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肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2中增強(qiáng)子的識別及生物信息學(xué)分析

2017-11-06 01:24丁若凡李宇鵬張一鳴朱小冬胡海碧劉文榮李玲郭志云
生物技術(shù)通訊 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:增強(qiáng)子肝細(xì)胞位點(diǎn)

丁若凡,李宇鵬,張一鳴,朱小冬,胡海碧,劉文榮,李玲,郭志云

1.西南交通大學(xué) 生命科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,四川 成都 610031;2.成都市第三人民醫(yī)院 病理科,四川 成都 610031

肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2中增強(qiáng)子的識別及生物信息學(xué)分析

丁若凡1,李宇鵬1,張一鳴1,朱小冬1,胡海碧1,劉文榮1,李玲2,郭志云2

1.西南交通大學(xué) 生命科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,四川 成都 610031;2.成都市第三人民醫(yī)院 病理科,四川 成都 610031

目的:整合增強(qiáng)子特征識別肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2增強(qiáng)子,并對其保守性、GC含量、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控、靶基因功能等進(jìn)行分析,以期解析肝癌細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)子參與的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。方法:通過整合H3K27ac、H3K4me1和H3K4me3組蛋白修飾及DNaseⅠ高敏位點(diǎn)的Chip-seq數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測HepG2中的增強(qiáng)子,計算每個增強(qiáng)子的平均PhastCons分?jǐn)?shù)和GC含量,評估整體增強(qiáng)子的保守性與GC含量,整合ENCODE轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)尋找轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-增強(qiáng)子調(diào)控,使用GREAT和DAVID分別對增強(qiáng)子和增強(qiáng)子的靶基因進(jìn)行GO與KEGG通路功能富集分析。結(jié)果:共識別2254個肝細(xì)胞癌增強(qiáng)子,1432個增強(qiáng)子靶基因,135個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的9983個增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合位點(diǎn);比較隨機(jī)位點(diǎn)靶基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)子顯著正調(diào)控靶基因的表達(dá);保守性與GC含量分析表明增強(qiáng)子具有顯著高的保守性與GC含量,并存在C-T/C-T/C-T-G模式的motif;增強(qiáng)子功能分析顯示增強(qiáng)子顯著富集于蛋白結(jié)合、酶結(jié)合、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ結(jié)合等已知增強(qiáng)子功能,增強(qiáng)子GO與KEGG通路功能富集分析表明增強(qiáng)子靶基因顯著參與細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控和細(xì)胞遷移等腫瘤相關(guān)的生物進(jìn)程與信號通路。結(jié)論:識別的肝細(xì)胞癌增強(qiáng)子具有顯著高的保守性與GC含量,受多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控,對其靶基因起正調(diào)控作用并且顯著富集于腫瘤相關(guān)生物學(xué)進(jìn)程與信號通路中。

增強(qiáng)子;肝細(xì)胞癌;Chip-seq;組蛋白修飾

肝細(xì)胞癌是死亡率最高的癌癥之一,其發(fā)生往往與基因表達(dá)失調(diào)相關(guān),因此解析參與肝細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的調(diào)控關(guān)鍵因子及調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)對于肝細(xì)胞癌研究具有重要意義[1]。增強(qiáng)子一般是幾百堿基對長度的DNA片段,并能被多個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子占據(jù),在基因調(diào)控中通過順式調(diào)控原件對靶基因起到正調(diào)控作用。已有研究表明肝細(xì)胞癌中的增強(qiáng)子突變會導(dǎo)致增強(qiáng)子失活,進(jìn)而影響靶基因的表達(dá)[2],因此探尋增強(qiáng)子在肝細(xì)胞癌中的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),對于從轉(zhuǎn)錄水平了解肝細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制具有重要作用。增強(qiáng)子依據(jù)其活性分為活性增強(qiáng)子與失活增強(qiáng)子,而往往活性增強(qiáng)子是結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子并行使下游調(diào)控功能的主要增強(qiáng)子類型。活性增強(qiáng)子一般處于能夠被DNaseⅠ所切割的開放染色質(zhì)區(qū)域DHS(DNaseⅠhypersensitive sites)中,開放染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)對于轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合是必需的,所以DHS也被認(rèn)為是一種識別增強(qiáng)子區(qū)域傳統(tǒng)和有效的方法[3]。增強(qiáng)子相關(guān)的核小體的組蛋白末端共價修飾對于轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的招募具有重要作用[4],以往研究表明活性增強(qiáng)子存在顯著的組蛋白修飾H3K27ac信號富集及高的H3K4me1/H3K4me3信號比值,并且H3K27ac修飾可以作為區(qū)分活性增強(qiáng)子和非活性增強(qiáng)子的標(biāo)志[5-6]。我們通過增強(qiáng)子特征識別了肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2中的增強(qiáng)子,并對增強(qiáng)子序列功能進(jìn)行了分析。通過整合來自ENCODE[7]的HepG2細(xì)胞系的3種組蛋白修飾(H3K27ac、H3K4me1、H3K4me3)數(shù)據(jù)及DHS數(shù)據(jù),我們共識別了2254條肝癌細(xì)胞的增強(qiáng)子及1432個增強(qiáng)子的靶基因,分析了這些增強(qiáng)子的保守性、GC含量及結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子富集情況,并對增強(qiáng)子及增強(qiáng)子的靶基因進(jìn)行了GO與KEGG通路功能富集分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)HepG2中的增強(qiáng)子具有顯著高的保守性與GC含量,并有大量轉(zhuǎn)錄因子富集,增強(qiáng)子功能分析顯示增強(qiáng)子顯著與蛋白結(jié)合、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合等增強(qiáng)子功能相關(guān),而增強(qiáng)子靶基因GO與KEGG通路富集分析表明增強(qiáng)子靶基因顯著參與細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控、細(xì)胞遷移等腫瘤相關(guān)生物進(jìn)程與信號通路。這些研究有望為進(jìn)一步探討肝細(xì)胞癌的基因調(diào)控及功能分析提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

組蛋白修飾和DHS的Chip-seq[8]數(shù)據(jù)來自ENCODE,包括peak文件和signal文件:H3K4me1(ENCFF635NAK、ENCFF159AXA),H3K4me3(ENCFF822KCS),H3K27ac(ENCFF558QIW、ENCFF542IPN) , DHS (ENCFF673GQN、ENCFF776TKB);基因組序列保守性數(shù)據(jù)來自UC?SC cons46way track;基因組GC含量數(shù)據(jù)來自UC?SC GC Percent track;轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)來自 ENCODE Txn Factor(V3);肝臟基因表達(dá)譜的RNA-seq數(shù)據(jù)(RPKM)自GTEx[9]獲得。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 HepG2中增強(qiáng)子的識別 首先用bwtool[10]和deeptools[11]對3種組蛋白修飾及DHS信號進(jìn)行歸 一 化 ,篩 選 2kb內(nèi) 有 DHS、H3K27ac和H3K4me1 peaks,且H3K4me1的平均歸一化信號高于H3K4me3的區(qū)域作為候選增強(qiáng)子區(qū)域,與參考基因組(GENCODE.V19)的蛋白編碼基因比較,去除與蛋白編碼基因區(qū)域及其蛋白編碼基因轉(zhuǎn)錄起始位點(diǎn)上游1kb區(qū)域內(nèi)有交集的增強(qiáng)子后,剩余的增強(qiáng)子作為最終識別的增強(qiáng)子。

1.2.2 保守性分析及GC含量 通過bwtool獲得每個增強(qiáng)子的PhastCons分值,并計算每個增強(qiáng)子中心上下游100bp的DHS信號均值來表示該增強(qiáng)子的活性,將各個組織活性最高的前1000條增強(qiáng)子序列輸入MEME,獲得每個組織增強(qiáng)子的motif,參數(shù)如下:-revcomp-nmotifs 3-minw 10-evt 0.01-mod oops-dna。每個增強(qiáng)子中心及附近位點(diǎn)的GC含量通過bwtool獲得。

1.2.3 增強(qiáng)子上轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)識別 結(jié)合在增強(qiáng)子中心2kb以內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為對增強(qiáng)子有調(diào)控作用,每個增強(qiáng)子周圍的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)目被定義為該增強(qiáng)子上的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子富集程度。

1.2.4 增強(qiáng)子GO分析和靶基因定義及GO和KEGG信號通路分析 距離增強(qiáng)子100kb內(nèi)的鄰近蛋白編碼基因被定義為該增強(qiáng)子的靶基因,并根據(jù)從GTEx獲得的基因表達(dá)量數(shù)據(jù)得到每個增強(qiáng)子的靶基因表達(dá)量。用GREAT[12]預(yù)測每個組織增強(qiáng)子的功能(P<0.01),用 DAVID[13]對增強(qiáng)子靶基因進(jìn)行GO和KEGG信號通路分析,以P<0.05為顯著性閾值。

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 增強(qiáng)子的識別

根據(jù)3種組蛋白修飾特征及DHS,我們共識別了2254條增強(qiáng)子。正如預(yù)期,增強(qiáng)子整體呈現(xiàn)高的H3K27ac信號,以及高的H3K4me1/H3K4me3信號比,且3種組蛋白修飾信號都呈雙峰模式,即文獻(xiàn)報道的peak-valley-peak模式[14]。組蛋白修飾信號在開放染色體區(qū)域附近顯著增高,且DHS信號峰值位于增強(qiáng)子中心,這些結(jié)果說明我們找到的增強(qiáng)子符合活性增強(qiáng)子特征(圖1)。

2.2 增強(qiáng)子保守性及GC含量分析

增強(qiáng)子做為一種順式調(diào)控原件,在基因表達(dá)調(diào)控上起重要作用,因此,增強(qiáng)子序列往往較為保守。我們采用PhastCons計算了增強(qiáng)子的保守性分值,通過與隨機(jī)位點(diǎn)相比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)子中心附近500bp內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)顯著高的保守性分值(圖2A),且保守性相對增強(qiáng)子中心呈對稱分布。相比于增強(qiáng)子來說,基因的保守性則在轉(zhuǎn)錄始位點(diǎn)(transcription start sites,TSS)下游呈現(xiàn)顯著高的保守性,這與先前的研究結(jié)果一致。另外,為了確定這些增強(qiáng)子所具有的保守功能模塊,我們用MEME工具對增強(qiáng)子進(jìn)行了模體(motif)分析,結(jié)果顯示其具有典型的C-T/C-T/C-T-G模式的motif(圖2B)。先前研究表明,活性增強(qiáng)子普遍存在低甲基化現(xiàn)象[15],而甲基化與GC含量存在顯著的相關(guān)性[16],為此,我們分析了增強(qiáng)子的GC含量(圖2C)。正如預(yù)期,相比于人類基因組41.6%的背景GC含量,我們得到的HepG2增強(qiáng)子的GC含量(50.4%)顯著高于人基因組平均GC含量(圖2C),且GC含量在增強(qiáng)子中心附近200bp內(nèi)富集最為顯著。與之相反,基因的GC含量在TSS上游區(qū)域較低而在TSS附近區(qū)域呈現(xiàn)顯著高的GC含量。這一結(jié)果說明我們獲取的增強(qiáng)子存在潛在的甲基化傾向,并且已有研究表明肝細(xì)胞癌中DNA甲基化受抑制會導(dǎo)致參與腫瘤的生理調(diào)控及能量代謝平衡的AMPK信號通路發(fā)生改變[17]。

圖1 增強(qiáng)子上下游2000bp內(nèi)的3種組蛋白修飾及DHS歸一化平均信號

圖2 增強(qiáng)子保守性、motif及GC含量分析結(jié)果

2.3 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子富集程度分析

活性增強(qiáng)子往往通過募集大量轉(zhuǎn)錄因子從而增強(qiáng)下游基因的表達(dá),為此識別增強(qiáng)子上的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合情況對于解析增強(qiáng)子參與的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控具有重要意義。因此,我們將ENCODE收錄的HepG2中的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)與本研究得到的增強(qiáng)子進(jìn)行整合,發(fā)現(xiàn)有135個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的9983個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)結(jié)合到了我們識別的增強(qiáng)子上,并且增強(qiáng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子富集程度顯著高于隨機(jī)位點(diǎn)(P<2.2×10-16)(圖3A)。其中,轉(zhuǎn)錄因子FOXA1在增強(qiáng)子中富集最明顯,共有961轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。FOXA1能顯著抑制癌細(xì)胞特異的基因表達(dá)[18],并有研究表明增強(qiáng)子上的FOXA1結(jié)合位點(diǎn)突變會導(dǎo)致增強(qiáng)子失活進(jìn)而影響其靶基因的表達(dá)[2],這些暗示著肝細(xì)胞癌增強(qiáng)子上的FOXA1結(jié)合位點(diǎn)對于肝癌細(xì)胞的代謝及生物進(jìn)程可能發(fā)揮著重要作用。

圖3 增強(qiáng)子的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子富集程度與靶基因的表達(dá)量。

2.4 HepG2活性增強(qiáng)子靶基因識別及表達(dá)量分析

增強(qiáng)子作為一種順式調(diào)控原件,其最主要的功能是正調(diào)控鄰近基因的表達(dá)。為了驗(yàn)證我們識別的增強(qiáng)子的這一功能,通過與鄰近已經(jīng)注釋的蛋白編碼基因位置信息比較,共獲得1432個增強(qiáng)子的靶基因。為了驗(yàn)證這些靶基因是否由于增強(qiáng)子的存在引起其表達(dá)上調(diào),與隨機(jī)基因的表達(dá)進(jìn)行了比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)識別的增強(qiáng)子靶基因表達(dá)量顯著高于隨機(jī)基因(P<0.05)(圖3B),這暗示本研究識別的肝細(xì)胞癌增強(qiáng)子對其靶基因的表達(dá)起到了明顯的增強(qiáng)作用。

2.5 增強(qiáng)子GO分析及靶基因的GO和KEGG信號通路分析

通過使用GREAT獲得增強(qiáng)子作為順勢調(diào)控元件的功能,可以看出增強(qiáng)子的分子功能顯著與增強(qiáng)子功能相一致,如蛋白結(jié)合(4.10E-16)、酶結(jié)合(2.48×10-15)、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合(8.82×10-8)和RNA聚合酶Ⅱ結(jié)合(1.70×10-8)。值得注意的是,RNA聚合酶Ⅱ在增強(qiáng)子上的結(jié)合意味著肝細(xì)胞癌增強(qiáng)子同樣可以招募RNA聚合酶Ⅱ從而轉(zhuǎn)錄出轉(zhuǎn)錄本,即增強(qiáng)子 RNA(enhancer RNA,eRNA),這類RNA的功能目前尚不清楚,有研究報道eRNA與增強(qiáng)子靶基因調(diào)控相關(guān)[19]。另外,通過對增強(qiáng)子靶基因的GO分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)子調(diào)控的靶基因顯著參與細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控、細(xì)胞遷移等腫瘤相關(guān)的生物進(jìn)程(表1)。并且,在增強(qiáng)子靶基因的KEGG分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)其靶基因顯著參與腫瘤相關(guān)的信號通路,如MAPK信號通路(在腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用)、TNF信號通路(調(diào)控腫瘤內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞因子活性)和癌癥中的通路等(表2)。

2.6 結(jié)論

本研究整合了3種組蛋白修飾(H3K27ac、H3K4me1和H3K4me3)數(shù)據(jù)及DNaseⅠ高敏位點(diǎn)DHS信號,預(yù)測了2254個增強(qiáng)子,并獲得1432個增強(qiáng)子的靶基因,結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù),獲得可能調(diào)控增強(qiáng)子的135個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子及9983個轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。在對增強(qiáng)子的保守性分析中獲得了HepG2中的增強(qiáng)子可能發(fā)揮功能元件作用的C-T/C-T/C-T-G模式的motif。通過靶基因的表達(dá)量分析,表明預(yù)測得到的增強(qiáng)子能顯著正調(diào)控基因表達(dá)。增強(qiáng)子的高GC含量意味著增強(qiáng)子存在潛在的甲基化調(diào)控模式,這與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展高度相關(guān)。對增強(qiáng)子的功能分析表明增強(qiáng)子發(fā)揮增強(qiáng)子已知的普遍功能,如蛋白結(jié)合、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ結(jié)合等,其靶基因顯著參與腫瘤相關(guān)的生物進(jìn)程及信號通路。這些結(jié)果將為進(jìn)一步研究肝細(xì)胞癌的基因調(diào)控及功能提供理論依據(jù)。

表1 增強(qiáng)子靶基因參與的腫瘤相關(guān)生物進(jìn)程

表2 增強(qiáng)子靶基因參與的腫瘤相關(guān)KEGG信號通路

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Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of Enhancers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2

DING Ruo-Fan1,LI Yu-Peng1,ZHANG Yi-Ming1,ZHU Xiao-Dong1,HU Hai-Bi1,LIU Wen-Rong1,LI Ling2,GUO Zhi-Yun2*
1.School of Life Science and Engineering,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031;2.Department of Pathology,Third People's Hospital,Chengdu 610031;China
*Corresponding author,E-mail:zhiyunguo@gmail.com

Objective:To resolve the enhancer regulation network of hepatoma cell,the enhancers were identi?fied by integrating the features of the enhancers in the hepatoma cell HepG2,and GC content,regulation of tran?scription factors,identification of target genes and functional enrichment were analyzed.Methods:Enhancers in HepG2 were predicted by integrating Chip-seq data of histone modifications H3K27ac,H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 and of DNaseⅠ hyper-sensitivity sites.The average PhastCons score and GC content of each enhancer were calcu?lated to assess the conservation and GC content of the overall enhancers.ENCODE transcription factor bindingsites data were integrated to search for transcription factor-enhancer regulation.The enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathway was performed by using GREAT and DAVID on enhancers and the target genes of enhancers respectively.Results:A total of 2254 enhancers in HepG2 were predicted,and 1432 target genes of enhancers,135 transcription factors and 9983 transcription factor binding sites of enhancers were obtained.The enhancers in HepG2 significantly promoted the expression of target genes by comparing with random regions.The analysis of conservation and GC content showed that the enhancers were significantly conserved and had a remarkably high GC content,and the motif of enhancer was C-T/C-T/C-T-G.The analysis of the function enrichment of GO and KEGG pathway of enhancers showed that the target genes of enhancers were involved in cell proliferation,cell apoptosis,regulation of cell cycle and cell migration and other tumor related biological processes and signaling pathways.Conclusion:Enhancers in HepG2 were significantly conserved and had a remarkable high GC content enrichment,and they were regulated by a variety of transcription factors and played a positive role in regulation on their target genes,and were significantly enriched in tumor-related biological processes and signaling pathways.

enhancer;hepatocellular carcinoma;Chip-seq;histone modification

Q751;Q811.4

A

1009-0002(2017)04-0455-05

2017-02-10

中央高?;究蒲袠I(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)(2682016YXZT04);國家大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新性實(shí)驗(yàn)計劃(201610613066);四川省大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計劃(2016095)

丁若凡(1991- ),男,碩士研究生,(E-mail)dingruofan1@foxmail.com

郭志云,(E-mail)zhiyunguo@gmail.com

10.3969/j.issn.1009-0002.2017.04.010

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