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讓學習真正發(fā)生,教師可以做些什么?

2017-05-30 10:48錢希潔
閱讀(教學研究) 2017年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:放手喚醒引導

錢希潔

【摘要】所謂“教學”,顧名思義,就是通過教師的“教”引導學生的“學”,其落腳點在“學”,因此,教師“教”的價值一般通過學生的“學”才能得到真正體現(xiàn)。無論教師教得如何,如若不能引發(fā)學生真正的學習活動以及相應(yīng)學習能力的提升,那么,所謂的教學活動都失去了存在的意義,唯有真正引發(fā)學生內(nèi)部發(fā)生的學習活動才是真正意義上的學習。因此,“讓學習真正發(fā)生”成了當今英語課堂教學改革的必然與應(yīng)然。

【關(guān)鍵詞】教學 喚醒 容錯 引導 放手

本文主要結(jié)合譯林版小學《英語》五下Unit 7 Chinese Festival 中Grammar time 和Fun time板塊教學中的幾個片段,闡述如何通過喚醒、容錯、引導和放手等四個方面引導學生開展真正意義上的學習活動,從而從傳統(tǒng)意義上的“教”向?qū)W生的“學”轉(zhuǎn)變,實現(xiàn)“讓學習真正發(fā)生”的教育愿景。

一、喚醒:讓學習在運用舊知中啟動

德國教育家福祿貝爾曾經(jīng)說過:“教學的使命與其說是把知識注入到人的心靈內(nèi)部,毋寧說把更多的東西從心靈內(nèi)部煥發(fā)出來?!币虼?,在英語課堂教學中,真正的學習不僅在于向?qū)W生傳授英語語言知識,更在于喚醒他們內(nèi)部與教學內(nèi)容有關(guān)的知識和經(jīng)驗,并使他們在回顧舊知、運用舊知進行表達的過程中啟動思維,進入新知的學習。

譯林版小學《英語》五下Unit 7 Chinese Festival 中Grammar time和Fun time板塊在Story time板塊學習的基礎(chǔ)上,仍以單元話題Chinese Festival為中心,進一步學習表示月份的英語詞匯及其縮寫形式,并運用所學語言根據(jù)不同季節(jié)的特點開展語言交流活動。在前面一個課時的教學活動中,學生對故事文本中提及的The Spring Festival, The Dragon Boat Festival, The Mid-Autumn Festival和 The Double Ninth Festival等幾個中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日有了初步的理解,因此,在本課時的教學活動中,筆者依然從單元話題Chinese Festival出發(fā),結(jié)合學生在前一課時中已經(jīng)學過的四個中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,引導學生通過“向外國友人介紹中國節(jié)日”的方式,喚醒學生對于單元話題Chinese Festival更多的知識和生活經(jīng)驗,從而促使學生啟動思維,為學習的真正發(fā)生做好準備。教學片斷如下:

筆者用PPT呈現(xiàn)四個表示節(jié)日的畫面。

T: Please look at the pictures. What festivals do you know?

Ss: Yes. Theyre ....

T: What is the most important festival in China?

S1: I think it is the Spring Festival.

T: Yeah. I think so. But when is the Spring Festival?

教師板書新句型The Spring Festival is in ... or ...

S2: It is in January, February.

T: So we can say the Spring Festival is in January or February.

T: I have some friends in UK. They want to know more about Chinese festivals. Would you like to introduce these Chinese festivals to them? Ill take some videos for them. You may choose one you like.

S3: I want to introduce the Dragon Boat Festival.

T: OK. Please.

S3: The Dragon Boat Festival is in May or June. There are Dragon Boat races in some places. We usually eat rice dumplings at the festival. I like the festival, because I can have a holiday.

T: Thats good. Thank you.

用同樣的方式,筆者請其他兩位學生介紹The Mid-Autumn Festival和 The Double Ninth Festival兩個中國節(jié)日,讓學生在復習前一課時學過的語言知識的過程中復現(xiàn)了舊知,并在運用舊知開展文化傳承的過程中啟動了思維,為他們在相關(guān)的主題學習活動中發(fā)生真正的學習打好基礎(chǔ)。

二、容錯:讓學習在自我糾錯中發(fā)生

對于學生而言,新的語言知識往往在學生已有的語言知識體系之外,從程度上來說,它們高于學生已有的語言知識層面。因此,在英語課堂教學中,若是讓學生自主學習新的語言知識,學生難免會出現(xiàn)這樣或那樣的差錯。在很多老師的觀念中,學生出差錯就是教學質(zhì)量的低下。也因此,在英語課堂教學中,我們很多老師寧愿采用各種直接“告知”的方式,讓學生直接接受新的語言知識,也不愿意讓學生自己去探索新的語言知識。確實,這種方式在一定程度上可以避免或者降低學生在課堂上的差錯,然而,因為教師對知識的呈現(xiàn)不是基于學生的知識層面,學生缺失了對相關(guān)知識形成過程的關(guān)注,他們很容易僅僅局限在這個知識的接受層面,思考過程的缺乏使他們錯過了一個個通過思考自主獲得知識的機會,長此以往,學生的思考力必然難以得到較好發(fā)展,他們在今天課堂上暫時的低差錯必然導致今后語言運用過程中的高差錯。反之,若是我們能夠看到這些差錯所隱含的發(fā)展價值,多一份“容錯”的意識,引導學生根據(jù)這些差錯,通過觀察、思考等方式去找尋正確的答案,讓學生在自我發(fā)現(xiàn)的學習活動中獲得新的語言知識,并在經(jīng)歷從錯誤到正確的思考過程中,催生自身思考力的發(fā)展,使學習真正發(fā)生。

筆者在教學本課關(guān)于月份名稱縮寫形式的時候,不是將十二個月份的英語縮寫形式直接呈現(xiàn)給學生,而是在運用臺歷呈現(xiàn)兩個縮寫形式的基礎(chǔ)上,讓學生自己去發(fā)現(xiàn),在他們出現(xiàn)差錯的時候,引導他們通過觀察、比較和思考找到正確答案,教學片斷如下:

T: Now we know there are twelve months in a year. But sometimes we can see the names of the months like this:

筆者用PPT 呈現(xiàn)有著月份縮寫形式的日歷,如圖①:

圖①

T: Do you know what “Jan.” here means?

Ss: It means January.

T: Yeah. Here “J-a-n-” is the short form of “January”. So what does “F-e-b-” mean ?

Ss: I think it means February.

T: Thats good. Well,Please write down the short forms of the other months?

Ss: OK.

學生在作業(yè)紙上寫出其他十個月份名稱的縮寫形式。

T: Now lets check the answers. You may say like this: J-a-n- January.

S1: M-a-r- March.

S2: A-p-r- April.

S3: M-a-y- May.

T: Attention please!Is there a dot here?

Ss: No.

T: Look at the short form of May carefully. Whats the difference between the short form of May and April?

S4: There is no dot in May.

T: Yes. Youre right. The short form of May is special. Theres no dot here. Lets try to say: May, May, no dot.

Ss: May, May, no dot in May.

T: Well, lets go on.

S5: S-e-p- September.

T: Attention please!Look at the short form of September carefully. How many letters here?

S5: There are four.

T: So whats the short form of September?

S5: S-e-p-t- September.

T: Yes, the word is special too. Lets try to remember it.

記得著名詩人泰戈爾在他的《飛鳥集》中有這么一句話:“當烏云被陽光親吻時,它們就變成了天空中的花朵?!奔偃缥覀儼褜W生的差錯看作是課堂上空的片片烏云,那么,當我們能以陽光的心態(tài)來關(guān)照這些差錯所蘊含的發(fā)展價值,并引導學生在觀察、比較和思考中找到正確答案的時候,那些暫時的差錯就變成了課堂上一朵朵美麗的花朵。

三、引導:讓學習在積極嘗試中繼續(xù)

捷克著名教育家夸美紐斯曾經(jīng)在他的《大教學論》中指出:“種子如果種在地上,它便會向下生出根芽,向上長出嫩芽,嫩枝憑著他們天生的力量,日后便可長成枝干和樹葉,垂著綠蔭,點綴著花兒與果實。”可見,教學的關(guān)鍵在于積極引導學生學會學習,并逐步實現(xiàn)自我發(fā)展。就英語課堂教學而言,有些語言知識需要教師的傳授,但更需要在教師的引導下,讓學生在積極的嘗試中去發(fā)現(xiàn)。

因此,在本課時的教學活動中,面對一些表示月份的新單詞的教學,筆者放棄了原本通過創(chuàng)設(shè)教學情境直接教學詞匯的傳統(tǒng)方法,而是將這些表示月份的新單詞融入到了本單元的主題“Chinese Festival”之中,并引導學生根據(jù)這些單詞的讀音規(guī)則,積極嘗試,學會朗讀這些新的詞匯,教學片斷如下:

T: Here I have another video about Chinese festivals. Lets watch it and find out more about Chinese festivals.

筆者播放關(guān)于中國節(jié)日的視頻文件,并定格在最后畫面,畫面上有一些中國的節(jié)日,如臘八節(jié)、七夕節(jié)等。

T: Look! So many festivals here! What other festivals can you see?

S1: I can see La Ba Festival.

T: Whens the festival? Do you know? Maybe its very cold.

S2: Its in ....

T: Look at the word. There are three syllables in the word. Theyre “de”, “cem” and “ber”. Can you try to read the word?

Ss: December.

T: Thats good. You can read the word by yourselves. So we can say: La Ba Festival is in December.

T: From last period, you know the Double Ninth Festival. It is on the ninth day of September. But do you know Double Seventh Festival?

Ss: Yes.

T: When is the festival?

S3: I think its in the seventh month of the year.

T: Yeah. Youre quite right. What month is the seventh month? Can you read the word July? Just try.

S4: July.

T: But sometimes the Double Seventh Festival is in the next month. Can you try to read the word?

Ss: August.

T: Thats good. When is the Double Seventh Festival?

Ss: The Double Seventh Festival is in July or August.

T: Thats right. Look at the picture please. Is it romantic?

Ss: Yes.

T: Do you like it ?

Ss: Yes.

T: Is it your festival?

Ss: Yes.

T: Really?

Ss: No.

學生大笑。

T: Why are you laughing?

Ss: Its not our festival.

T: Now please look at the blackboard. How many months can you see here?

Ss: There are eleven months.

T: Are there eleven months in a year?

Ss: No. There are twelve months in a year.

T: So whats missing? Look! What is it? Here “ar”is pronounced /a:/. Can you try to read the word?

Ss: March.

T: Well done.

很多時候,我們總是抱怨我們的學生不會學習,抱怨他們總是記不住老師反復傳授的知識。其實,很多時候,不是我們的學生缺乏學習的能力,而是我們教師剝奪了本該屬于學生自主學習的權(quán)利,使學生的學習能力難以得到較好發(fā)展;學生總是記不住老師傳授的知識,也不是學生的問題,而是我們教師的問題,假如我們常常能夠?qū)W生的學習能力多一份信任,對學生在學習過程中暫時出現(xiàn)的差錯多一份包容,并耐心引導學生根據(jù)已有的知識經(jīng)驗去探索未知的知識,讓他們在真正的學習活動中發(fā)展學習能力,如是,所謂的學習才具有真正的意義。

四、放手:讓學習在實踐語言中延伸

中國著名教育家葉圣陶先生曾經(jīng)說過:“教材無非是個例子?!币虼?,就英語課堂教學而言,僅僅引導學生學會教材所呈現(xiàn)的語言還遠遠不夠。我們還應(yīng)該以教材上學習的語言知識為基礎(chǔ),進一步創(chuàng)設(shè)新的語境,引導他們積極參加更為豐富的語言實踐活動,讓學習在他們生成更為豐富的語言過程中得以延伸。

因此,在本次英語課堂教學活動中,筆者在學生學習相關(guān)語言知識的基礎(chǔ)上,讓學生選擇自己喜歡的季節(jié)開展語言實踐活動,促使真正的學習在實踐語言的過程中延伸。教學片斷如下:

T: Now we know there are twelve months in a year. But how many seasons are there in a year?

Ss: There are four seasons in a year.

T: What are they?

Ss: Theyre spring, summer, autumn and winter.

T: Which is the first season of the year?

S1: Spring.

T: Does it begin from January?

S2: No.

T: Then when does it begin?

S3: March.

T: So spring is in March, April and May. What about autumn, summer and winter?

引導學生用句型“... is in ...”來描述一年中不同的季節(jié)分別所處的月份,從而將十二個月份的英語名稱和四個季節(jié)融合在一起。

T: Which season do you like best? Why?

S4: I like summer. Because it is hot in summer. I can go swimming and eat a lot of ice-cream.

T: Yeah, I see. But dont eat too much ice-cream.

T: What season do I like? Can you guess?

S5: I think Miss Qian likes spring. Because I think she likes flowers. And in spring we can see a lot of flowers.

T: Thank you. I really like flowers. But I like autumn best. First, my birthday is in autumn. Autumn is in September, October and November. In autumn, its cool. We can see yellow trees. We have picnics. The Mid-Autumn Festival is in autumn. We get together with our families. We look at the moon and eat moon cakes together. We have a lot of fun in autumn.

教師邊說邊把體現(xiàn)秋季特色的圖片貼在板書上,如圖②,然后讓學生選擇自己喜歡的季節(jié)制作一張季節(jié)卡,并用英語進行介紹。

T: Would you like to make a season card like this?

Ss: Yeah!

T:OK. But attention:

1. Choose the season you like and write down the months and the season.

2. Add or draw some pictures in the right season.

3. Try to introduce your season card in English.

假如說詞匯的學習為學生語言能力的發(fā)展提供了基本的素材,相關(guān)的語法知識又為學生準確的表達提供了基本的保證,那么,相關(guān)語言實踐活動的及時跟進則為他們語言能力的實質(zhì)性發(fā)展提供了必要的錘煉。從季節(jié)卡的制作到季節(jié)卡的描述,使學生自然將所學的相關(guān)知識融合在一起,這一活動便具有了真實的意義。自主選擇則給這項語言實踐活動賦予了一份人文的意蘊,當真實意義與人文意蘊同時向?qū)W生走來,真正的學習活動便不可避免地發(fā)生了。

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