羅曉平,于之倫,鄧超,張晶晶,王崢濤,竇薇(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥研究所,中藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室暨上海市復(fù)方中藥重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海201203)
黃芩素對(duì)2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸誘導(dǎo)的小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腸炎的作用和機(jī)制
羅曉平,于之倫,鄧超,張晶晶,王崢濤,竇薇(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥研究所,中藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室暨上海市復(fù)方中藥重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海201203)
目的 探討黃芩素對(duì)2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)誘導(dǎo)的小鼠腸炎實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷淖饔眉皺C(jī)制。方法將BALB/c小鼠隨機(jī)分成3組(n=10):正常對(duì)照組、模型組(TNBS)和黃芩素組(TNBS+黃芩素20 mg·kg-1)。黃芩素組于造模前2 d ig給予黃芩素,每天1次,共9 d。測(cè)量結(jié)腸長(zhǎng)度,并取結(jié)腸組織進(jìn)行HE染色,進(jìn)行組織損傷和炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)評(píng)分;ELISA測(cè)定結(jié)腸組織中腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)含量。體外制備細(xì)菌脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的RAW264.7炎癥細(xì)胞模型,黃芩素(10,25和50 mmol·L-1)給藥干預(yù),Griess試劑法測(cè)定上清中一氧化氮(NO)含量;熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)炎癥介質(zhì)TNF-α、白細(xì)胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-1β、誘導(dǎo)型NO合酶(iNOS)、環(huán)氧合酶2(COX-2)和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(MCP-1)mRNA表達(dá);Western蛋白印跡法檢測(cè)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/NF-κB(PI3K/AKT/NF-κB)通路磷酸化蛋白(p-PI3K,p-AKT,p-p65和p-IκBa)表達(dá)。結(jié)果 與正常對(duì)照組相比,模型組小鼠結(jié)腸縮短,組織病理?yè)p傷,炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),組織TNF-α含量增高;黃芩素給藥組上述癥狀得到顯著改善(P<0.05)。與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,LPS模型組細(xì)胞NO分泌、炎癥介質(zhì)(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,iNOS,COX-2和MCP-1)mRNA表達(dá)及PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路磷酸化蛋白表達(dá)均增高(P<0.05,P<0.01);與模型組比較,黃芩素給藥組上述指標(biāo)均降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。結(jié)論黃芩素可減輕TNBS誘導(dǎo)的小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腸炎的癥狀,作用機(jī)制可能與抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活從而抑制炎癥介質(zhì)的表達(dá)和減少炎癥因子釋放有關(guān)。
腸炎;磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶;蛋白激酶B;NF-κB;黃芩素
DOl:10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.06.007
克羅恩病(Crohn′s disease,CD)和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎是炎癥性腸病(inflammation bowel disease,IBD)的2種主要類型。CD是貫穿腸壁各層的炎性病變,可侵犯腸系膜和局部淋巴結(jié),病程緩慢,易復(fù)發(fā),其發(fā)病機(jī)制迄今尚不明確[1]。臨床主要表現(xiàn)為腹痛、腹瀉、瘺管形成及腸梗阻。目前CD治療藥物以西藥為主,有氨基水楊酸類、免疫抑制劑、糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗生素和生物制劑〔如抗腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)單克隆抗體〕等[2-3]。西藥在控制病情方面療效明顯,但副作用大,停藥易復(fù)發(fā),不宜長(zhǎng)期使用。因此,從天然產(chǎn)物中尋找安全有效的治療藥物是目前CD研究的熱點(diǎn)[4]。
2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid,TNBS)灌腸是一種國(guó)際通用的CD造模方法,該實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷闹貜?fù)性好,各項(xiàng)病理指標(biāo)均接近人類CD,因此在CD藥物研究中被廣泛應(yīng)用[5]。大量研究表明,NF-κB在TNBS誘導(dǎo)的CD小鼠腸炎實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P图癈D患者體內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)過度激活現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致TNF-α和白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β等細(xì)胞因子的持續(xù)過度表達(dá)[6-8]。磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)是一個(gè)保守的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)酶家族。據(jù)報(bào)道,PI3K通過磷酸化下游絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT),使NF-κB抑制子α(inhibitor of NF-κB-α,IκBα)發(fā)生磷酸化和降解,繼而激活NF-κB,引起炎癥細(xì)胞因子的轉(zhuǎn)錄[9]。
黃芩素屬于黃酮類化合物,是黃芩根中的主要活性成分,具有抑菌、抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化、降脂和抗癌等多種藥理活性,常用于治療炎癥、心血管疾病、微生物感染等[10]。目前,有關(guān)黃芩素對(duì)CD小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)性腸炎的作用及其機(jī)制尚未見報(bào)道。本研究觀察黃芩素對(duì)TNBS誘導(dǎo)的CD小鼠腸炎實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷淖饔?,并借助RAW264.7炎癥細(xì)胞模型,探討PI3K/AKT/ NF-κB信號(hào)通路是否參與了這一過程。
1.1 藥物和試劑
黃芩素(純度≥98%,編號(hào)xw080047)和羧甲纖維素鈉(CMCNa,批號(hào):F20110915)購(gòu)于國(guó)藥集團(tuán)有限公司;TNBS(P2297);細(xì)菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,L4130)購(gòu)于西格瑪奧德里奇(上海)貿(mào)易有限公司;胰酶、高糖DMEM和胎牛血清購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;Trizol和DMSO購(gòu)于美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒及熒光定量PCR試劑盒購(gòu)于日本TaKaRa公司;TNF-α和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)于南京建成試劑公司;以下抗體均購(gòu)自于美國(guó)CST公司:兔抗小鼠NF-κB p65單克隆抗體(#8242),兔抗小鼠磷酸化(p)-p65單克隆抗體(#3033),兔抗小鼠IκBα單克隆抗體(#4812),兔抗小鼠p-IκBα單克隆抗體(#2859),兔抗小鼠p-AKT單克隆抗體(#4060),兔抗小鼠PI3K多克隆抗體(#4292)及兔抗小鼠p-PI3K p85多克隆抗體(#4228)和小鼠抗人AKT單克隆抗體(#2920)。
1.2 CD小鼠腸炎實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷慕⒑徒o藥
BALB/c小鼠(6~8周齡,18~22 g)30只,雌雄各半,由上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):SYXK(滬)2014-0008,SPF級(jí)環(huán)境飼養(yǎng)。小鼠隨機(jī)分成3組,正常對(duì)照組、模型組(TNBS)和黃芩素給藥組,每組10只。參照本課題組前期研究結(jié)果[11]確定黃芩素給藥劑量為20 mg·kg-1,超聲溶解于質(zhì)量體積比0.5%的CMCNa。小鼠適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周,參照國(guó)際公認(rèn)的造模方法[5-6],TNBS與無(wú)水乙醇(1∶1)混勻制成灌腸劑,ip給予1%戊巴比妥鈉(10 mL·kg-1)麻醉小鼠后,用圓頭灌腸針給小鼠灌腸,倒置小鼠30 s,使灌腸劑完全留在結(jié)腸內(nèi)直至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束。黃芩素給藥組在造模前2 d開始每天ig給予黃芩素直至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束,共計(jì)9 d,其他2組ig等體積CMCNa。
1.3 樣本收集和組織病理?yè)p傷評(píng)分
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后麻醉并處死小鼠,剖取新鮮全結(jié)腸,測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度,沿腸系膜縱軸剪開腸腔,用生理鹽水洗凈。取結(jié)腸末端靠近肛門處1 cm組織于4%甲醛中固定48 h,進(jìn)行脫水、石蠟包埋、病理切片、HE染色,光鏡下觀察組織病理學(xué)變化并進(jìn)行病理?yè)p傷評(píng)分,組織病理評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照課題組的前期報(bào)道[3,6]:①炎癥細(xì)胞的滲出評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(0分,黏膜固有層內(nèi)有極少量炎癥細(xì)胞;1分,黏膜固有層內(nèi)的炎癥細(xì)胞增多;2分,炎癥細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散至黏膜下層;3分,全層均有炎癥細(xì)胞滲出);②組織損傷評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(0分,無(wú)黏膜損傷;1分,非連續(xù)的黏膜上皮損壞;2分,表層黏膜糜爛;3分,廣泛的黏膜破損并向腸壁深層擴(kuò)展)。將炎癥細(xì)胞的滲出和組織損傷評(píng)分相加,計(jì)算出組織病理評(píng)分(1~6分)。
1.4 結(jié)腸組織TNF-α含量測(cè)定
采用雙抗體夾心ELISA試劑盒方法,檢測(cè)結(jié)腸組織中TNF-α含量。取結(jié)腸組織50 mg,于預(yù)冷生理鹽水中勻漿,4℃低溫2800×g離心15 min,參照試劑盒方法檢測(cè)上清TNF-α含量。
1.5 細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
RAW264.7小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞由中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞所提供,用高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)基(含F(xiàn)BS 10%、鏈霉素100 mg·L-1和青霉素100 U·L-1)培養(yǎng)于37℃,5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱,2 d換液1次。取對(duì)數(shù)期細(xì)胞接種于6孔板,每組3復(fù)孔,鋪板24 h后待細(xì)胞完全貼壁,分組如下:細(xì)胞對(duì)照組、LPS模型組(LPS,1 mg·L-1)和黃芩素組(LPS+黃芩素10,25和50 mmol·L-1)。黃芩素處理2 h,加LPS繼續(xù)處理22 h。
1.6 反轉(zhuǎn)錄熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)NF-κB mRNA水平
細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及處理?xiàng)l件同1.5,處理結(jié)束后,用Trizol試劑提取總RNA并定量。按TaKaRa逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說(shuō)明書,取1 μg RNA做反轉(zhuǎn)錄。采用SYBR Green PCR擴(kuò)增試劑,在ABI 7300熒光定量PCR儀上進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增和檢測(cè)。引物設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)熒光定量PCR引物設(shè)計(jì)原則,用Primer 5.0軟件設(shè)計(jì)引物,并用Blast程序進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,引物由上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司合成(表1)。PCR反應(yīng)條件為95℃1 min預(yù)變性,95℃5 s變性,60℃34 s退火,共40個(gè)循環(huán)。每次擴(kuò)增設(shè)置β肌動(dòng)蛋白基因?yàn)閮?nèi)參照,用PCR儀自帶軟件進(jìn)行熒光定量分析,得出Ct值,統(tǒng)計(jì)2-△△Ct值比較各組mRNA表達(dá)水平。
1.7 Western蛋白印跡法檢測(cè)Pl3K/AKT/NF-κB通路蛋白磷酸化水平
去除培養(yǎng)上清,用預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌3次,每孔加入300 μL預(yù)冷的蛋白裂解液,冰上反應(yīng)30 min刮取細(xì)胞至1.5 mL EP管,12 000×g離心15 min,用BCA蛋白定量試劑盒測(cè)蛋白濃度,10%SDSPAGE凝膠電泳分離蛋白,然后轉(zhuǎn)移至浸泡過甲醇的PVDF膜上,脫脂牛奶室溫封閉1 h后,用一抗(均為1∶1000稀釋,β肌動(dòng)蛋白1∶2000稀釋)于4℃孵育過夜。PBST緩沖液洗膜3次后,與標(biāo)記有HRP的二抗(1∶5000)共孵1 h,ECL顯影。用Quantity One Software(Bio-Rad Laboratories,USA)對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)條帶進(jìn)行積分吸光度(integrated absorbance,IA)分析。待測(cè)蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)水平用IA目標(biāo)蛋白/IAβ肌動(dòng)蛋白的比值表示。
1.8 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)上清一氧化氮含量的測(cè)定
細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及藥物處理同1.5,吸取80 μL 96孔板培養(yǎng)上清液,與80 μL Griess試劑混合,酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)540 nm處吸光度(A540nm),表示NO的生成量。
1.9 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 數(shù)據(jù)以x±s表示,采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用GraghPad Prism單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)及LSD檢測(cè)。P<0.05認(rèn)為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
Tab.1 Primer sequence for RT-PCR
2.1 黃芩素對(duì)TNBS模型小鼠結(jié)腸組織病理變化的影響
正常對(duì)照組小鼠結(jié)腸黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整,未見炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);TNBS模型組小鼠結(jié)腸黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,大量炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);黃芩素給藥組可見紊亂的黏膜組織結(jié)構(gòu)得到修復(fù),炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)減輕(圖1A)。病理?yè)p傷評(píng)分結(jié)果 顯示,黃芩素組顯著低于模型組(P<0.05)(圖1B)。與正常對(duì)照組相比,模型組小鼠結(jié)腸呈現(xiàn)水腫、毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張、結(jié)腸長(zhǎng)度縮短,黃芩素組上述癥狀顯著減輕(圖1C和D)。
Fig.1Effect of baicalein on morphology of colon tissue(A,B)and colon length(C,D)of mice with colitis induced by trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid(TNBS)(HE stainning).Colitis model mice were induced by TNBS(2 mg in 100 μL of 50%ethanol,intrarectally administered).Baicalein 20 mg·kg-1was ig given once a day for 2 d prior to TNBS administration for 9 d.x±s,n=10.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,compared with TNBS group.
2.2 黃芩素對(duì)TNBS模型小鼠結(jié)腸組織TNF-α含量的影響
與正常對(duì)照組相比,TNBS模型組小鼠結(jié)腸黏膜組織TNF-α含量顯著升高(P<0.01);與TNBS模型組比,黃芩素組結(jié)腸組織TNF-α含量顯著下降(P<0.01)(圖2)。
Fig.2 Effect of baicalein on level of TNF-α in colon tissue of TNBS-induced colitis mice by ELlSA.See Fig.1 for the treatment.x±s,n=4.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;##P<0.01,compared with TNBS group.
2.3 黃芩素對(duì)LPS誘導(dǎo)RAW264.7細(xì)胞NO釋放的影響
與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,LPS刺激的RAW264.7細(xì)胞上清中NO的含量顯著升高(P<0.01),加入黃芩素10,25和50 mmol·L-1后,可抑制LPS刺激的RAW264.7細(xì)胞NO的分泌(圖3)。
Fig.3 Effect of baicalein on nitric oxide(NO)production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by ELlSA.Cells were incubated with baicalein(10,25 and 50 μmol·L-1)for 2 h and then treated with LPS 1 mg·L-1for 22 h.x±s,n=4.**P<0.01,compared with normal control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,compared with LPS group.
2.4 黃芩素對(duì)LPS誘導(dǎo)RAW264.7細(xì)胞NF-κB靶基因mRNA水平的影響
與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,LPS刺激后NF-κB通路下游COX-2,iNOS,MCP-1,TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平均明顯升高(P<0.01),黃芩素10,25和50 mmol·L-1可抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的上述mRNA的表達(dá)(P<0.05,P<0.01)(圖4)。
2.5 黃芩素對(duì)LPS誘導(dǎo)RAW264.7細(xì)胞Pl3K/ AKT/NF-κB通路蛋白磷酸化的影響
與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,LPS誘導(dǎo)后PI3K/AKT/ NF-κB通路蛋白PI3K p85,AKT,p65和IκBa的磷酸化水平顯著升高(P<0.01);加入黃芩素10,25和50 mmol·L-1后,可抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的PI3K/AKT/ NF-κB通路蛋白的磷酸化(圖5)。
Fig.4 Effect of baicalein on mRNA expression of NF-κB target genesin LPS induced RAW264.7 cells by qRT-PCR.See Fig.3 for cell treatment.x±s,n=6.**P<0.01,compared with cell control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,compared with LPS group.
Fig.5 Effect of baicalein on signaling molecules of Pl3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells by Western blotting.See Fig.3 for cell treatment.B was semi-quantitative results of A.x±s,n=6.**P<0.01,compared with cell control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,compared with LPS group.
本研究顯示,TNBS造模后小鼠結(jié)腸組織為典型的黏膜炎癥表現(xiàn);黃芩素給藥后,組織病理?yè)p傷、炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和結(jié)腸縮短癥狀得到改善。此外,TNBS造模引起小鼠結(jié)腸組織TNF-α含量升高,黃芩素給藥可顯著抑制TNBS引起的小鼠結(jié)腸組織TNF-α含量升高。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黃芩素對(duì)TNBS誘導(dǎo)的CD小鼠腸炎實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P途哂懈纳谱饔?,其作用機(jī)制可能與抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活,從而抑制炎癥介質(zhì)基因的表達(dá)和減少炎癥因子釋放有關(guān)。
PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路的活化在細(xì)胞增殖、分化和凋亡等過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[12]。PI3K是由一個(gè)P110催化亞基和一個(gè)P85調(diào)節(jié)亞基組成的異源二聚體,活化后能將磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱字<〈既姿幔?3]。磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸通過與AKT的pH結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合,磷酸化激活A(yù)KT,并將AKT從細(xì)胞質(zhì)招募到細(xì)胞膜上?;罨腁KT能夠通過活化IκB激酶使NF-κB抑制子IκB發(fā)生磷酸化和降解,從而使NF-κB從細(xì)胞質(zhì)中釋放出來(lái)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核,激活靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[13]。受NF-κB調(diào)控的靶基因主要是一些細(xì)胞因子(如TNF-α和IL-1β)及炎癥相關(guān)的化學(xué)因子、趨化因子等(如MCP-1和COX-2)[3]。
巨噬細(xì)胞是血液和淋巴液中的吞噬細(xì)胞,在炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞免疫中發(fā)揮重要作用。以LPS刺激RAW264.7小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞作為體外炎癥細(xì)胞模型,可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多種炎癥介質(zhì),引起炎癥反應(yīng)。因此,此模型被廣泛用于抗炎藥物的篩選和評(píng)價(jià)[14]。已有研究表明,LPS可引起RAW264.7細(xì)胞PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活,導(dǎo)致前列腺素2水平和COX-2表達(dá)的上調(diào)[9]。另?yè)?jù)報(bào)道,TNBS造??梢鸾Y(jié)腸組織PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活,導(dǎo)致TNF-α和IL-1β表達(dá)的上調(diào)[13]。本研究結(jié)果 顯示,黃芩素可顯著抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的RAW264.7細(xì)胞PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活,抑制NO的合成,下調(diào)iNOS、MCP-1,COX-2,TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA的表達(dá)。提示通過阻斷PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活,抑制炎癥介質(zhì)的表達(dá)也許是有效改善結(jié)腸黏膜炎癥損傷的一個(gè)重要途徑。
本課題組曾報(bào)道,黃芩素對(duì)潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎小鼠模型有保護(hù)作用,其作用機(jī)制與尾型同源異形盒蛋白2/孕烷X受體(caudal type homeobox 2/pregnane X receptor,CDX2/PXR)信號(hào)通路有關(guān)[11]。結(jié)合本研究結(jié)果 提示,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步探討黃芩素對(duì)CD小鼠腸炎實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P虲DX2/PXR信號(hào)通路的影響。本研究為黃芩素的進(jìn)一步藥理學(xué)研究和開發(fā)提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
[1]van der Marel S,Majowicz A,van Deventer S,Petry H,Hommes DW,F(xiàn)erreira V.Gene and cell therapy based treatment strategies for inflammatory bowel diseases[J].World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol,2011,2(6):114-122.
[2]Kelley KA,Kaur T,Tsikitis VL.Perianal Crohn′s disease:challenges and solutions[J].Clin Exp Gastroenterol,2017,10:39-46.
[3]Ren G,Sun A,Deng C,Zhang J,Wu X,Wei X,et al.The anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanism of cardamonin in DSS-induced colitis[J].Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2015,309(7):G517-G527.
[4]Jobin C.Probiotics and ileitis:could augmentation of TNF/NFκB activity be the answer?[J].Gut Microbes,2010,1(3):196-199.
[5]Goyal N,Rana A,Ahlawat A,Bijjem KR,Kumar P. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease:a review[J].Inflammopharmacology,2014,22(4):219-233.
[6]Zhang J,Ding L,Wang B,Ren G,Sun A,Deng C,et al.Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates experimental inflammatory bowel disease via pregnane X receptor activation[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2015,352(2):315-324.
[7]Arsenescu R,Bruno ME,Rogier EW,Stefka AT,McMahan AE,Wright TB,et al.Signature biomarkers in Crohn's disease:toward a molecular classification[J].Mucosal Immunol,2008,1(5):399-411.
[8]Li C,Xi Y,Li S,Zhao Q,Cheng W,Wang Z,et al.Berberine ameliorates TNBS induced colitis by inhibiting inflammatory responses and Th1/ Th17 differentiation[J].Mol Immunol,2015,67(2 Pt B):444-454.
[9]Zha L,Chen J,Sun S,Mao L,Chu X,Deng H,et al.Soyasaponins can blunt inflammation by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway[J].PLoS One,2014,9(9):e107655.
[10]Zhang HB,Lu P,Guo QY,Zhang ZH,Meng XY. Baicalein induces apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells through modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway[J].Oncol Lett,2013,5(2):722-728.
[11]Dou W,Mukherjee S,Li H,Venkatesh M,Wang H,Kortagere S,et al.Alleviation of gut inflammation by Cdx2/Pxr pathway in a mouse model of chemical colitis[J].PLoS One,2012,7(7):e36075.
[12]Jin Y,F(xiàn)an Y,Yan EZ,Yang J,Zong ZH,Qi ZM. Amyloid β-protein fragment 25-35 down-regulates PI3K/Akt/p70S6K pathway in rat hippocampus in vivo[J].Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol(中國(guó)藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué)雜志),2007,21(2):90-98.
[13]Zhang CX,Guo LK,Guo XF.The expressions of Toll-like receptor4/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways in rat ulcerative colitis inducedby the combined enema of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid and ethanol and the interventional effect of electroacupuncture on them[J].J Xi′an Jiaotong Univ(Med Sci)〔西安交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)〕,2015,36(2):263-270.
[14]Dou W,Zhang J,Ren G,Ding L,Sun A,Deng C,et al.Mangiferin attenuates the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice via NF-κB and MAPK signaling inactivation[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2014,23(1):170-178.
Effect and mechanism of baicalein on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced experimental colitis of mice
LUO Xiao-ping,YU Zhi-lun,DENG Chao,ZHANG Jing-jing,WANG Zheng-tao,DOU Wei
(Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of TCM,Shanghai 201203,China)
OBJECTlVETo explore the effect and mechanisms of baicalein on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)-induced experimental colitis in mice.METHODSBALB/c mice were randomly placed into three groups(n=10):normal control group,TNBS group,and TNBS+baicalein(20 mg·kg-1,once per day)group.Mouse colitis was induced by intrarectal injection of TNBS.Baicalein was administered by oral gavage two days prior to TNBS treatment and until the end of the study(a total of 9 d).The colon length was measured before HE staining was performed for histological damage assessment.The remaining colon pieces were collected to measure the content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α).Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophage was used as a cell model to determine the content of nitric oxide(NO)in cell culture medium,the mRNA levels of TNF-α,interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2)and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1),and the protein expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB (PI3K/AKT/NF-κB)pathway.RESULTSBaicalein significantly attenuated TNBS-induced colon shortening and histological injury(P<0.05),which was correlated with the decline in the content of TNF-α in the colon. According to the in vivo results,baicalein exposure down-regulated the secretion of NO and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators(iNOS,COX-2,MCP-1,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6)in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells(P<0.05,P<0.01).Additionally,the phosphorylation/activation of LPS-stimulated PI3K/ AKT/NF-κB pathway was inhibited by baicalein treatment.CONCLUSlONThe beneficial effect of baicalein in TNBS-induced experimental colitis may be due to PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling inhibition.
colitis;phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase;protein kinase B;NF-κB;baicalein
The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273572);and National Natural Science Foundation of China(81530069)
DOU Wei,E-mail:douwei123456@126.com,Tel:(021)51322498
R285
A
1000-3002(2017)06-0541-06
2017-02-21接受日期:2017-06-15)
(本文編輯:賀云霞)
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81273572);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81530069)
羅曉平,女,碩士研究生,主要從事分子藥理學(xué)研究,E-mail:luoxpcq@163.com;竇薇,女,研究員,主要從事分子藥理學(xué)研究。
竇薇,E-mail:douwei123456@126.com,Tel:(021)51322498