楊文泰綜述,陳建勇審校
(江西省人民醫(yī)院消化科,南昌 330000)
幽門螺桿菌 (Hp)感染被認(rèn)為與胃疾病如炎癥、萎縮、潰瘍和癌癥有關(guān)[1]。目前,胃鏡檢查被公認(rèn)為診斷胃病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但是胃鏡檢查作為常規(guī)體檢方式是行不通的,它是一種侵入性的和潛在痛苦的操作。然而,血清學(xué)檢測作為非侵入性的手段可以鑒別出胃部疾病高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,再選擇性內(nèi)鏡檢查是更為可行的方法。胃蛋白酶原(Pepsinogen,PG)是胃蛋白酶的無活性前體,包括胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)和胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ),血清 PGⅠ由胃底腺主細(xì)胞和黏液頸細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,而PGⅡ是由賁門腺、胃底腺、幽門腺和近端十二指腸布魯納腺體細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生[2]。血清PG大部分分泌到胃腔,在胃酸的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化成胃蛋白酶,起到消化食物的作用,只有大約1%進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)。血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平能準(zhǔn)確地反映胃黏膜功能與組織學(xué)狀態(tài),胃黏膜活躍的炎癥引起PG增加,胃體部分的萎縮與PGⅠ降低有關(guān),PGⅠ和PGⅡ之間的比值(PGⅠ/PGⅡ)被認(rèn)為是胃體萎縮更好的標(biāo)記物[3]。因此,血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ可用于胃疾病的篩查,為提高廣大臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)胃蛋白酶原的認(rèn)識(shí),本文將對(duì)胃蛋白酶原與幽門螺桿菌、萎縮性胃炎、胃癌的關(guān)系進(jìn)行綜述。
眾所周知,Hp感染導(dǎo)致萎縮性胃炎和胃癌的發(fā)生。Hp引起的胃炎患者血清PG增加,Hp清除后PG快速下降[4]。幾項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告了Hp感染與血清學(xué)參數(shù)之間的關(guān)系。例如,Sun等的研究表明Hp陽性患者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平顯著較高,而PGⅠ/PGⅡ明顯低于那些沒有感染Hp的人[5]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示Hp感染與PG升高顯著相關(guān),尤其是PGⅡ,而與未感染Hp者相比,PGⅠ/PGⅡ降低[6]。目前,還沒有關(guān)于胃功能指標(biāo)變化表明Hp感染狀態(tài)的報(bào)告。一般來說,Hp清除后,血漿PGI和PGⅡ水平減少,PGⅡ比PGI減少更為明顯,因此PGⅠ/PGⅡ增加[7]。然而,關(guān)于Hp根除后胃生物標(biāo)志物動(dòng)態(tài)變化的長期數(shù)據(jù)很少,我們不知道Hp陰性消化不良患者PG和胃泌素是否能恢復(fù)正常水平。一般來說,在幽門螺桿菌根除1個(gè)月后PGⅡ下降[8]。而PGI水平下降出現(xiàn)在6個(gè)月內(nèi)[9],這已被大家接受。另外,目前對(duì)于胃蛋白酶原是否能作為一種無創(chuàng)的評(píng)價(jià)Hp根除效果的血清學(xué)指標(biāo),國內(nèi)外有大量研究,但研究結(jié)果并不完全一致。Gatta等[10]建議,Hp根除治療8周后PGⅡ水平是Hp成功根除的可靠標(biāo)志,他們使用的最佳截?cái)嘀?<22.7ng/ml)檢測幽門螺桿菌成功根除的靈敏度為100%,特異性為96.6%,而他們?cè)u(píng)價(jià)的其他標(biāo)記(PGⅠ、胃泌素-17)沒有給出可接受的結(jié)果。PGⅡ水平的下降可能不會(huì)作為治療完成4周后確定幽門螺桿菌根除成功一種可靠的標(biāo)記物,為了避免治療對(duì)炎癥的影響所造成的潛在偏倚,應(yīng)在根除治療后幾個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)測量PGⅠ/PGⅡ[9]。
萎縮性胃炎以胃內(nèi)特殊細(xì)胞和腺體的喪失為特征,是導(dǎo)致胃腺癌的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的第一步[11]。萎縮性胃炎的確診的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是胃鏡與活檢標(biāo)本的組織學(xué)檢查。然而,由于后者是隨機(jī)進(jìn)行的,而萎縮性胃炎的分布通常是片狀的,組織學(xué)僅代表黏膜狀態(tài)??紤]此限制,以測量血中PGⅠ和PGⅡ的濃度,胃泌素-17和幽門螺桿菌抗體的胃功能實(shí)驗(yàn),已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一個(gè)潛在的非侵入性活檢,胃萎縮可通過組織學(xué)檢查和血清PG確診。大多數(shù)的研究表明,低水平的血清PGⅠ和低水平PGⅠ/PGⅡ是萎縮性胃炎的指標(biāo)[12]。胃體萎縮性胃炎定義為血清PGⅠ/PGⅡ<3,血清 PGⅠ水平<70ng/ml[13]。 盡管內(nèi)鏡、組織學(xué)、血清學(xué)和萎縮性胃炎有很好的相關(guān)性,胃體萎縮的存在并不總是與內(nèi)鏡表現(xiàn)相一致。當(dāng)萎縮性胃炎在組織學(xué)上進(jìn)展時(shí),血清PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ降低。同樣,當(dāng)萎縮程度加重時(shí),血清PGⅠ/PGⅡ降低。中度或重度萎縮性胃炎患者PGⅠ/PGⅡ顯著低于輕度萎縮性胃炎者[14]。
萎縮和腸上皮化生的胃炎在日本更為普遍和嚴(yán)重[15,16]。PGⅠ≤70ng/ml、PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤3 被用于診斷廣泛萎縮性胃炎的特異度、敏感度為80%和70%[17]。由于不同的遺傳背景、不同的ELISA試劑盒和不同的截止值用于評(píng)估胃黏膜萎縮,導(dǎo)致這些研究結(jié)果之間的不一致[18]。根據(jù)中國人群萎縮性胃炎的研究,我們一般用PGⅠ≤82.3μg/L和PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤6.05作為診斷的界值[19]。在瑞典的一項(xiàng)研究,976例患者接受內(nèi)鏡活檢和血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ測量,這些標(biāo)志物診斷胃體萎縮性胃炎的敏感度和特異度分別為71%和98%[20]。在瑞典的另一項(xiàng)研究,Hp抗體和PGⅠ的測定診斷萎縮性胃炎的靈敏性和特異性分別為98%和84%[21]。歐洲的一項(xiàng)研究表明,PGⅠ/PGⅡ的值≤4.7診斷胃體為主萎縮性胃炎的敏感度和特異度為77.1%和87.4%[22]。
盡管西方國家的胃癌有所下降,但它仍然是亞洲國家癌癥相關(guān)死亡的主要原因[23]。PG是用來識(shí)別萎縮性胃炎,其在診斷胃癌的潛在效用已被眾多研究證明。在日本,PG檢測已經(jīng)成為一種無創(chuàng)性的胃癌篩查項(xiàng)目。PG的測量可以作為一種非侵入性的方式檢測胃黏膜萎縮或腸化生,這有助于降低胃癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率。此外,PG對(duì)單個(gè)癌檢測的成本遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于常規(guī)篩查[24]。然而,只有少數(shù)的薈萃分析對(duì)PG預(yù)測胃癌和胃癌的癌前病變的精度是可用的。一些前瞻性研究顯示Hp抗體和PG與胃癌進(jìn)展密切相關(guān),Hp抗體和PG聯(lián)合檢測是胃癌發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要預(yù)測指標(biāo)。Miki和一些研究人員提出聯(lián)合檢測抗幽門螺桿菌抗體和血清PG水平即ABC法用于篩查胃癌,這個(gè)ABC法是根據(jù)血清抗Hp抗體和血清PG水平分類的,分為A 組 Hp(-)PG(-)、B 組 Hp(+)PG(-)、C 組 Hp(+)PG(+)、D 組 Hp(-)PG(+)[2]。發(fā)生胃癌可能性最小的是 A 組,最大的是 D 組[25,26]。
有大量的研究證據(jù)支持血清PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ水平與胃黏膜形態(tài)學(xué)和功能變化有很好的相關(guān)性,血清PG測定可在胃癌的篩查中起作用。在日本的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于胃癌和對(duì)照組的研究中,PGⅠ≤50ng/ml,PGⅠ/PGⅡ<3診斷胃癌的敏感性、特異性和準(zhǔn)確度分別為55%、75%和72%[27]。在Portugal的一項(xiàng)研究,通過對(duì)13118參與者設(shè)定截?cái)嘀礟GⅠ≤70ng/ml,PGⅠ/PGⅡ<3,446 例有陽性試驗(yàn) (3.4%),通過對(duì)274例陽性試驗(yàn)的患者進(jìn)行內(nèi)鏡檢查,9例患者患胃癌,240例陰性試驗(yàn)的患者中只有3例發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌,靈敏度、特異度、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值分別為67%、47%、2%和99%[28]。伊朗北部81例有癥狀的胃癌患者只有42例 (51.8%)血清PGⅠ>70ng/ml和PGⅠ/PGⅡ>5[29]。而以日本人群為基礎(chǔ)為期14年的隊(duì)列研究顯示2742例40歲以上居民中有97例發(fā)展成有癥狀的癌癥,這些有早期癥狀患者中,61例(62.8%)PGⅠ水平<70ng/ml和 PGⅠ/PGⅡ<3[30]。因此,血清PG可以很好地預(yù)測胃癌。在一項(xiàng)基于42例個(gè)體研究的薈萃分析中,PGⅠ≤70ng/ml,PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤3,預(yù)測胃癌的敏感性為77%,假陽性率為27%,陽性預(yù)測值介于0.77%和1.25%,陰性預(yù)測值介于99%和99.9%[31]。研究表明血清標(biāo)記物的檢測對(duì)于無癥狀胃癌的檢測是有用的,但血清生物標(biāo)志物正常的胃癌患者仍然無法識(shí)別。
關(guān)于血清PG水平與胃潰瘍病變的關(guān)系,目前研究結(jié)果有所差別,這可能與人群本身的差異、檢測方法及飲食的因素的干擾有關(guān)。有研究報(bào)道胃潰瘍患者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平顯著升高。胃潰瘍患者PGⅠ、PGⅡ的升高與胃潰瘍患者胃酸分泌增多,導(dǎo)致血清PG分泌增加,及胃粘膜通透性增加,PG大量進(jìn)入血液有關(guān),因此,血清PG的可作為胃潰瘍的血清標(biāo)志物。另外胃潰瘍患者的血清PGⅠ的水平與胃潰瘍的分期及病變部位有關(guān),處于活動(dòng)期或愈合期的胃體和胃角潰瘍患者的血清PGⅠ水平要明顯高于處于瘢痕期的潰瘍。
綜上所述,血清PG水平與胃部疾病明顯相關(guān),它可在一定程度上提示某種胃病的存在。雖然血清PG應(yīng)用于胃部疾病診斷和篩查的界值尚未完全統(tǒng)一,但是,大量臨床試驗(yàn)已證明胃蛋白酶原能反映胃黏膜的功能狀態(tài),可用于胃部疾病的篩查和診斷,并且,相對(duì)于胃鏡檢查而言,其具有廉價(jià)、無創(chuàng)、簡便的優(yōu)點(diǎn),因而適用于大規(guī)模人群的胃部疾病的篩查。
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