欒響 袁志香
[摘 要] 目的:分析胃腸道術(shù)后腸瘺不同治療方式的預后,總結(jié)治療體會。方法:整理2013年10月至2017年2月74例胃腸道術(shù)后腸瘺患者臨床資料,對其腸瘺位置、腸瘺類型、治療方法及預后情況進行回顧性分析,總結(jié)胃腸道術(shù)后腸瘺治療方式及治療時機的選擇策略。結(jié)果:患者腸瘺位置以低位瘺為主,占52.70%,其腸瘺形狀、腸瘺數(shù)量、腸瘺流量分別以管狀瘺、單發(fā)瘺、高流量瘺為主;患者腸瘺均于胃腸道術(shù)后2~14 d內(nèi)發(fā)生,平均發(fā)生時間為(7.84±2.21)d,其中56例(75.68%)患者腸瘺發(fā)生于術(shù)后7~9 d。早期手術(shù)組住院時間最短,其次為晚期手術(shù)組,保守治療組住院時間最長,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),各組患者腸瘺復發(fā)率、治愈率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:確定性手術(shù)治療胃腸道術(shù)后腸瘺的安全性良好,且可明顯縮短住院時間,應全面評估患者手術(shù)指證,適時開展確定性手術(shù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃腸道手術(shù);腸瘺;預后
中圖分類號:R656.6 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2017)05-004-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201705002
The treatment and prognosis on the intestinal fistula following gastrointestinal tract operation LUAN Xiang, YUAN Zhixiang. (Department of General Surgery,Chengyang Peoples Hospital, Qingdao 266109, china)
[Abstract] Objective: The object of this study was to analyze the prognosis of different treatment on intestinal fistula following gastrointestinal tract operation and summarize the clinical experience. Methods: A total of 74 intestinal fistula clinical data between October 2013 and February were collected. The sites, types, treatment and prognosis of their intestinal fistula were retrospectively analyzed. Finally, the strategy on the treatment and its timing of intestinal fistula were summarized. Results: The low fistula accounted for the most in intestinal fistula site (52.70%). The shape, number and flow intestinal fistula were respectively dominated by the tube-shaped, single fistula and high flow; the intestinal fistula of all patients were occurred 2~14 days after gastrointestinal tract operation and the average time point was (7.84±2.21)days, of which 56 (75.68%) were occurred 7~9 days after gastrointestinal tract operation. The duration of hospitalization of early operation group was the shortest, followed by late operation group while the conservative treatment group was the longest, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The differences of recurrence rate and curative rate between these groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusions: The definitive operative treatment is of higher security and shortens the length of hospitalization, which should be duly carried out.
[Key words] gastrointestinal tract operation; intestinal fistula; prognosis
腸瘺是指胃腸道與其他空腔臟器、體腔或體腔外的異常通道,腸內(nèi)容物可經(jīng)由此通道進入其他臟器或體外,引發(fā)感染、體液丟失、穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡、器官功能不全等病理生理改變[1]。腸瘺為胃腸道術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥[2],有中心認為,早期充分引流、控制腹腔感染、營養(yǎng)支持等保守治療,可將腸瘺確定性手術(shù)的成功率提升至80%~90%[3],但也有中心傾向于腸瘺發(fā)生早期開展確定性手術(shù)[4]。此次研究回顧了74例患者資料,以明確胃腸道術(shù)后腸瘺的治療方式及治療時機。
1 資料與方法endprint
1.1 一般資料
整理我院2013年10月至2017年2月收治的74例胃腸道術(shù)后腸瘺患者臨床資料,進行回顧性分析?;颊呔邮芪改c道手術(shù),經(jīng)術(shù)后腹腔CT、消化道造影等影像學檢查及腹腔引流液、瘺口流出液等實驗室檢查明確腸瘺診斷且臨床資料保存完整;排除合并食管瘺、胰瘺、膽瘺、肛周瘺者。74例患者中,男55例,女19例,年齡35~76歲,平均(46.19±8.34)歲。
1.2 治療方案
74例患者均于確診后接受腸瘺血紅蛋白水平、生化參數(shù)常規(guī)監(jiān)測,其中血紅蛋白、血糖、尿素、電解質(zhì)每隔2 d檢測1次,肝腎功能每7 d檢測1次,必要時重復行B超、CT、消化道造影等影像學檢查[5]。保守治療方案為:1)瘺口局部處理:清除溢出腸液,去除瘺口周圍敷料,使用專用烤燈烘烤瘺口局部以保持清潔干燥,必要時使用吸引器;2)引流、感染控制:經(jīng)腹部切口、原引流管或行非確定性手術(shù)置入引流管,持續(xù)滴注灌洗、負壓引流,及時引出瘺口溢出腸液,瘺口皮膚使用氧化鋅軟膏保護;3)營養(yǎng)支持:腸外瘺確診早期予以全胃腸外營養(yǎng),根據(jù)瘺口引流量變化,待患者引流量明顯降低、感染得到有效控制且可見竇道形成后,即由腸外營養(yǎng)逐漸過渡至完全腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng);4)控制腸液溢出量:使用微量泵泵入生長抑素,持續(xù)7~14 d,待腸液減少、感染控制、營養(yǎng)良好、瘺口可見肉芽組織生長且營養(yǎng)支持方式轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟c內(nèi)營養(yǎng)后,加用生長激素直至瘺口完全愈合;5)臟器功能維持:及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理休克、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、心功能不全等并發(fā)癥,盡量避免多器官功能障礙綜合征的發(fā)生;6)瘺口封堵:對于瘺以下腸襻通暢、瘺口可控、周圍組織牢固(管狀瘺)、愈合良好(唇狀瘺)且感染控制者,可使用補片、粘合膠行外側(cè)封堵,或使用內(nèi)堵片、蛋白膠行內(nèi)側(cè)封堵[6-8]。
45例患者接受確定性手術(shù)治療,其中18例手術(shù)范圍偏小、感染局限且粘連較輕,于腸瘺發(fā)生后14 d內(nèi)接受早期手術(shù),其余27例手術(shù)范圍較大、感染廣泛且粘連較重,于腸瘺發(fā)生后15~90 d內(nèi)接受晚期手術(shù)[8]。
治愈判定標準[10]:1)腹部瘺口及切口均愈合,未見腸液分泌;2)各項實驗室指標檢查結(jié)果恢復正常范圍,全身情況較好;3)胃腸道功能恢復,可正常進食,無需腸內(nèi)或腸外營養(yǎng)支持;4)腹部影像學檢查未見明顯瘺口。符合上述全部4條標準即可判定為治愈。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學分析
腸瘺復發(fā)率、治愈率以(n/%)表示,并采用χ2檢驗,住院時間以(x±s)表示,并采用t檢驗,SPSS18.0進行分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
患者腸瘺均于胃腸道術(shù)后2~14 d內(nèi)發(fā)生,平均發(fā)生時間為(7.84±2.21)d,其中56例(75.68%)患者腸瘺發(fā)生于術(shù)后7~9 d?;颊吣c瘺位置以低位瘺為主,占52.70%,其腸瘺形狀、腸瘺數(shù)量、腸瘺流量分別以管狀瘺、單發(fā)瘺、高流量瘺為主,見表1。
早期手術(shù)組住院時間最短,其次為晚期手術(shù)組,保守治療組住院時間最長,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),各組患者腸瘺復發(fā)率、治愈率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表2。
3 討論
胃腸道手術(shù)后發(fā)生腸瘺原因包括吻合口愈合不良、腸管誤傷、切口裂開或腹壁缺損、腹腔感染、腸壁壓迫穿孔等[11]。本研究75.68%的患者腸瘺發(fā)生于術(shù)后7~9 d,即考慮與吻合口周圍炎性水腫逐漸向局限性腹膜炎、腹腔內(nèi)膿腫的進展有關(guān)。腸瘺處置困難、預后差、病死率高,給臨床醫(yī)生和患者自身均帶來了較大挑戰(zhàn)。導致患者死亡率較高的主要原因為敗血癥、營養(yǎng)不良和水電解質(zhì)紊亂的發(fā)生[12]。
20世紀70年代前,臨床對于腸瘺的認識近似于腸破裂、腸穿孔,故治療首選方案為手術(shù)修補,但多數(shù)患者瘺口周圍感染嚴重、局部水腫明顯且往往伴有較差的營養(yǎng)狀態(tài),超早期手術(shù)治療難以避免瘺口再破潰,患者復發(fā)率高達60%~80%[13]。隨著臨床關(guān)于腸瘺病理生理改變的深入了解,研究證實,在早期充分引流、控制腹腔感染、營養(yǎng)支持等保守治療3個月后,行確定性手術(shù)治療,可將外科手術(shù)失敗率降低至10%~20%[14]。然而,也有學者認為,該方案治療耗時久、患者醫(yī)療費用負擔較高,故于更早的時間點開展確定性手術(shù),對于改善患者預后質(zhì)量具有更為積極的作用[15]。
在本次研究74例患者中,60.81%的患者接受手術(shù)治療,其治愈率達到80.00%,且腸瘺復發(fā)率控制在13.33%,顯現(xiàn)出確定性手術(shù)可靠的安全性與良好的治療效果,而且確定性手術(shù)能夠明顯縮短治療周期,尤其是在腸瘺發(fā)生后14 d以內(nèi),待腹腔粘連可以分離時,行早期手術(shù)能夠進一步縮短住院時間,且對腸瘺復發(fā)率、治愈率無明顯不良影響。隨著臨床營養(yǎng)支持技術(shù)的不斷改進、感染控制的成熟、引流器材的更新及抑制胃腸道分泌藥物的應用,越來越多的患者腹腔粘連可得到早期控制,瘺口自行愈合時間明顯縮短,有利于早期確定性手術(shù)開展[16]。當前腸瘺治療的原則為“引流、等待、再手術(shù)”,即首先實施保守治療,爭取瘺口自行愈合,若患者2周內(nèi)仍未見瘺口明顯愈合,但腹腔粘連緊密性已明顯下降,此時術(shù)中無需鈍性分離,手術(shù)操作一般不會造成腸管漿膜層損傷,且可徹底清除腹腔內(nèi)感染灶,更有利于吻合口的愈合[17]。因此,對于無嚴重腹腔感染、無其他嚴重并發(fā)癥、無嚴重臟器功能障礙、無嚴重營養(yǎng)不良者,可考慮行早期確定性手術(shù)。若患者不符合早期確定性手術(shù)適應證,但存在其他影響愈合的不良因素,仍應在腹腔感染控制、炎癥消退及營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)改善后,盡早開展確定性手術(shù)[18]。
參 考 文 獻
[1] Katayama H, Kurokawa Y, Nakamura K, et al. Extended Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: Japan Clinical Oncology Group postoperative complications criteria[J]. Surg Today, 2016, 46(6): 668-685.endprint
[2] Nockolds C L, Hodde J P, Rooney P S. Abdominal wall reconstruction with components separation and mesh reinforcement in complex hernia repair[J]. BMC Surg, 2014, 14(1): 25.
[3] Connolly P T, Teubner A, Lees N P, et al. Outcome of reconstructive surgery for intestinal fistula in the open abdomen[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(3):440-444.
[4] Allen P J, G?nen M, Brennan M F, et al. Pasireotide for postoperative pancreatic fistula[J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 370(21): 2014-2022.
[5] Maggiori L, Khayat A, Treton X, et al. Laparoscopic approach for inflammatory bowel disease is a real alternative to open surgery: an experience with 574 consecutive patients[J]. Ann Surg, 2014, 260(2): 305-310.
[6] Graham J A. Conservative treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas[J]. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1977, 144(4):512-4.
[7] Slater N J, Bokkerink W J V, Konijn V, et al. Safety and durability of one-stage repair of abdominal wall defects with enteric fistulas[J]. Ann Surg, 2015, 261(3): 553-557.
[8] Mennigen R, Senninger N, Laukoetter M G. Novel treatment options for perforations of the upper gastrointestinal tract: endoscopic vacuum therapy and over-the-scope clips[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(24): 7767.
[9] Mercky P, Gonzalez J M, Aimore Bonin E, et al. Usefulness of over the scope clipping system for closing digestive fistulas[J]. Dig Endosc, 2015, 27(1): 18-24.
[10] Pugh J I. On the pathology and behaviour of acquired non-traumatic vesico-intestinal fistula.[J]. Br J Surg, 2010, 51(9):644-657.
[11] Valle S J, Alzahrani N, Alzahrani S, et al. Enterocutaneous fistula in patients with peritoneal malignancy following cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Incidence, management and outcomes[J]. Surg Oncol, 2016, 25(3): 315-320.
[12] Panici P B, Di Donato V, Fischetti M, et al. Predictors of postoperative morbidity after cytoreduction for advanced ovarian cancer: Analysis and management of complications in upper abdominal surgery[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2015, 137(3): 406-411.
[13] Gupta M, Sonar P, Kakodkar R, et al. Small bowel enterocutaneous fistulae: the merits of early surgery[J]. Indian J Surg, 2008, 70(6):303-307.
[14] Weniger M, DHaese J G, Angele M K, et al. Treatment options for chylous ascites after major abdominal surgery: a systematic review[J]. Am J Surg, 2016, 211(1): 206-213.
[15] Timmermans L, de Goede B, van Dijk S M, et al. Meta-analysis of sublay versus onlay mesh repair in incisional hernia surgery[J]. Am J Surg, 2014, 207(6): 980-988.
[16] Addeo P, Delpero J R, Paye F, et al. Pancreatic fistula after a pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma and its association with morbidity: a multicentre study of the French Surgical Association[J]. HPB, 2014, 16(1): 46-55.
[17] Malleo G, Pulvirenti A, Marchegiani G, et al. Diagnosis and management of postoperative pancreatic fistula[J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2014, 399(7): 801-810.
[18] Osland E, Yunus R M, Khan S, et al. Postoperative early major and minor complications in laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (LVSG) versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) procedures: a meta-analysis and systematic review[J]. Obes Surg, 2016, 26(10): 2273-2284.endprint