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‘富有’甜柿中間砧的早期篩選和嫁接親和性*

2017-06-23 12:08:47江錫兵龔榜初劉同祥吳開云
林業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:甜柿嫁接苗成活率

湯 丹 江錫兵 龔榜初 劉同祥 徐 陽 吳開云

(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院亞熱帶林業(yè)研究所 浙江省林木育種技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 杭州 311400)

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‘富有’甜柿中間砧的早期篩選和嫁接親和性*

湯 丹 江錫兵 龔榜初 劉同祥 徐 陽 吳開云

(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院亞熱帶林業(yè)研究所 浙江省林木育種技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 杭州 311400)

【目的】 通過研究‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接苗苗期生長(zhǎng)、解剖等表現(xiàn),篩選出早期親和的嫁接組合,并探討中間砧嫁接的親和性機(jī)制?!痉椒ā?以浙江柿作基砧,‘蘭溪大紅柿’、‘南通小方柿’、‘次郎’和‘西村早生’作中間砧(設(shè)置10 cm和25 cm 2種長(zhǎng)度),嫁接‘富有’接穗,對(duì)其苗期生長(zhǎng)等表型性狀和生理生化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析和綜合評(píng)價(jià); 采用石蠟切片法和光學(xué)顯微鏡技術(shù),觀測(cè)各嫁接組合基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗嫁接口愈合情況?!窘Y(jié)果】 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗因中間砧種類和長(zhǎng)度不同,在苗期生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和解剖結(jié)構(gòu)特征上存在明顯差異。浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿(對(duì)照)成活率、株高等表型性狀和生理生化指標(biāo)較差,且嫁接口存在明顯的膨大(膨大指數(shù)R=0.980)、隔離層(隔離層產(chǎn)生比例G=88.9%)和導(dǎo)管堵塞(導(dǎo)管堵塞率D=16.3%)現(xiàn)象。4種中間砧中,以‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中間砧的2年生‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗株高、葉綠素總量、瞬時(shí)光合速率、葉片可溶性糖含量、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均極顯著大于對(duì)照(P<0.05),成活率、莖段直徑、葉片面積大于對(duì)照,且這2種中間砧明顯降低植株嫁接口的R值、G值和D值。相同長(zhǎng)度下,不同中間砧的嫁接苗生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)綜合評(píng)價(jià)值Q排序: ‘南通小方柿’>‘西村早生’>‘次郎’>‘蘭溪大紅柿’。相同中間砧下,10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合成活率、株高、莖段直徑、葉片面積和Q值大于25 cm中間砧的組合,R值、G值和D值則小于25 cm中間砧的組合。G值、D值與Q值極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.910,-0.977,P<0.01),表明嫁接口愈合情況直接影響嫁接苗早期表型生長(zhǎng)和生理生化特性?!窘Y(jié)論】 浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿早期不親和。利用‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中間砧能改善嫁接口愈合情況,促進(jìn)浙江柿嫁接‘富有’甜柿親和; 且以10 cm長(zhǎng)度‘南通小方柿’作中間砧的‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗早期親和性最好(Q=2.71,G=11.1%,D=0)。

‘富有’甜柿; 嫁接; 中間砧; 親和性; 解剖結(jié)構(gòu)

‘富有’甜柿(Diospyroskaki‘Fuyu’)是日本、韓國、新西蘭等國家的甜柿主栽品種,具有商品性強(qiáng)、產(chǎn)量高、品質(zhì)優(yōu)良等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。我國在20個(gè)世紀(jì)20年代和80年代2次引進(jìn)‘富有’等甜柿品種,但是受嫁接不親和限制(王勁風(fēng)等, 1993; 劉勇等, 1998; 冷平等, 2003; 龔榜初等, 2007),目前‘富有’甜柿僅在浙江等地零星栽培; 且國內(nèi)關(guān)于‘富有’甜柿栽培研究報(bào)道極少(龔榜初等, 2007),一直未形成商品生產(chǎn)力。中間砧嫁接作為一種有效的手段,常用于改善果樹嫁接不親和(周開兵等, 2004a; 彭松興等, 2011)、矮化樹勢(shì)(閆樹堂等, 2005; Allaetal., 2008; 姜淑苓等, 2010)、增強(qiáng)抗逆性(曹慶林等, 1986; Shokrollahetal., 2011)和改善果實(shí)品質(zhì)(張宇等, 2011; 張強(qiáng)等, 2013; Curt, 2013)等。在國外,中間砧在甜柿上的研究已見報(bào)道,并證明‘次郎’(D.kaki‘Jirou’)、‘西村早生’(D.kaki‘Nishmiurawase’)中間砧可矮化‘富有’的樹勢(shì)(Gotoetal., 1997; Koshitaetal., 2006; 2007); ‘西村早生’等中間砧可矮化‘前川次郎’(D.kaki‘Maekawajiro’)樹勢(shì)(Managoetal., 2000)。然而,國內(nèi)關(guān)于中間砧在甜柿上的研究卻少有報(bào)道。

解剖學(xué)觀測(cè)是預(yù)判嫁接是否親和的有效方法。前人研究表明,嫁接口愈合良好,嫁接將會(huì)親和(Feucht, 1988; Erreaetal., 2001)。嫁接口不愈合引起的維管束連接紊亂、胞間連絲不充分(Pinaetal., 2009)或木質(zhì)部變異(Pinaetal., 2005; 2009)等,將干擾水分(Goncalvesetal., 2007; Tombesietal., 2010a)、養(yǎng)分(Darikovaetal., 2011)、礦質(zhì)元素和激素(Webster, 2004)等的傳遞,導(dǎo)致嫁接苗出現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)不良、細(xì)胞色素合成顯著降低等現(xiàn)象(Ciobotarietal., 2010),從而嫁接苗早枯或嫁接幾年后死亡。但是,在中間砧嫁接苗中,前人的解剖學(xué)研究多集中在致矮機(jī)制上,尚無確切的關(guān)于中間砧改善嫁接親和性的解剖學(xué)研究報(bào)道。因此,本試驗(yàn)對(duì)9種‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接組合苗期生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和嫁接口解剖特征對(duì)比研究和綜合分析,初步評(píng)價(jià)不同中間砧下‘富有’嫁接苗早期親和性,篩選出綜合表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良的嫁接組合,并探討中間砧嫁接的親和性機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

本試驗(yàn)在中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院亞熱帶林業(yè)研究所(浙江省杭州市富陽區(qū))甜柿苗圃進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)材料以‘富有’為接穗,中間砧包括‘次郎’、‘西村早生’、‘蘭溪大紅柿’(D.kaki‘Lanxidahongshi’)和‘南通小方柿’(D.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’)4種,基砧為浙江柿(D.glaucifolia)。中間砧長(zhǎng)度包括10 cm和25 cm 2種。共9種嫁接組合(表1),其中,組合C1為對(duì)照。試驗(yàn)苗在2012年3月進(jìn)行實(shí)生育苗。2013年3月,切接法嫁接1年生中間砧,對(duì)照嫁接1年生浙江柿。2014年3月,在中間砧上用切接法嫁接1年生‘富有’接穗。各嫁接組合為隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),每種組合3個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)50株嫁接苗。試驗(yàn)區(qū)為紅黃壤土,微酸性,田間管理?xiàng)l件一致。嫁接苗株行距20 cm×30 cm。

1.2 表型性狀測(cè)定

1.2.1 成活率、株高、莖段直徑和嫁接口膨大統(tǒng)計(jì) 2013年5月上旬,統(tǒng)計(jì)浙江柿基砧嫁接中間砧的成活率,記為成活率Ⅰ; 2014年5月上旬,統(tǒng)計(jì)各組合嫁接‘富有’接穗的成活率,記為成活率Ⅱ。

2014年11月上旬和2015年11月上旬,測(cè)量各嫁接苗株高和莖段直徑。其中,基砧和接穗直徑測(cè)量部位為嫁接口上下5 cm處,中間砧直徑測(cè)量部位為中間部位。

按照表2的分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)各嫁接組合嫁接口膨大情況進(jìn)行量化統(tǒng)計(jì),計(jì)算膨大指數(shù)(R):

(1)

式中:i,ni,Pi,N和Pmax分別代表分級(jí)、膨大級(jí)數(shù)為i的苗木數(shù)、膨大級(jí)數(shù)為i的代表值、調(diào)查總株數(shù)和最大分級(jí)的代表值。

表1 ‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接組合Tab.1 Combinations of ‘Fuyu’ persimmon grafted onto different interstocks

表2 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗嫁接口膨大情況統(tǒng)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Tab.2 The statistical standard for grafting union in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

1.2.2 葉片表型性狀測(cè)定 2015年7月上旬,每個(gè)組合選取30株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致的嫁接苗,取中部偏上的健康完整成熟功能葉片50片,采用CI-202便攜式葉面積儀測(cè)量葉片長(zhǎng)度、葉片寬度、葉片面積和葉柄長(zhǎng)。其中,葉形指數(shù)=葉片長(zhǎng)度/葉片寬度; 比葉質(zhì)量=葉片干質(zhì)量/葉片面積。

1.3 葉片和根系生理生化指標(biāo)測(cè)定

2015年7月上旬,選擇晴朗天氣3~4天,上午9:00—11:00測(cè)定嫁接苗瞬時(shí)光合速率。試驗(yàn)儀器為L(zhǎng)i-6400便攜式光合作用測(cè)定儀。

選取中部偏上的健康完整成熟功能葉片50片、直徑2 mm以下的細(xì)根10 g用液氮速凍處理,充分研磨后測(cè)定各生理生化指標(biāo)。每個(gè)指標(biāo)重復(fù)測(cè)3次。其中,葉綠素含量測(cè)定參照李合生等(2000)方法; 葉片和根系可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法測(cè)定,根系活力采用TTC法測(cè)定(張志良等, 2003)。

1.4 嫁接口解剖學(xué)觀測(cè)

2015年3月下旬,每個(gè)組合選取9株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致的嫁接苗,從上下2個(gè)嫁接口各截取1 cm莖段,立即放入FAA混合固定液中固定,采用石蠟切片法制片。將制作完成的切片放置到OLYMPUS-BX53顯微鏡中拍照、觀測(cè)。每張切片觀測(cè)20個(gè)視野。根據(jù)觀測(cè)結(jié)果計(jì)算:

隔離層比例(G)=(出現(xiàn)隔離層的植株株數(shù)/觀測(cè)總株數(shù))×100%;

(2)

導(dǎo)管堵塞率(D)=

(3)

式中:j和M分別指觀測(cè)的第j張切片、總切片數(shù)。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理

采用Excel 2007和SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行Duncan’s多重比較、Pearson相關(guān)性分析和綜合評(píng)價(jià)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 ‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接苗早期表型性狀對(duì)比分析

成活率統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示,浙江柿嫁接不同中間砧時(shí),各處理的成活率均較高(成活率Ⅰ≥0.856); 嫁接‘富有’接穗時(shí),試驗(yàn)組成活率明顯大于對(duì)照(C1,成活率Ⅱ=0.579),且相同中間砧下,10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合成活率大于25 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合。2014年11月的株高和莖段直徑測(cè)定結(jié)果(圖1、表3)顯示,組合C5、C9與對(duì)照(C1)株高差異不顯著,但這3種組合的株高均極顯著大于組合C2、C3、C6、C7和C8(P<0.05); 除組合C2和C3外,各嫁接組合的莖段直徑差異不顯著(P>0.05)。

圖1 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗株高多重比較Fig.1 The multiple comparison of plant height in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings不同字母代表測(cè)量指標(biāo)在同一時(shí)期組合間存在極顯著差異(P<0.05)。下同。Different letters indicate significant differences in experimental indexes (P< 0.05) in the same period. The same below.

組合Combination成活率ⅠSurvivalrateⅠ成活率ⅡSurvivalrateⅡ2014-112015-11基砧直徑Rootstockdiameter/mm中間砧直徑Interstockdiameter/mm接穗直徑Sciondiameter/mm基砧直徑Rootstockdiameter/mm中間砧直徑Interstockdiameter/mm接穗直徑Sciondiameter/mmC10.9110.57916.5±0.7a14.1±0.6ab12.7±0.5a18.7±1.1a14.5±0.3cd13.3±0.6bC20.9670.73714.7±1.1b12.1±0.6c11.3±0.7b15.7±1.2b13.1±1.4d12.1±0.5cC30.9670.82515.1±0.5b13.3±0.4b12.6±0.6a16.0±1.2b15.0±0.7c13.6±0.9bC40.9660.78217.3±0.8a14.8±0.8a13.2±1.0a19.0±0.9a17.3±1.1ab14.9±0.5aC50.9660.89817.2±0.8a15.1±0.8a13.5±0.8a19.8±1.4a18.2±0.7a15.2±0.7aC60.8560.69816.8±1.1a14.0±1.3ab12.5±0.8a18.8±0.9a14.7±0.4cd13.4±0.9bC70.8560.77317.4±1.1a15.5±1.0a13.4±0.9a19.0±1.1a16.9±0.7b14.7±1.1abC80.9230.80517.7±1.2a14.5±0.4a12.8±0.7a19.1±1.3a16.6±1.0b14.4±0.8abC90.9230.82717.8±0.9a15.6±1.3a13.4±0.8a20.0±0.8a17.3±0.8ab14.9±0.4a

① 成活率Ⅰ和Ⅱ分別指基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗的嫁接成活率。不同字母代表測(cè)量指標(biāo)在同一時(shí)期組合間存在極顯著差異(P<0.05); 下同。Survival rate Ⅰ and Ⅱ represent the survival rate between rootstock and interstock, interstock and scion, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences in experimental indexes (P< 0.05) in the same period; The same below.

2015年對(duì)2年生嫁接苗株高等表型性狀多重比較顯示,葉片寬度(組合C2除外)、葉形指數(shù)、葉柄長(zhǎng)和比葉質(zhì)量在組合間差異不顯著(表4)。株高和莖段直徑在組合間的差異性較1年生嫁接苗明顯增大(圖1、表3)。9種嫁接組合中,組合C4、C5和C9的株高、中間砧直徑、接穗直徑和葉片面積極顯著大于對(duì)照(組合C1,P<0.05); 25 cm長(zhǎng)度的‘蘭溪大紅柿’作中間砧的嫁接組合(C2)早期株高、基砧直徑、中間砧直徑、接穗直徑、葉片長(zhǎng)度、葉片寬度和葉片面積均小于C1等嫁接組合。相同中間砧下,10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合株高、基砧直徑、中間砧直徑、接穗直徑和葉片面積均大于25 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合; 且中間砧長(zhǎng)度對(duì)株高的影響尤為明顯,相同中間砧下,2種長(zhǎng)度中間砧的嫁接組合株高差異顯著(P<0.05)。

表4 各嫁接組合葉片表型指標(biāo)多重比較Tab.4 The comparative analysis of leaf morphological indexes in grafting combinations

嫁接口膨大是早期不親和的外在體現(xiàn),常表現(xiàn)為嫁接口外部膨大或開裂,導(dǎo)致嫁接苗死亡或從嫁接口斷裂?!挥小藿用绲呐虼笄闆r觀測(cè)及其分級(jí)統(tǒng)計(jì)(圖2)顯示, 2014年11月,‘富有’1年生嫁接苗在基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗的嫁接口均無明顯膨大現(xiàn)象(R值變幅0.043~0.220); 2015年11月,受嫁接不親和影響,組合C1、C2、C3、C6、C7、C8和C9的嫁接口存在明顯膨大或開裂(R值變幅0.478~0.980)?!m溪大紅柿’等4種中間砧下的嫁接苗膨大指數(shù)均小于對(duì)照(R=0.980),且‘南通小方柿’作中間砧的嫁接苗嫁接口無明顯膨大現(xiàn)象(組合C4和C5,R值分別為0.045、0.080)。9種嫁接組合中,對(duì)照組C1在中間砧-接穗的嫁接口存在明顯的膨大現(xiàn)象(R2=0.891),而基砧-中間砧的嫁接口無明顯膨大(R1=0.089); ‘次郎’作中間砧的嫁接苗(組合C6和C7)膨大現(xiàn)象主要發(fā)生在基砧-中間砧的嫁接口(R1>R2),‘蘭溪大紅柿’和‘西村早生’作中間砧的嫁接苗則主要在中間砧-接穗的嫁接口觀測(cè)到膨大現(xiàn)象(R1

圖2 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗膨大指數(shù)(R)Fig.2 The swell index (R) in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftingsR1和R2分別指基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗間嫁接口的膨大指數(shù),R=R1+R2。R1, R2 represent the swell index between rootstock and interstock, and interstock and scion, R=R1+R2。

2.2 ‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接苗葉片和根系生理生化指標(biāo)對(duì)比分析

葉綠素含量、光合速率等生理生化指標(biāo)是評(píng)價(jià)苗期生長(zhǎng)狀況常用指標(biāo)。以‘南通小方柿’、‘次郎’和‘西村早生’作中間砧(圖3、圖4),‘富有’嫁接苗葉綠素總量(C6除外)、瞬時(shí)光合速率(Pn)、葉片可溶性糖含量、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均極顯著大于對(duì)照(組合C1,P<0.05),表明這3種中間砧下的嫁接苗早期生理適應(yīng)性高于浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’。9種嫁接組合中,以C2的葉綠素總量等5種生理生化指標(biāo)最低。相同中間砧下,以‘南通小方柿’或‘西村早生’作中間砧,2種長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合在葉綠素總量等生理生化指標(biāo)上差異不顯著; 以‘蘭溪大紅柿’或‘次郎’作中間砧,10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合葉綠素總量、瞬時(shí)光合速率(Pn)、葉片可溶性糖含量(組合C6和C7除外)、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均極顯著大于25 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合(P<0.05)。

2.3 ‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接苗嫁接口解剖學(xué)觀測(cè)

圖3 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗葉綠素總量、光合速率(Pn)和葉片可溶性糖含量多重比較Fig.3 The multiple comparisons of chlorophyll (a+b) content, photosynthetic rate(Pn), and leaf soluble sugar content in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

圖4 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力多重比較Fig.4 The multiple comparisons of root soluble sugar content and root activity in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

嫁接口解剖(圖5)顯示,各嫁接組合因砧穗間親和性差異,嫁接口愈合情況存在明顯的不同。不親和的嫁接苗生長(zhǎng)1年后,嫁接口能分化出愈傷組織,但是,嫁接口的細(xì)胞變異或壞死,形成隔離層,且部分組合(如C1、C2等)嫁接口伴隨著導(dǎo)管堵塞現(xiàn)象。嫁接口隔離層比例(G)和導(dǎo)管堵塞率(D)統(tǒng)計(jì)(表5)顯示,對(duì)照組(C1)和‘蘭溪大紅柿’作中間砧的組合(C2和C3),隔離層和導(dǎo)管堵塞主要產(chǎn)生在中間砧-接穗的嫁接口[G1(基砧-中間砧)≤G2(中間砧-接穗),D1(基砧-中間砧)G2,D1>D2)。9種嫁接組合中,C4、C5、C7、C8和C9早期嫁接口愈合情況優(yōu)于對(duì)照,且以‘南通小方柿’作中間砧的組合早期愈合良好(C4和C5,G值分別為22.2%、11.1%,D=0),以‘蘭溪大紅柿’作中間砧的組合早期愈合最差(C2和C3,G值分別為133.3%、111.1%,D值分別為21.7%、14.2%)。相同中間砧下,10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合比25 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的組合愈合更好。

圖5 解剖取樣示意(A)及部分組合嫁接口愈合情況觀測(cè)Fig.5 Anatomical sampling (A) and observation of compatible status in combinationsa: 愈傷組織; b: 隔離層; c: 堵塞的導(dǎo)管; d: 木質(zhì)部; e: 髓。Ⅰ和Ⅱ分別指基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗嫁接口解剖圖; C5、C9和C6分別代表嫁接口愈合優(yōu)良、愈合一般和愈合差的嫁接組合。a: Callus; b: Isolation layer; c: Vessel jam; d: Xylem; e: Pith. Ⅰ and Ⅱ represent the anatomic structure between rootstock and interstock, interstock and scion; C5, C9 and C6 represent good, middling, and poor compatibility in the grafting union.

組合CombinationQ隔離層比例Theproportionofisolationlayer(%)導(dǎo)管堵塞率Theproportionofvesseljam(%)G1G2GD1D2DC1-1.8511.177.888.90.016.316.3C2-4.6466.766.7133.44.017.821.7C3-2.2644.466.7111.13.510.614.2C42.1811.111.122.20.00.00.0C52.710.011.111.10.00.00.0C6-0.8377.822.2100.06.80.06.8C71.3355.622.277.82.90.02.9C81.0944.433.377.43.00.03.0C92.2833.311.144.41.40.01.4與Q值Pearson相關(guān)PearsoncorrelationwithQ1-0.506-0.872**-0.910**-0.471-0.881**-0.977**

①G1和G2分別指基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗嫁接口隔離層比例,D1和D2則分別指基砧-中間砧、中間砧-接穗嫁接口導(dǎo)管堵塞率; 且G=G1+G2,D=D1+D2。**,P<0.01; *,P<0.05; 下同。G1,G2,D1, andD2represent the proportion of isolation layer(G) or vessel jam(D) between rootstock and interstock(G1,D1), and interstock and scion(G2,D2), respectively. AndG=G1+G2;D=D1+D2. **,P<0.01; *,P<0.05; the same below.

2.4 ‘富有’中間砧嫁接苗相關(guān)分析及其綜合評(píng)價(jià)

早期表型和生理生化指標(biāo)綜合評(píng)價(jià)(表5)顯示,組合C4-C9的綜合評(píng)價(jià)值(Q)大于對(duì)照(C1,Q=-1.85),且以組合C5(浙江柿基砧+10 cm‘南通小方柿’中間砧+‘富有’接穗)的Q值最高(Q=2.71),C9等組合次之。相同長(zhǎng)度下,不同中間砧的‘富有’嫁接苗Q值由大到小順序?yàn)椤贤ㄐ》绞痢?、‘西村早生’、‘次郎’、‘蘭溪大紅柿’; 相同中間砧下,10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的嫁接組合Q值大于25 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧的嫁接組合。

Pearson相關(guān)性分析(表5)顯示,隔離層比例和導(dǎo)管堵塞率與Q值均存在極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.910、-0.977,P<0.01),表明嫁接口愈合越好,越有利于嫁接苗苗期生長(zhǎng)。G2、D2與Q在P<0.01水平上呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.872、-0.881),表明在‘富有’中間砧嫁接苗中,中間砧-接穗的嫁接口愈合情況是影響嫁接苗早期生長(zhǎng)狀況的主導(dǎo)因子。各表型和生理生化指標(biāo)(表6)中,除成活率、葉形指數(shù)、葉柄長(zhǎng)和比葉質(zhì)量外,株高等11種指標(biāo)均與根系活力、根系可溶性糖含量呈顯著或極顯著相關(guān),且光合速率(Pn)和葉片可溶性糖含量分別與根系可溶性糖含量、根系活力相關(guān)最高(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為: 0.950,0.970,P<0.01)。表明在多重嫁接體系中,砧穗間存在明顯的相互作用,基砧根系活力和根系可溶性糖直接影響接穗光合速率等生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)。

3 討論

本研究中,浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’在成活率、株高等生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)上均表現(xiàn)較差,且嫁接口存在明顯的膨大、隔離層和導(dǎo)管堵塞現(xiàn)象(R=0.980,G=88.9%,D=16.3%),表明浙江柿嫁接‘富有’早期不親和,研究結(jié)果與劉勇等(1998)相符。

表6 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗地上部分與根系性狀相關(guān)分析Tab.6 Correlation analysis of traits between overground part and root in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

‘富有’甜柿嫁接不親和在解剖結(jié)構(gòu)上表現(xiàn)為嫁接口細(xì)胞變異或壞死,形成隔離層,這與Ermel等(1999)研究結(jié)果一致。隔離層的形成能阻斷嫁接口進(jìn)一步愈合,引起形成層的不連續(xù)和維管束連接中斷,從而限制水分向上傳遞,導(dǎo)致木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管在水分脅迫下產(chǎn)生堵塞現(xiàn)象(Tyreeetal., 1991; Bauerleetal., 2011); 并促使接穗合成的淀粉等養(yǎng)分在嫁接口積累(Ermeletal., 1999),導(dǎo)致愈傷組織分化成大量的薄壁細(xì)胞,引起嫁接口外部明顯膨大。前人研究表明,嫁接口和木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管特性是調(diào)控接穗水分供應(yīng)和植株樹勢(shì)的重要因素(Olmsteadetal., 2006; Goncalvesetal., 2007; Tombesietal., 2010b)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),嫁接口愈合情況是引起‘富有’嫁接苗苗期表型性狀和生理生化指標(biāo)差異的主要原因之一(G、D與Q極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.910、-0.977,P<0.01)。

作為基砧和接穗間的連接橋梁,中間砧因其特殊的空間位置,能調(diào)節(jié)養(yǎng)分(Jones, 1976)和激素(Webster, 2004; Lietal., 2012)在砧穗間的分配,影響根系礦質(zhì)代謝水平和葉片礦質(zhì)元素含量(周開兵等, 2002; 2004a; 2004b),或限制水分上下傳遞(Tombesietal., 2010a)等,引起基砧和接穗因中間砧而異的形態(tài)與生理效應(yīng)。本研究結(jié)果表明,在‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接苗中,中間砧的特殊空間位置效應(yīng)或因其與基砧、接穗親和性差異引起。4種中間砧中,‘蘭溪大紅柿’和‘次郎’作中間砧,浙江柿嫁接‘富有’存在明顯的局部不愈合現(xiàn)象,嫁接口產(chǎn)生的隔離層和導(dǎo)管堵塞能物理性地限制接穗水分供應(yīng)和砧穗間養(yǎng)分分配等,抑制嫁接苗生長(zhǎng)。利用‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中間砧能明顯降低嫁接口膨大、隔離層產(chǎn)生和導(dǎo)管堵塞,促進(jìn)嫁接愈合,從而基砧根系吸收的水分、礦質(zhì)元素等得以順暢通過中間砧運(yùn)輸?shù)浇铀?,促進(jìn)葉片生長(zhǎng)、葉綠素合成和光合能力恢復(fù)等。接穗積累的養(yǎng)分等則可通過輸導(dǎo)組織向下傳遞至基砧根系,根系可溶性糖和根系活力增加,進(jìn)而對(duì)礦質(zhì)元素吸收和代謝增強(qiáng)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果亦表明,中間砧長(zhǎng)度對(duì)嫁接親和性影響具有累加效應(yīng)。相對(duì)10 cm長(zhǎng)度中間砧而言,25 cm長(zhǎng)度的中間砧將增加植株嫁接口隔離層產(chǎn)生和導(dǎo)管堵塞,抑制嫁接苗成活率及株高、莖段直徑、葉片面積等表型生長(zhǎng); 且這種累加效應(yīng)在早期愈合差的組合尤為明顯(例如: ‘蘭溪大紅柿’作中間砧的嫁接組合)。

4 結(jié)論

本文通過對(duì)‘富有’甜柿中間砧嫁接苗苗期生長(zhǎng)、解剖等表現(xiàn)綜合研究表明,浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿早期不親和?!贤ㄐ》绞痢汀鞔逶缟勺鳛閮?yōu)良中間砧,改善浙江柿嫁接‘富有’早期親和性,促進(jìn)嫁接苗苗期生長(zhǎng)。9種嫁接組合中,以組合C5(浙江柿基砧+10 cm‘南通小方柿’+‘富有’接穗)早期親和最好(綜合評(píng)價(jià)值Q=2.71,隔離層比例G=11.1%,導(dǎo)管堵塞率D=0),C4(浙江柿基砧+25 cm‘南通小方柿’+‘富有’接穗)、C9(浙江柿基砧+10 cm‘西村早生’+‘富有’接穗)等組合次之。但是,‘富有’甜柿作為多年生果樹,其嫁接親和性及‘南通小方柿’等中間砧對(duì)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)等經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀是否有影響仍需開展進(jìn)一步的研究。

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(責(zé)任編輯 徐 紅)

Early Selection of Interstocks for Improving Grafting Compatibility inDiospyroskaki‘Fuyu’

Tang Dan Jiang Xibing Gong Bangchu Liu Tongxiang Xu Yan Wu Kaiyun

(Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Hangzhou 311400)

【Objective】Early growth and anatomic structure of grafted plants ofDiospyroskaki‘Fuyu’ with different interstocks were studied in order to screen optimum grafting combinations with good early compatibility, and to understand the mechanisms of compatibility of the interstocks.【Method】Scions from variety ‘Fuyu’ were grafted ontoD.kaki‘Lanxidahongshi’,D.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’,D.kaki‘Jirou’, andD.kaki‘Nishimurawase’ as interstocks (each with 10 cm and 25 cm in length respectively), andD.glaucifoliaas rootstock. Comparative analysis of early phenotypic traits and physio-biochemical indicators were analyzed to evaluate growth performance and physio-biochemical characteristics of the grafted plants. Paraffin section and optical microscope technology were used to observe anatomical properties of grafting union between rootstock and interstock, interstock and scion.【Result】Interstocks and their lengths were important factors influencing early growth and anatomic structure. WhenD.glaucifoliawas directly grafted to ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (the control), the grafted plants had a poor phonotypical performance such as low survival rate and short in plant height, and poor physio-biochemical properties, and the graft union displayed an obvious swelling (swelling indexR=0.980), and at the graft union occur isolation layer (the proportion of isolation layerG=88.9%) and vessel jam (the proportion of jam vesselsD=16.3%). When ‘Nishimurawase’ or ‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ were used as interstock, for the two-year-old grafted plants, the height, chlorophyll (a+b) content, photosynthetic rate, leaf and root soluble sugar contents, and root viability were very significantly higher than those observed in the control (P< 0.05). Survival rate, stem diameter, and leaf area were larger than those of the control. And both persimmons as interstock significantly reduced the values ofR,G, andD. With the same length of interstock, the ranks of comprehensive evaluation score (Q) on growth traits was in the following order (according to division of intestock): ‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ > ‘Nishimurawase’ > ‘Jirou’ > ‘Lanxidahongshi’. With the same interstock, survival rate, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, andQwere better when the length of interstock was 10 cm.G,D, andQhad a significantly negative correlation (correlation coefficients were -0.910 and -0.977, respectively;P< 0.01), demonstrating that the status of the grafting union had a direct impact on early growth and physiological properties of the grafted plants.【Conclusion】There was incompatibility whenD.kaki‘Fuyu’ directly grafted toD.glaucifolia, whenD.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ or ‘Nishimurawase’ were used as the interstock, the grafting union can be better developed consequently improving the compatibility of ‘Fuyu’ grafted toD.glaucifolia. And optimum combination wasD.glaucifolia/D.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ (the length of interstock is 10 cm) /D.kaki‘Fuyu’ (Q=2.71,G=11.1%,D=0).Key words:Diospyroskaki‘Fuyu’; graft; interstock; affinity; compatibility structure

10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170507

2016-05-24;

2016-07-22。

國家林業(yè)局948項(xiàng)目(編號(hào)2013-4-26);浙江省科技廳“果品農(nóng)業(yè)新品種選育”重大科技專項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2012C12904-10)。

S723.2

A

1001-7488(2017)05-0054-09

*龔榜初為通訊作者。

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