張前西 申文
[摘要] 目的 探討C臂引導(dǎo)下結(jié)合電刺激定位應(yīng)用于三叉神經(jīng)半月節(jié)射頻熱凝治療原發(fā)性上頜神經(jīng)痛的效果。 方法 選取2012年1月~2015年12月于徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬淮安醫(yī)院接受治療的原發(fā)性三叉神經(jīng)痛第Ⅱ支(上頜神經(jīng))患者50例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對照組,各25例?;颊呔贑臂引導(dǎo)下應(yīng)用改良的Hartel前入路法經(jīng)卵圓孔穿刺進(jìn)入三叉神經(jīng)半月節(jié),對照組單純在C臂引導(dǎo)下定位行射頻熱凝毀損,觀察組在術(shù)中聯(lián)合電刺激定位,再行射頻熱凝毀損。記錄術(shù)前、術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月、術(shù)后6個月和術(shù)后12個月的疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS)、有效率、復(fù)發(fā)率及并發(fā)癥情況。 結(jié)果 所有患者均完成隨訪。觀察組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1、3、6、12個月疼痛VAS明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后各時段有效率均高于對照組,復(fù)發(fā)率均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。觀察組合并患側(cè)Ⅲ支支配區(qū)域麻木發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 與單純C臂引導(dǎo)下定位對比,術(shù)中聯(lián)合電刺激定位準(zhǔn)確率較高,臨床療效較好,復(fù)發(fā)率低。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 電刺激;定位;射頻熱凝;三叉神經(jīng)痛;三叉神經(jīng)半月節(jié)
[中圖分類號] R745 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)08(a)-0080-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of application of C-arm guidance combined with electrical stimulation in trigeminal neuronal radiofrequency coagulation therapy for primary maxillary neuralgia. Methods 50 cases of patients with primary trigeminal maxillary neuralgia of the Ⅱ branch treated in the Affiliated Huai′an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2012 to December 2015 were selected, and randomly divided into the observation group and the control group, each group had 25 cases. All patients were treated by C-arm guided modified Hartel approach through foramen ovale into the trigeminal ganglion. The control group was treated with radiofrequency coagulation guided by C-arm, the observation group was combined with electrical stimulation directing. The visual analogue scale (VAS), excellent rate, recurrence rate and complications of the two groups were follow-up in preoperative and postoperative instantly, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after operation. Results Both the control group and the observation group were followed up completely. The VAS scores of postoperative instantly, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after operation in the observation group were obviously lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The excellent rates of the observation group were higher and the recurrence rates were lower than those of the control groups, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The incidence of numbness in mandibular nerve zone of Ⅲ branch was lower in the observation group than that in the control group, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups (P > 0. 05). Conclusion Compared with C-arm guidance, combined with electrical stimulation has higher location accuracy, better clinical effects and lower recurrence rate.endprint
[Key words] Electrical stimulation; Positioning; Radiofrequency thermocoagulation; Trigeminal neuralgia; Trigeminal gasserian ganglion
原發(fā)性三叉神經(jīng)痛是一種以面部三叉神經(jīng)分布區(qū)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)發(fā)作性、短暫性、電擊樣劇烈疼痛為特點(diǎn)的疾病,發(fā)病率為48/100000~182/100000[1],40歲以上中老年人發(fā)作較多,多單側(cè)發(fā)病,Ⅱ、Ⅲ支區(qū)域多見,又以上頜支受累發(fā)生率最高[2]。目前射頻熱凝治療三叉神經(jīng)痛效果顯著,具備安全、微創(chuàng)、可控性好、可重復(fù)進(jìn)行等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但臨床處理上頜神經(jīng)痛時,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)術(shù)中多次調(diào)整穿刺針位置無法誘發(fā)出神經(jīng)放射痛,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后效果不理想的情況[3]。利用射頻儀器產(chǎn)生的50~100 Hz高頻率電刺激可以識別感覺神經(jīng),2 Hz低頻率電刺激可以識別運(yùn)動神經(jīng)性能,從而準(zhǔn)確定位上頜支神經(jīng)纖維。本研究探討C臂引導(dǎo)下結(jié)合電刺激定位在三叉神經(jīng)半月節(jié)射頻熱凝治療原發(fā)性上頜神經(jīng)痛中的臨床應(yīng)用效果,報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究經(jīng)徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬淮安醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),并與患者及其家屬簽署知情同意書。選取2012年1月~2015年12月于我院接受治療的原發(fā)性三叉神經(jīng)痛第Ⅱ支(上頜神經(jīng))患者50例,病程為1個月~30年,平均(5.2±9.4)年;右側(cè)22例,左側(cè)28例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):原發(fā)性三叉神經(jīng)痛(Ⅱ支)患者藥物治療效果不佳或不能耐受藥物;術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)者;神經(jīng)阻滯效果不佳者;高齡患者不能耐受或不愿行開放手術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):不能合作者;穿刺部位存在感染病灶;出血傾向或正在進(jìn)行抗凝治療;嚴(yán)重的不穩(wěn)定期心、腦血管疾病者;低容量血癥、嚴(yán)重代謝紊亂、重要臟器功能衰竭者[4]。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對照組,各25例。觀察組中男13例,女12例,平均年齡(66.5±9.6)歲;對照組中男10例,女15例,平均年齡(70.5±10.5)歲。兩組一般情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1設(shè)備 荷蘭飛利浦公司(C臂),型號allura-FD-20;美國施樂輝(Smith&Nephew)公司射頻治療系統(tǒng);心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀等。
1.2.2 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備 禁食,給予枸櫞酸舒芬太尼15~30 μg及咪達(dá)唑侖4~6 mg肌注,生理鹽水100 mL+鹽酸克林霉素0.6 g靜滴預(yù)防感染,心率<70次/min術(shù)中給予肌注或靜注阿托品0.5 mg,氧氣吸入、心電及脈氧監(jiān)護(hù)。
1.2.3 手術(shù)過程 仰臥位,消毒手術(shù)野,鋪無菌巾單,X線取患側(cè)傾斜15°~20°,尾端傾斜15°~30°,顯示患側(cè)卵圓孔(圖1A)。卵圓孔中間1/3區(qū)域體表投影為穿刺點(diǎn)(圖1B),1%利多卡因1 mL穿刺點(diǎn)麻醉,22G射頻套針自穿刺點(diǎn)刺入后,X線引導(dǎo)下緩慢進(jìn)針,頭顱側(cè)位片顯示針尖位于斜坡線上(圖1C)[4],回抽無血,套針中插入熱敏電極針。對照組患者直接給予射頻模式進(jìn)行毀損,50℃、60℃、65℃、75℃各90 s。觀察組患者套針中插入熱敏電極針后,調(diào)整針尖深度及位置,高頻率電刺激模式(50 Hz,1 ms)0.3 V刺激患區(qū)皮膚出現(xiàn)麻木感或輕微疼痛,低頻率電刺激模式(2 Hz,1 ms)3.0~5.0 V刺激無咀嚼肌規(guī)律收縮,阻抗為250~260 Ω[4],提示位置準(zhǔn)確,連續(xù)射頻模式毀損,50℃、60℃、65℃、75℃各90 s,穿刺點(diǎn)無菌敷料覆蓋,手術(shù)結(jié)束。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄兩組患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月、術(shù)后6個月、術(shù)后12個月疼痛視覺模擬評分(visual analogue scales,VAS)[5]及術(shù)后療效、復(fù)發(fā)率及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(麻木、咀嚼肌無力、顏面部帶狀皰疹等)情況[5]。
1.4 療效評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
采用VAS加權(quán)計(jì)算方法評價,即疼痛減輕的百分?jǐn)?shù)=(A-B)/A×100%,其中,A為治療前的VAS,B為治療后的VAS。無效為VAS降低25%以內(nèi);良為VAS降低25%~50%;優(yōu)為VAS降低>50%~75%;臨床治愈為VAS降低75%以上。有效率=(臨床治愈+優(yōu))/總例數(shù)×100%。臨床治愈患者出院后原患部位疼痛再次出現(xiàn),且VAS較術(shù)前降低50%以內(nèi)的視為疼痛復(fù)發(fā)[6-7]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組VAS比較
50例患者均穿刺成功。兩組術(shù)前VAS差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);術(shù)后觀察組各時段VAS均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組療效比較
觀察組術(shù)后各時段有效率均高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后患側(cè)第Ⅲ支支配區(qū)域皮膚麻木情況比較
兩組術(shù)后均出現(xiàn)上頜支區(qū)域皮膚不同程度的感覺減退及觸覺遲鈍,觀察組術(shù)后各時段出現(xiàn)第Ⅲ支支配區(qū)皮膚麻木患者比例明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較
兩組術(shù)后均出現(xiàn)咀嚼肌無力及顏面部帶狀皰疹等并發(fā)癥,出院時均明顯好轉(zhuǎn),并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表4。
2.5 兩組復(fù)發(fā)情況比較
兩組術(shù)后均出現(xiàn)疼痛復(fù)發(fā)患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表5。endprint
3 討論
目前,經(jīng)皮射頻熱凝術(shù)已經(jīng)成為治療原發(fā)性三叉神經(jīng)痛主要手段之一,也是國內(nèi)外認(rèn)可的最佳方法[8-9]。術(shù)后患區(qū)扳機(jī)點(diǎn)、皮膚麻木、觸覺減退消失是判斷手術(shù)成功的標(biāo)志。目前上頜神經(jīng)痛的射頻熱凝治療多采用Hartel前入路法[10],即從口角旁經(jīng)卵圓孔穿刺入路,但仍有定位不準(zhǔn)確、可能傷及下頜支等缺點(diǎn)[11-12]。Lopez等[13]研究顯示,經(jīng)皮射頻熱凝術(shù)各種并發(fā)癥的總發(fā)生率為29.9%,其中,盲探法失敗率約為10%。術(shù)中穿刺針準(zhǔn)確穿刺到病變相關(guān)部位,是減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的主要途徑[14]。臨床中,當(dāng)穿刺針到達(dá)卵圓孔后,再繼續(xù)進(jìn)針多深,目前國內(nèi)外暫無準(zhǔn)確依據(jù)[15],僅僅依靠解剖學(xué)或影像學(xué)來進(jìn)行定位,效果無法確定。電刺激是判斷針尖位置是否準(zhǔn)確的可靠客觀依據(jù),能有效提高穿刺成功率[16]。
電刺激通過調(diào)節(jié)電壓的大小引起神經(jīng)感知不同,與電極距神經(jīng)的距離呈反比,刺激電壓越低,感覺刺激越明顯,電極末端距目標(biāo)神經(jīng)越近。最適當(dāng)?shù)纳窠?jīng)熱凝距離要求在3 mm以內(nèi),術(shù)中刺激電壓數(shù)值在0.3~0.6 V范圍內(nèi)。術(shù)中給予高頻率模式(50 Hz,1 ms)0.1~0.6 V進(jìn)行電刺激,相應(yīng)神經(jīng)區(qū)域皮膚麻木或疼痛[4]。本研究觀察組術(shù)中患區(qū)皮膚均可出現(xiàn)麻木感或輕微疼痛。低頻率的電流刺激運(yùn)動神經(jīng)可誘發(fā)肌肉規(guī)律收縮,當(dāng)給予2 Hz頻率、2 V電壓刺激時無肌肉規(guī)律收縮,提示針尖附近5 mm以內(nèi)無運(yùn)動神經(jīng)纖維存在,此時熱凝毀損感覺神經(jīng)纖維,不會傷及運(yùn)動神經(jīng)纖維。本研究觀察組術(shù)中均沒有誘發(fā)出咀嚼肌規(guī)律收縮。
本研究以影像學(xué)定位為對照組,比較兩者術(shù)后療效及并發(fā)癥。若定位不準(zhǔn)確,病變神經(jīng)纖維毀損較少,而非病變支神經(jīng)纖維毀損較多,則會導(dǎo)致療效欠佳或麻木超出預(yù)期范圍[17-21]。觀察組共有6例患者熱凝時C臂定位下針尖偏離斜坡線,術(shù)后有效率明顯高于對照組,提示少數(shù)患者三叉神經(jīng)半月節(jié)存在解剖變異。
綜上所述,與單純C臂定位對比,術(shù)中聯(lián)合電刺激對病變支定位準(zhǔn)確,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少、復(fù)發(fā)率低,毀損患區(qū)更精確??紤]本研究樣本量較少、隨訪時間短,長期療效可能存在一定偏倚,本研究結(jié)論尚需大樣本量、長期隨訪進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-12 本文編輯:程 銘)
(本欄目主編:王 庚)endprint