鄭凌琳,田 揚(yáng),趙 衛(wèi),楊亞英
(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,云南 昆明 650032)
雙能CT診斷頸部中央?yún)^(qū)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌小淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移
鄭凌琳,田 揚(yáng),趙 衛(wèi),楊亞英*
(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,云南 昆明 650032)
目的 探討雙能量CT對(duì)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌在頸部中央?yún)^(qū)小淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值。方法 回顧性分析經(jīng)病理證實(shí)為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌且術(shù)前接受雙能量CT增強(qiáng)掃描的43例患者資料。比較甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組及非甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組淋巴結(jié)的短徑、動(dòng)脈期及靜脈期碘濃度、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化碘濃度(NIC)、能譜曲線斜率。繪制ROC曲線,分析應(yīng)用碘濃度及NIC對(duì)甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的診斷效能。結(jié)果 43例患者共119枚淋巴結(jié),其中轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)55枚、非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)64枚。2組淋巴結(jié)短徑差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.20,P=0.03)。動(dòng)脈期轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組及非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組碘濃度分別為(2.93±1.62)mg/ml及(2.17±1.09)mg/ml,NIC分別為0.33±0.21及0.19±0.12,曲線斜率分別為0.79±0.43及0.63±0.37。靜脈期甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組及非甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組碘濃度分別為(2.68±1.54)mg/ml及(2.17±1.01)mg/ml,NIC分別為0.51±0.18及0.43±0.15,曲線斜率分別為0.54±0.42及0.62±0.39。2組間動(dòng)脈期及靜脈期碘濃度、NIC、動(dòng)脈期曲線斜率差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。ROC曲線分析顯示,動(dòng)脈期碘濃度、NIC診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的曲線下面積(AUC)分別為0.62、0.73,靜脈期碘濃度、NIC分別為0.61、0.63。結(jié)論 雙能CT動(dòng)脈期及靜脈期碘濃度、NIC及動(dòng)脈期曲線斜率在不同性質(zhì)的中央?yún)^(qū)小淋巴結(jié)間存在差異,雙能量CT有助于鑒別中央?yún)^(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移及非轉(zhuǎn)移小淋巴結(jié)。
體層攝影術(shù),X線計(jì)算機(jī);碘濃度;甲狀腺腫瘤;淋巴結(jié)
甲狀腺癌是內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤,約占惡性腫瘤的1%~2%,多發(fā)于青壯年,女性發(fā)病率高于男性[1]。其主要組織學(xué)類型可分為乳頭狀癌、濾泡狀癌、髓樣癌和未分化癌,臨床以乳頭狀癌最常見。乳頭狀癌的預(yù)后較好,但仍有一定侵襲性,頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是乳頭狀癌最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移方式[2]。頸部中央?yún)^(qū)(Ⅵ區(qū))是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的最常見區(qū)域[3],且淋巴結(jié)常較小。通過常規(guī)CT多平面、多角度成像可觀察淋巴結(jié),但難以確定是否是轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)。本研究回顧性分析43例甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者的資料,探討雙能量CT對(duì)頸部Ⅵ區(qū)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌小淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值。
1.1一般資料 回顧性分析2014年9月—2015年9月經(jīng)甲狀腺癌頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病理檢查證實(shí)為甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的43例患者的資料,其中男11例,女32例,年齡15~79歲,平均(43.4±14.3)歲。所有患者術(shù)前均接受雙源CT雙能量增強(qiáng)掃描,Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)短徑均≤10 mm,排除Ⅵ區(qū)存在短徑>10 mm淋巴結(jié)的患者。
1.2儀器與方法 采用Siemens Definition雙源CT掃描儀,先行頸部常規(guī)平掃,掃描范圍自顱底至主動(dòng)脈弓水平。掃描參數(shù):管電壓120 kV,管電流200 mA,層厚1 mm,層間距0.7 mm,準(zhǔn)直128×0.6 mm,球管旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間0.33 s,螺距0.85,開啟CARE kV 及CARE Dose 4D模式。平掃后行雙能量增強(qiáng)掃描,應(yīng)用雙筒高壓注射器以3.0 ml/s的速度經(jīng)肘靜脈注射對(duì)比劑碘普羅胺(320 mgI/ml),劑量1 ml/kg體質(zhì)量,注射對(duì)比劑后注射生理鹽水30 ml,延遲25 s行動(dòng)脈期雙能量掃描,60 s后行靜脈期雙能量掃描。掃描參數(shù):A球管管電壓100 kV,管電流230 mA;B球管管電壓 Sn 140 kV,管電流178 mA;螺距0.8,矩陣512 ×512, FOV 330 mm。
1.3圖像后處理與分析 通過Siemens MMWP后處理工作站進(jìn)行圖像后處理,由2名資深影像醫(yī)師共同閱片,意見不一致時(shí)經(jīng)協(xié)商達(dá)成共識(shí),數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量結(jié)果取2名醫(yī)師測(cè)量值的平均值。將100 kV及Sn 140 kV 2組薄層圖像傳輸入工作站“雙能量”軟件中,選擇“Liver VNC”模式,獲得動(dòng)脈期和靜脈期碘圖,測(cè)量甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者Ⅵ區(qū)的小淋巴結(jié)碘濃度值,并以同層頸動(dòng)脈碘值計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化碘值(normalized iodine concentration, NIC)[4],NIC為感興趣區(qū)碘濃度與同層頸動(dòng)脈碘濃度的比值。同時(shí),選擇“Mono Energetic”程序進(jìn)行能譜分析,利用軟件工具設(shè)置圓形ROI,避開偽影區(qū),獲得小淋巴結(jié)60~180 keV下CT值變化的能譜曲線,計(jì)算能譜曲線斜率,斜率=(60 keV CT值-180 keV CT值)/100,斜率為負(fù)值認(rèn)為曲線為“上升型”,斜率為正值曲線為“下降型”。
1.4病理學(xué)分析 小淋巴結(jié)認(rèn)定為短徑≤10 mm的淋巴結(jié)。參考2002年美國(guó)頭頸外科協(xié)會(huì)的淋巴結(jié)分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]及2009年美國(guó)甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)發(fā)布的《甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)及分化型甲狀腺癌治療指南》[6],頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)共分為6區(qū),頸Ⅵ區(qū)上界為舌骨水平,外側(cè)為頸總動(dòng)脈內(nèi)側(cè),下至胸骨切跡或無(wú)名動(dòng)脈以上水平。本研究將Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)細(xì)分為4個(gè)亞區(qū),左側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)前、左側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)后、右側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)前、右側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)后區(qū),其左右的分界為正中線,前后的分界為氣管食管溝。根據(jù)病理結(jié)果分析各區(qū)的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)及轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù),并與影像圖像對(duì)照。當(dāng)亞區(qū)內(nèi)所有淋巴結(jié)病理檢查均存在轉(zhuǎn)移,將該區(qū)影像所見淋巴結(jié)納入甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組;當(dāng)亞區(qū)內(nèi)所有淋巴結(jié)病理檢查均無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí),將該區(qū)影像所見淋巴結(jié)納入非甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組;排除亞區(qū)內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)病理結(jié)果不同者。
圖1 動(dòng)脈期碘濃度、NIC鑒別甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的ROC曲線 圖2 靜脈期碘濃度、NIC鑒別甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的ROC曲線
圖3 患者女,59歲,甲狀腺雙側(cè)乳頭狀癌,非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組 A.CT增強(qiáng)動(dòng)脈期甲狀腺圖像; B.碘圖,箭示小淋巴結(jié); C.淋巴結(jié)能譜曲線 圖4 患者女,33歲,甲狀腺左葉乳頭狀癌,左側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)前、后區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移 A.CT增強(qiáng)動(dòng)脈期甲狀腺圖像; B.碘圖,箭示小淋巴結(jié); C.淋巴結(jié)能譜曲線
43例患者共119枚頸部Ⅵ區(qū)小淋巴結(jié)(短徑≤10 mm)納入研究,其中甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)55枚,非甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)64枚。
2.1淋巴結(jié)短徑 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組短徑為 (0.53±0.18)cm,非甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組為 (0.45±0.19)cm,2組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (t=-2.20,P=0.03)。
2.2淋巴結(jié)碘濃度及NIC 甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組動(dòng)脈期碘濃度[(2.93±1.62)mg/ml]高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組[(2.17±1.09)mg/ml],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-3.11,P=0.027)。轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組動(dòng)脈期平均NIC(0.33±0.21)高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組(0.19±0.12),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-4.27,P=0.001)。動(dòng)脈期碘濃度診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的ROC曲線下面積(area under curve, AUC)為0.62[95%CI(0.52,0.73),P=0.007],最佳截?cái)嘀禐?4.35 mgI/ml,動(dòng)脈期NIC診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的AUC為0.73[95%CI(0.64,0.82),P<0.001],最佳截?cái)嘀?.161,見圖1。
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組靜脈期碘濃度[(2.68±1.54)mg/ml],高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組[(2.17±1.01)mg/ml],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.19,P=0.031)。轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組NIC(0.51±0.18)高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組(0.43±0.15),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.53,P=0.012)。靜脈期碘濃度診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的AUC為0.61[95%CI(0.51,0.71),P=0.047],最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.05 mgI/ml,靜脈期NIC診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的AUC為0.63[95%CI(0.53,0.73),P=0.017],最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.498,見圖2。
2.3能譜曲線斜率 乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)及非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)CT值在60~180 keV下均隨KeV升高而降低,呈下降型曲線(圖3、4),keV值越升高,CT值降低幅度越小。動(dòng)脈期轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組斜率為0.79±0.43,高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組(0.63±0.37),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.04,P=0.044)。靜脈期轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組(0.54±0.42)與非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)組斜率(0.62±0.39)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.05,P=0.297)。
甲狀腺乳頭狀癌常存在早期頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,其轉(zhuǎn)移的第1站多為頸部Ⅵ區(qū),然后為頸側(cè)部,最后為頸內(nèi)靜脈鏈淋巴結(jié)[7]。Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)往往直徑不超過 1 cm,單純通過CT檢查所示形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn)難以判斷小淋巴結(jié)的性質(zhì),而早期判斷淋巴結(jié)是否存在轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)臨床具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。
目前甲狀腺乳頭狀癌主要依靠超聲診斷,但對(duì)于Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移評(píng)估有一定局限性,尤其對(duì)氣管前、氣管旁及喉返神經(jīng)旁的淋巴結(jié)較難顯示及定位。有研究[8-10]報(bào)道,超聲檢查對(duì)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)的敏感度低于頸側(cè)淋巴結(jié)。常規(guī)CT薄層平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描有利于顯示Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)及周圍結(jié)構(gòu),但常無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確定性[11]。雙能量相關(guān)技術(shù)已較為廣泛地應(yīng)用于良惡性甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的鑒別診斷中[12-13],而將其應(yīng)用于診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的報(bào)道少見。林啟強(qiáng)等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多種CT征象在評(píng)估甲狀腺癌Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移中具有重要價(jià)值,陽(yáng)性和陰性的符合率分別為59.2%和91.6%,但該研究納入了不同短徑的Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié),且僅針對(duì)形態(tài)學(xué)進(jìn)行研究。Liu等[15]研究顯示,寶石CT能譜成像定量評(píng)估較術(shù)前常規(guī)CT檢查對(duì)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的定性評(píng)估精度更高,但該研究納入的淋巴結(jié)包括各區(qū)的頸部淋巴結(jié)且主要研究增大的甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)。
雙能量碘分布圖可直觀反映病變碘含量的差異,并可間接反映病變內(nèi)的血供情況,經(jīng)圖像后處理可對(duì)病變的碘濃度定量測(cè)量,在一定程度上提高了診斷的準(zhǔn)確率及敏感度[16-17]。能譜曲線的差異可用曲線斜率定量評(píng)估,能譜曲線斜率的大小主要反映不同病變質(zhì)量吸收系數(shù)隨能量變化的幅度[18]。本研究將雙能量CT成像應(yīng)用于甲狀腺癌Ⅵ區(qū)小淋巴結(jié),獲取其碘濃度情況及能譜曲線衰減情況,從而分析小淋巴結(jié)是否存在轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的動(dòng)靜脈期碘濃度、NIC均高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),分析原因可能為癌細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)使受累的小淋巴結(jié)攝碘能力提高。NIC相對(duì)碘濃度可在一定程度上減少對(duì)比劑及相關(guān)因素的干擾。本研究中,動(dòng)脈期及靜脈期NIC診斷甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的ROC曲線AUC均較碘濃度更高,尤其是動(dòng)脈期NIC的AUC達(dá)0.73。動(dòng)脈期甲狀腺乳頭狀癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的斜率也高于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),而靜脈期2組斜率的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示甲狀腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的在動(dòng)脈期的CT值衰減幅度更大。此外,本研究甲狀腺乳頭狀癌IV區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的短徑大于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-2.20,P=0.03),與齊效君等[19]研究結(jié)果相似。
總之,雙能量CT對(duì)鑒別甲狀腺癌Ⅵ區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移小淋巴結(jié)存在一定價(jià)值。但本研究存在局限性,作為回顧性研究,未做到每個(gè)淋巴結(jié)的影像與病理一一對(duì)應(yīng),而是以亞區(qū)為單位納入不同組別,還需今后進(jìn)一步深入進(jìn)行逐一對(duì)照的前瞻性研究。
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Dual energy CT in diagnosis of central cervical metastatic lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer
ZHENGLinglin,TIANYang,ZHAOWei,YANGYaying*
(DepartmentofMedicalImaging,F(xiàn)irstAffiliatedHospitalofKunmingMedicalUniversity,Kunming650032,China)
Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of dual energy CT for small central cervical metastatic lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Methods The data of 43 patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients underwent dual energy CT scan before operation. The short diameter, iodine concentration and normalized iodine concentration (NIC) of enhanced arterial and venous phases and the slope of the energy spectrum curve were analyzed between metastatic central cervical lymph nodes and non-metastatic lymph nodes. ROC curve was used to analyze the diagnosis efficacy of iodine concentration and NIC for metastatic lymph nodes of thyroid carcinoma. Results Totally there were 119 lymph nodes in 43 patients included 55 thyroid papillary carcinoma metastasis lymph nodes (metastasis group) and 64 non-metastatic lymph nodes (non-metastasis group). There was significant differences of the mean short diameter of the lymph nodes between the two groupos (t=-2.20,P=0.03). In arterial phase, the average iodine concentration of metastasis group and non-metastasis group were (2.93±1.62)mg/ml and (2.17±1.09)mg/ml; the NIC were 0.33±0.21 and 0.19±0.12; and the slope of the energy spectrum curve were 0.79±0.43 and 0.63±0.37 respectively. In venous phase, the average iodine concentration of metastasis group and non-metastasis group were (2.68±1.54)mg/ml and (2.17±1.01)mg/ml; the NIC were 0.51±0.18 and 0.43±0.15; the slope of the energy spectrum curve were 0.54±0.42 and 0.62±0.39 respectively. The iodine concentration and NIC in both phases and the slope of spectrum curve in arterial phase had statistical differences between the metastasis and non-metastasis groups (allP<0.05). ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of iodine concentration and NIC in the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes were 0.62 and 0.73 in arterial phase, respectively. And the AUC of iodine concentration and NIC were 0.61 and 0.63 in venous phase, respectively. Conclusion There are differences of iodine concentration, NIC in arterial and venous phases and curve slope in arterial phase of dual-energy between malignant and benign central cervical lymph nodes in thyroid papillary carcinoma. Dual energy CT technology is helpful in identifying of metastatic from non-metastatic small central cervical lymph nodes.
Tomography, X-ray computed; Iodine concentration; Thyroid neoplasms; Lymph nodes
云南省衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2014NS158)。
鄭凌琳(1989—),女,浙江寧波人,碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:頭頸部影像診斷。E-mail: sylvia828@163.com
楊亞英,昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,650032。E-mail: yayingyang@163.com
2016-07-05
2017-03-22
R736.1; R814.42
A
1003-3289(2017)06-0863-05
10.13929/j.1003-3289.201607025