王佳寧,王 園
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院胸外科,遼寧沈陽110004
食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌小腸轉(zhuǎn)移致穿孔1例報(bào)道
王佳寧,王 園
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院胸外科,遼寧沈陽110004
本文報(bào)道食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌小腸轉(zhuǎn)移致腸穿孔1例,通過小腸部分切除、小腸粘連松解手術(shù)治療其并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為小腸轉(zhuǎn)移。小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤較為罕見,早期診斷困難,治療上首先解決威脅生命的急重癥,而后進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的綜合性治療,以降低病死率,延長生存期。
食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌;小腸轉(zhuǎn)移;穿孔
食管癌是常見的消化道惡性腫瘤之一,我國食管癌的發(fā)病率及病死率雖然在過去30年內(nèi)呈下降趨勢,但仍居較高水平[1-2],嚴(yán)重威脅國人的健康。食管癌絕大多數(shù)為鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,占95%以上,主要播散方式為直接浸潤、淋巴管轉(zhuǎn)移和血運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)移,其中血運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)移較為少見,主要向肝、肺、腎、骨等轉(zhuǎn)移,小腸轉(zhuǎn)移極為少見[3]。本病例食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌小腸廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移,導(dǎo)致小腸穿孔為主要急重癥狀,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
病例 患者,男,73歲,2015年11月主因“進(jìn)食哽噎1個(gè)月”入院,鐵嶺市中心醫(yī)院電子胃鏡檢查提示食管中段腫物,病理結(jié)果回報(bào)食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(中度分化)。入院第5天突發(fā)腹痛,右下腹為劇,逐漸向全腹擴(kuò)散,板樣腹,伴高熱。急診查全腹平掃CT提示:腹腔內(nèi)散在游離氣體,消化道穿孔?肝周、脾周、盆腔滲出積液。急診行剖腹探查,沿Treitz韌帶探查小腸,見小腸全程多發(fā)占位病變,共12處,與周圍小腸粘連,較大者約3 cm×3 cm,距離回盲部約1 m,腫瘤破損導(dǎo)致小腸穿孔,穿孔直徑1.5 cm??紤]患者食管癌合并小腸多發(fā)占位病變,無法根治,且穿孔直徑較大,無法修補(bǔ),故行小腸部分切除、小腸粘連松解術(shù)。術(shù)后病理診斷為鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(中-高分化)。
大體所見:小腸腸管長15 cm,距切緣5 cm可見直徑3 cm腫物,呈隆起型,質(zhì)硬,切面灰白,浸潤全層,中央部小腸破損。腫塊呈浸潤性生長,無明顯包膜(見圖1)。
鏡下檢查:癌組織呈實(shí)性,癌細(xì)胞排列呈巢片狀、條索狀浸潤生長。小腸各層結(jié)構(gòu)均可見癌組織,癌細(xì)胞分界較清,細(xì)胞核藍(lán)染,呈圓形或橢圓形,核膜清晰,病理性核分裂象可見(見圖2~4)。
病理診斷:小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,結(jié)合病史來源考慮為食管。
圖1 腫瘤浸潤小腸全層,中央腸壁穿孔Fig 1 The tumor infiltratesd the whole layer of the small intestine,central perforation
討論 消化道惡性腫瘤的血行轉(zhuǎn)移較易侵入門靜脈系統(tǒng),造成肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移,或經(jīng)體靜脈循環(huán)向肺、腦、腎等血供豐富的器官轉(zhuǎn)移。由于小腸腸壁含有豐富的淋巴組織,免疫球蛋白IgG含量較高,免疫能力相對(duì)較高,因此小腸腫瘤較為少見。本例具備明確的食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌病理學(xué)證據(jù),小腸標(biāo)本與原發(fā)灶腫瘤組織學(xué)特征基本相同,小腸原發(fā)性鱗狀細(xì)胞癌極為罕見,2000年以來,我國共報(bào)道小腸原發(fā)性鱗狀細(xì)胞癌3例[4-6],小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性鱗狀細(xì)胞癌致腸梗阻1例[7]。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)移性小腸腫瘤的主要病理診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:(1)必須明確原發(fā)灶位置;(2)臨床表現(xiàn)提示,小腸病變的癥狀及體征,如梗阻、穿孔、出血等;(3)必須經(jīng)剖腹探查等病理組織學(xué)證實(shí);(4)非原發(fā)灶直接侵犯或腹腔廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移所致等。結(jié)合病史、影像學(xué)、手術(shù)探查及病理學(xué)資料,本例診斷為小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,來源為食管。此為我單位發(fā)現(xiàn)第1例。
圖2 癌細(xì)胞排列呈巢片狀、條索狀浸潤生長(HE 50×);圖3 小腸各層結(jié)構(gòu)癌組織排列密集,癌細(xì)胞分界較清(HE 200×);圖4 細(xì)胞核藍(lán)染,呈圓形或橢圓形(HE 400×)Fig 2 The cancer cells were lined up in the shape of nests and cords(HE 50×);Fig 3 The small intestine was arranged in a dense array of structured carcinomas,dividing clearly(HE 200×);Fig 4 The blue nucleus were in round or oval shape(HE 400×)
小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤多見于回腸,尤其末端回腸,其次為空腸,十二指腸少見。可單發(fā),也可多發(fā)??捎舌忂M(jìn)臟器的晚期癌腫直接浸潤或播散而來,或從遠(yuǎn)隔器官癌腫經(jīng)血或淋巴蔓延形成[9]。小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤早期診斷較為困難,起病通常隱匿,往往當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)消化道癥狀如腹脹、腹痛、腹瀉、便秘或進(jìn)行性的消耗癥狀時(shí),甚至已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)出血、梗阻、穿孔等嚴(yán)重消化道并發(fā)癥時(shí)才得以診斷。病理學(xué)診斷除了行常規(guī)HE染色外,還應(yīng)行免疫組化檢查(本例缺如)。
此類病例尚無明確治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但本例提示我們在臨床上遇到小腸腫瘤性疾病時(shí),不僅要治療消化道癥狀,包括禁食水、胃腸減壓、補(bǔ)液、洗腸等保守性治療措施,如發(fā)生出血、穿孔等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥時(shí),要以手術(shù)治療為主,同時(shí)還要積極尋找病因,對(duì)患者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的病史資料采集及全身體格檢查,明確原發(fā)灶,與小腸原發(fā)性腫瘤相鑒別。治療上首先解決威脅生命的急重癥,待患者身體狀態(tài)允許,根據(jù)病理學(xué)證據(jù),進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的綜合性治療,以降低病死率,延長生存期。
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(責(zé)任編輯:陳香宇)
Intestinal perforation caused by metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:one case report
WANG Jianing,WANG Yuan
Department of Thoracic Surgery,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110004,China
One case of intestinal perforation caused by metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was analyzed in this report,the complication was cured by surgical operation of partial resection of small intestine and lysis of intestinal adhesions.Intestinal metastasis was confirmed by pathology after surgery.The early diagnosis of intestinal metastatic tumor is difficult.To decrease the mortality rate and prolong the survival period,acute and severe complication is the priority of treatment,followed by the systematic comprehensive therapy.
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma;Intestinal metastasis;Perforation
R735.1
B
1006-5709(2017)08-0959-02
2016-08-26
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.08.032
王園,E-mail:wangy10@sj-hospital.org