聶明輝+張曉俠+劉會(huì)玲+李義學(xué)+王曉巖+吳文瑛+馮佩明
(1. 承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院超聲科;2.承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科,河北承德 067000)
[摘 要] 目的:探討超聲引導(dǎo)下平面內(nèi)技術(shù)與平面外技術(shù)在術(shù)中動(dòng)脈穿刺置管中的應(yīng)用。方法:選擇我院2015年7月~2016年8月?lián)衿谑中g(shù)患者122例,隨機(jī)分為平面內(nèi)技術(shù)組(A組,n=62)和平面外技術(shù)(B組,n=60)。A、B兩組患者分別在超聲引導(dǎo)下采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù)和平面外技術(shù)進(jìn)行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管。記錄每組患者超聲定位時(shí)間、總穿刺時(shí)間、穿刺次數(shù),首次穿刺成功例數(shù)及首二次穿刺成功例數(shù),并分別于穿刺前(T1)和拔管后0.5h(T2)測(cè)量穿刺點(diǎn)橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑、橈動(dòng)脈收縮期血流峰值流速及穿刺側(cè)的無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓,記錄兩組患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:兩組患者總穿刺時(shí)間和穿刺次數(shù)相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,A組患者超聲定位時(shí)間長于B組、首次成功穿刺例數(shù)少于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,但A組患者首二次穿刺成功率顯著高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05;組內(nèi)比較:兩組患者T1時(shí)刻的橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑均大于T2時(shí)刻且橈動(dòng)脈收縮期血流峰值流速均低于T2時(shí)刻,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,兩組患者T1和T2時(shí)刻MAP相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;組間比較:T1和T2時(shí)刻兩組患者橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑、收縮期血流峰值流速、MAP相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;A組患者血腫和橈動(dòng)脈后壁穿透的發(fā)生率明顯低于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05。結(jié)論:平面內(nèi)技術(shù)和平面外技術(shù)引導(dǎo)動(dòng)脈穿刺置管對(duì)橈動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響相似;與平面外技術(shù)相比,平面內(nèi)技術(shù)超聲定位時(shí)間長,但其首二次穿刺成功率高,并發(fā)癥少。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲引導(dǎo);平面內(nèi)技術(shù);平面外技術(shù);橈動(dòng)脈穿刺
中圖分類號(hào):R445.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2017)04-046-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201704019
Ultrasound-guided in-plane and out-of-plane approaches for intraoperative artery cannulation NIE Minghui1,ZHANG Xiaoxia2,LIU Huiling1,LI Yixue1,WANG Xiaoyan1,WU Wenying1,F(xiàn)ENG Peiming1. (1. Department of ultrasound,Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University Chengde 067000 China;2. Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University Chengde 067000 China)
[Abstract] Objective: This study was designed to explore the application of ultrasound-guided in-plane and out-of-plane approaches for intraoperative artery cannulation. Methods: A total sampale of 122 patients who underwent elective surgery from July 2015 to August 2016 were randomly divided into in-plane group (group A, n=62) and out-of-plane group (group B, n=60). The patients of group A and group B underwent radial artery cannulation with ultrasound-guided in-plane and out-of-plane approaches. The length of ultrasonic positioning, the times of cannulation attempts, the total duration of cannulation, success rates at first-time attempt and the first two attempts were recorded. The radial artery diameter and peak systolic velocity, and noninvasive arterial blood pressure on the puncture side were measured at the points for cannulation before cannulation (T1) and 0.5 h after extubation (T2). The complication of the two groups was recorded. Results: There was no significant difference the total duration of cannulation and the times of cannulation attempts between the two groups. The length of ultrasonic positioning of group A was longer than that of the group B, the success rate at first-time attempt was less than that of the group B, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), but the success rate at the first two attempts was significantly higher in group A than in group B. Compared with T2, the radial artery diameter of both two groups was greater at T1, and the peak systolic velocity of radial artery of both two groups was lower than that of T2, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP between the two groups at T1 and T2. There was no significant difference in the radial artery diameter and peak systolic velocity, and MAP between the two groups of patients at T1 and T2. The incidence of hematoma and wall penetrating of radial artery in group A was significantly lower than those in group B, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Ultrasound-guided in-plane and out-of-plane approaches for intraoperative artery cannulation have similar effects on hemodynamics of radial artery. Compared: with out-of-plane approach, in-plane approach has longer ultrasonic positioning time, but its success rate at first two attempts is higher, and has less complications.
[Key words] ultrasound guidance; in-plane approach; out-of-plane approach; radial artery
動(dòng)脈穿刺是臨床上常用的有創(chuàng)穿刺技術(shù)。成功的動(dòng)脈穿刺是搶救危重患者的基礎(chǔ),通暢的動(dòng)脈通路不僅可以持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓、監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)脈血?dú)舛铱梢赃M(jìn)行血液透析等治療操作[1]。橈動(dòng)脈是動(dòng)脈穿刺的常用部位之一。傳統(tǒng)的橈動(dòng)脈穿刺技術(shù)通過盲探觸摸橈動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)進(jìn)行穿刺,常因定位不準(zhǔn)、進(jìn)針角度方向的差異而導(dǎo)致穿刺失敗[2]。隨著超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展,超聲引導(dǎo)下的血管穿刺技術(shù)也廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床麻醉中[3]。超聲引導(dǎo)下的血管穿刺技術(shù)主要包括平面內(nèi)技術(shù)和平面外技術(shù),因此本研究將探討超聲引導(dǎo)下平面內(nèi)技術(shù)與平面外技術(shù)在術(shù)中動(dòng)脈穿刺置管中的應(yīng)用,為臨床麻醉中超聲引導(dǎo)下橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇我院2015年7月~2016年8月的擇期手術(shù)患者122例,18~65歲,ASA I~I(xiàn)I級(jí),隨機(jī)分為平面內(nèi)技術(shù)組(A組,n=62)和平面外技術(shù)(B組,n=60)。排除動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、周圍血管疾病、尺動(dòng)脈疾病、Allen試驗(yàn)陰性者等不適宜行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺的患者。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)且所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
兩組患者清醒進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后,吸氧2L/min,持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、脈搏氧飽和度、無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓,開放上肢外周靜脈,鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛。患者穿刺前均進(jìn)行Allen試驗(yàn),結(jié)果為陽性者選擇左手進(jìn)行穿刺。所有患者取平臥位,穿刺側(cè)手臂外展90°,手掌向上平放于擱手板上,手腕背側(cè)墊紗布卷背伸30°~60°并固定,常規(guī)碘伏消毒前臂掌側(cè)腕關(guān)節(jié)皮膚,鋪巾,穿刺部位使用2%利多卡因局部麻醉。使用Sonosite Micromaxx便攜式超聲儀(美國,Sono Site公司),探頭頻率選擇6~13MHz,超聲探頭涂上耦合劑后采用一次性無菌保護(hù)套套扎。A、B兩組患者分別采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù)和平面外技術(shù)在手腕橫紋處探查橈動(dòng)脈,選擇最佳穿刺點(diǎn),具體操作方法如下。A組:將探頭與橈動(dòng)脈走形垂直采用短軸切面確定橈動(dòng)脈的位置,并移動(dòng)超聲探頭使其處于畫面中間,再將探頭與橈動(dòng)脈平行以長軸切面再次確定橈動(dòng)脈的位置,左右移動(dòng)超聲使其對(duì)準(zhǔn)橈動(dòng)脈的中間位置,右手持動(dòng)脈穿刺針以30°~45°向超聲和皮膚交點(diǎn)處穿刺,當(dāng)超聲圖像中出現(xiàn)完整的進(jìn)針聲影后緩慢進(jìn)針并觀察穿刺針尾端若見回血后,邊向近心端進(jìn)針邊退針芯,待套管進(jìn)入橈動(dòng)脈后固定接壓力傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)血壓。B組:以短軸切面確定橈動(dòng)脈的位置,將橈動(dòng)脈調(diào)整至畫面中點(diǎn),以同樣角度進(jìn)針穿刺,見穿刺針回血后置入套管并固定連接壓力傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)血壓。兩組患者均由相同操作者進(jìn)行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺,穿刺兩次不成功者則更換操作者并交替采用平面內(nèi)、外法改變引導(dǎo)方式,四次不成功者則為操作失敗。進(jìn)針一次未成功則記一次穿刺。手術(shù)結(jié)束后,兩組患者均拔出動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管并以加壓包扎按壓15min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分別于穿刺前和拔管后0.5h測(cè)量穿刺點(diǎn)橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑、橈動(dòng)脈收縮期血流峰值流速及穿刺側(cè)的無創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓,記錄每組患者超聲定位時(shí)間、總穿刺時(shí)間、穿刺次數(shù),首次穿刺成功例數(shù)、首二次穿刺成功例數(shù)以及兩組患者并發(fā)癥(血腫、橈動(dòng)脈后壁穿透)的發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)或方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般情況比較
兩組患者一般情況(年齡、性別比、體重、橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑和皮膚到橈動(dòng)脈距離)相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性,見表1。
2.2 兩組患者穿刺情況及橈動(dòng)脈指標(biāo)
兩組患者總穿刺時(shí)間和穿刺次數(shù)相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,A組患者超聲定位時(shí)間長于B組、首次成功穿刺例數(shù)少于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,但A組患者首二次穿刺成功率顯著高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,見表2。
兩組組內(nèi)比較:T1時(shí)刻的橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑均大于T2時(shí)刻且橈動(dòng)脈收縮期血流峰值流速均低于T2時(shí)刻,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05,兩組患者T1和T2時(shí)刻MAP相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;組間比較:T1和T2時(shí)刻兩組患者橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑、收縮期血流峰值流速、MAP相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表3。
A組患者血腫2例、橈動(dòng)脈后壁穿透3例;B組分別為9例、12例,A組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05。
3 討論
傳統(tǒng)的橈動(dòng)脈穿刺常采用盲探觸摸橈動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)的方法,雖然簡(jiǎn)單易行,但對(duì)操作者的技術(shù)要求較高[4]。對(duì)于肥胖、心律失常、低血壓以及橈動(dòng)脈解剖異常的患者,橈動(dòng)脈穿刺常存在較大的困難[5-6]。反復(fù)穿刺會(huì)引起橈動(dòng)脈痙攣和血腫的形成進(jìn)一步加大穿刺的難度[7]。超聲引導(dǎo)下血管穿刺不僅可以清楚分辨血管和穿刺針的相對(duì)位置而且可以在直視下調(diào)整進(jìn)針的角度和方向,減少盲探操作的不確定性,提高穿刺的成功率[8]。
平面內(nèi)技術(shù)和平面外技術(shù)是超聲引導(dǎo)下血管穿刺常用的技術(shù),二者各有優(yōu)劣。平面內(nèi)技術(shù)中,穿刺針和血管長軸在同一平面且在穿刺過程中可以動(dòng)態(tài)觀察二者的關(guān)系,能夠減少穿刺針對(duì)血管壁造成的損傷[8];平面外技術(shù)中可以直接觀察進(jìn)針的方向和血管腔之間的關(guān)系,提高穿刺的速度[9]。本研究中兩組患者橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑和皮膚到橈動(dòng)脈距離相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性。A組患者超聲定位時(shí)間長于B組,表明平面外技術(shù)更容易找到橈動(dòng)脈,這是由于平面外技術(shù)引導(dǎo)下腕部橫斷面超聲范圍較寬,更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)橈動(dòng)脈的搏動(dòng),而平面內(nèi)技術(shù)下超聲范圍小,只能在短軸法下找到動(dòng)脈然后再旋轉(zhuǎn)超聲探頭尋找[11-12],因此需要時(shí)間更長。A組首次成功穿刺例數(shù)少于B組,可能的原因有:平面內(nèi)技術(shù)引導(dǎo)下由于超聲斷層圖的切片厚度的影響,聲像圖上可能存在臨近靶區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的回聲,干擾操作者的判斷,誤認(rèn)為穿刺針在血管內(nèi),反復(fù)穿刺操作時(shí)間延長[13];平面外技術(shù)下能夠清楚的判斷進(jìn)針方向和橈動(dòng)脈最大徑角度的關(guān)系,隨時(shí)調(diào)整進(jìn)針方向,避免臨床上動(dòng)脈穿刺時(shí)常出現(xiàn)針尾噴血而置管不暢的情況[14],減少操作時(shí)間;由于橈動(dòng)脈位置較表淺以及穿刺針穿刺過程中的推擠等均可能引起平面內(nèi)技術(shù)下圖像的移位,影響穿刺的效果和時(shí)間。A患者首二次穿刺成功率顯著高于B組,是由于在平面內(nèi)技術(shù)引導(dǎo)下穿刺失敗時(shí),交替使用平面外技術(shù)能夠清晰顯示橈動(dòng)脈截面與針尖的相對(duì)位置,稍微調(diào)整角度則可以順利進(jìn)行[15],而平面外技術(shù)由于針尖和超聲探頭垂直,當(dāng)針尖進(jìn)入皮下后調(diào)整超聲探頭后仍難以分辨[16],所以首二次穿刺成功率低。由于平面外技術(shù)失敗后超聲影響難以分辨,需要多次調(diào)整穿刺針多因此也會(huì)引起橈動(dòng)脈的多處損傷,所以B組并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率要高于A組。由于穿刺損傷可能引起患者血管痙攣、局部血腫擠壓動(dòng)脈、局部血管內(nèi)膜增生以及新鮮血栓的形成,使血管內(nèi)徑減小,所以T1時(shí)刻的橈動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑均大于T2時(shí)刻,而為了滿足遠(yuǎn)端肢體的血供,血液流速代償性增加,所以兩組橈動(dòng)脈收縮期血流峰值流速低于T2時(shí)刻。
總之,平面內(nèi)技術(shù)和平面外技術(shù)引導(dǎo)動(dòng)脈穿刺置管對(duì)橈動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響相似;與平面外技術(shù)相比,平面內(nèi)技術(shù)超聲定位時(shí)間長,但其首二次穿刺成功率高,并發(fā)癥少。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
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基金項(xiàng)目:承德市科學(xué)技術(shù)研究與發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目,編號(hào)201606A027。
第一作者:聶明輝,本科,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:超聲臨床,Email:xuxy1696@126.com。
通訊作者:吳文瑛,本科,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:超聲臨床,Email:zzzzuf@126.com。