630 廣州,暨南大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
郭軍,E-mail:dr.guojun@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2017.03.03