高 倩,李 瑾,馮爵榮,王 帆,林 雪,向 莉,張 林
武漢大學(xué)中南醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科 湖北省腸病醫(yī)學(xué)臨床研究中心 武漢大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,湖北 武漢 430071
潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)是一種胃腸道的慢性炎癥,主要臨床表現(xiàn)為血便、腹痛及胃腸外表現(xiàn)[1],在過(guò)去20年間[2],UC發(fā)病率持續(xù)升高,由于頻繁的復(fù)發(fā)、藥物療效有限及面臨手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等原因[3-4],大部分患者生活質(zhì)量低下,且承擔(dān)著高昂的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用[5-7]。但現(xiàn)在病因仍未明確,越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)[8]表明,飲食習(xí)慣參與了UC 的發(fā)病過(guò)程, LI 等[9]的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,進(jìn)食蔬菜、水果可以降低UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.58~0.88;OR=0.69, 95%CI:0.49~0.96),高膳食纖維飲食也可降低UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=0.80,95%CI:0.64~1.00),盡管既往關(guān)于飲料與UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)系的流行病學(xué)研究結(jié)論不一致,也沒(méi)有Meta分析評(píng)估它們之間的關(guān)系,但西化的生活方式可能與UC發(fā)病率升高相關(guān),飲料作為西化生活重要的一部分,可能與UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。因此,我們做了這篇Meta分析探索飲料與UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系。
1.1檢索策略在PubMed (Medline)、 Embase 和Cochrane Library數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)使用關(guān)鍵詞:“beverage”、“tea”、“alcohol”、“wine”、“beer”、“l(fā)iquor”、“coffee”、“soda”、“soft drinks”、“diet”、“environmental factor”, “risk factor” 結(jié)合“inflammatory bowel disease”、“ulcerative colitis”、“IBD” 和“UC”,檢索截至2016年10月1日的相關(guān)研究,我們也瀏覽了相關(guān)研究的參考文獻(xiàn)中的研究、綜述及未被檢索到的Meta分析。
1.2納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所有研究均由2位調(diào)查人員獨(dú)立審閱,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):已經(jīng)見(jiàn)刊的觀察性研究,包括至少一種飲料(茶、酒、咖啡、軟飲料)的飲用量信息;評(píng)估這些飲料飲用量與UC發(fā)病率的關(guān)系;給出相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)或比值比(OR)和95%CI;排除無(wú)法獲得全文的文章。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)提取和質(zhì)量評(píng)估我們從納入的研究中提取作者、發(fā)表日期、研究地點(diǎn)、試驗(yàn)類(lèi)型、試驗(yàn)組及對(duì)照組病例數(shù)、調(diào)查方式、飲料類(lèi)型、效應(yīng)量(大量飲用組和少量飲用組間的RR或OR)及95%CI、協(xié)變量。
我們選用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS)[10]來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)納入研究的質(zhì)量,該方法包含9個(gè)項(xiàng)目,每個(gè)項(xiàng)目記1分。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析由于UC 的發(fā)病率很低,在此Meta分析中,OR近似于RR[11],計(jì)算大量飲用組和少量飲用組間的RR值作為效應(yīng)量,用Q檢驗(yàn)和I2評(píng)價(jià)研究間的異質(zhì)性[12],當(dāng)異質(zhì)性可以忽略時(shí)(I2<50%),選用固定效應(yīng)模型[13],反之選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型[14],在SAMUELSSON等[15]的研究中,啤酒、紅酒和蒸餾酒的OR值是分開(kāi)統(tǒng)計(jì)的,最后為了進(jìn)一步研究將其綜合起來(lái)。Meta回歸分析用于在各個(gè)協(xié)變量中探索異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源,使用亞組分析分別探究亞洲人種、高加索人種飲料飲用量與UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系,敏感性分析通過(guò)依次剔除各個(gè)研究來(lái)反映個(gè)體數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)綜合結(jié)果的影響,同時(shí)Egger’s檢驗(yàn)用于分析報(bào)告偏倚[16]。采用Stata SE12.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1檢索結(jié)果和研究特征按照檢索策略共檢索到12 156篇文獻(xiàn),根據(jù)納入、排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)剔除重復(fù)發(fā)表文章6 063篇,閱讀摘要后剔除6 070篇,篩選全文23篇,最終納入13篇文獻(xiàn)(其中3篇結(jié)果與本文關(guān)注點(diǎn)不相等,3篇未做文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)估,2篇缺乏健康對(duì)照組,1篇入選IBD患者,1篇為綜述)。在13項(xiàng)研究中,只有1項(xiàng)是隊(duì)列研究,剩余的12項(xiàng)均為病例對(duì)照研究。在12項(xiàng)病例對(duì)照研究中,8項(xiàng)來(lái)源于人群,3項(xiàng)來(lái)源于醫(yī)院,1項(xiàng)來(lái)源于人群和醫(yī)院,共有3 246例UC患者和5 494例病例對(duì)照。13項(xiàng)研究的基本特點(diǎn)如表1所示,研究質(zhì)量評(píng)分5~8分,平均6.54分。
表1 納入研究的基本特點(diǎn)Tab 1 The characteristics of included studies
續(xù)表1
作者年份研究地點(diǎn)隨訪時(shí)間研究類(lèi)型試驗(yàn)組病例數(shù)對(duì)照組病例數(shù)調(diào)查方式飲料類(lèi)型飲用量(大量vs少量)ORorRR(95%CI)協(xié)變量 質(zhì)量評(píng)分HANSEN等[25]2011丹麥2003-2004年基于醫(yī)院的病例對(duì)照研究144267問(wèn)卷咖啡≥3杯/dvs<3杯/d0.89(0.52~1.53)年齡、性別6JAKOBSEN等[26]2013丹麥2007-2009年基于人群的病例對(duì)照研究56477問(wèn)卷軟飲料≥4次/周vs≤3次/周3.3(1.0~10.1) —7WANG等[27]2013中國(guó)2007-2010年基于人群的病例對(duì)照研究13081308問(wèn)卷酒精性飲料、茶3-6次/周vs0次/周1.453(1.122~1.882)0.738(0.591~0.922)年齡、性別7NG等[28]2015亞澳地區(qū)2011-2013年基于人群的病例對(duì)照研究256940問(wèn)卷軟飲料、咖啡、茶≥2次/周vs<2次/周1次/dvs0次/d≥2次/周vs<2次/周亞洲1.432(0.742~2.762)0.508(0.361~0.716)0.632(0.464~0.862)亞洲和澳洲1.553(0.831~2.899)0.490(0.350~0.686)0.630(0.465~0.853)年齡、性別、城市、收入7
2.2酒精性飲料6項(xiàng)研究觀察飲酒量和UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系,大量飲酒組與少量飲酒組間總RR為0.95(95%CI: 0.72~1.26,I2=65.7%,P異質(zhì)性=0.012),顯示二者之間無(wú)明顯相關(guān),考慮到研究間的高異質(zhì)性,使用Meta回歸分析研究異質(zhì)性與發(fā)表日期、研究地點(diǎn)、病例數(shù)、研究類(lèi)型、調(diào)查方式、吸煙、質(zhì)量評(píng)分之間的關(guān)系,均未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)。使用敏感性分析剔除單項(xiàng)研究后重新計(jì)算RR值較前無(wú)明顯變化,范圍從0.83(95%CI:0.61~1.12)到 1.05(95%CI: 0.82~1.35)。Egger檢驗(yàn)未發(fā)現(xiàn)報(bào)告偏倚(P=0.810)。將研究分為亞洲人種、高加索人種兩個(gè)亞組,發(fā)現(xiàn)亞洲人種中,大量飲酒較少量飲酒增加UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (RR=1.33,95%CI:1.05~1.69),但在高加索人種中未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)(RR=0.80,95%CI:0.51~1.24)(見(jiàn)圖1、表2)。
圖1 關(guān)于酒精性飲料飲用量和UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性的森林圖Fig 1 Forest plot of alcohol consumption and the risk of UC for high vs low intake
2.3咖啡6項(xiàng)研究評(píng)估咖啡飲用量與UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)間的聯(lián)系,大量飲用組與少量飲用組間的總RR值為0.58(95%CI:0.33~1.05,I2=87.5%,P異質(zhì)性<0.001),說(shuō)明大量飲用咖啡可能降低UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(見(jiàn)圖2)。考慮到兩研究間的高異質(zhì)性,使用Meta回歸及敏感性分析,在Meta回歸分析中,沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)與異質(zhì)性相關(guān)的因素,在敏感性分析中,兩項(xiàng)研究(BOYKO等和 RUSSEL等)發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于異質(zhì)性的形成。在進(jìn)一步排除了這兩項(xiàng)研究后,高異質(zhì)性仍存在,總RR值為0.41(95%CI:0.22~0.74)。 Egger并沒(méi)有反映出明顯的報(bào)告偏倚(P=0.566)。
圖2 關(guān)于咖啡飲用量和UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性的森林圖Fig 2 Forest plot of coffee consumption and the risk of UC for high vs low intake
2.4軟飲料5項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道了軟飲料飲用量和UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)間的聯(lián)系。將關(guān)于可樂(lè)的研究納入后,大量飲用組較少量飲用組的總RR值為1.66(95%CI:1.27~2.19,I2=12.9%,P異質(zhì)性=0.332) , 剔除該研究后的總RR值為1.75(95%CI:1.17~2.61,I2=33.2%,P異質(zhì)性=0.213),說(shuō)明大量飲用軟飲料可增加UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(見(jiàn)圖3)。在亞組分析中,高加索人群軟飲料飲用量與UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)(RR=1.84,95%CI:1.32~2.57),但亞洲人群中未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān) (RR=1.27,95%CI:0.78~2.08)(見(jiàn)表2)。
圖3 關(guān)于軟飲料飲用量與UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性的森林圖Fig 3 Forest plot of the consumption of soft drinks and the risk of UC for high vs low intake
2.5茶2項(xiàng)研究評(píng)估了發(fā)生UC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與茶飲用量之間的關(guān)系。2項(xiàng)研究對(duì)象均為亞洲人群,大量飲用和少量飲用組間的總RR值為0.70(95%CI:0.58~0.84,I2=0,P異質(zhì)性=0.425),說(shuō)明大量飲茶可降低UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(見(jiàn)表2)。
表2 亞洲人種及高加索人種中飲料飲用量與UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的相關(guān)性Tab 2 Beverage consumption and the risk of UC in Asian and Caucasian cohorts
本研究評(píng)價(jià)了最常見(jiàn)的4種飲料類(lèi)型(酒精性飲料、咖啡、軟飲料和茶)。就酒精性飲料而言,其飲用量與UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并無(wú)明顯相關(guān),但在亞洲人群中明顯相關(guān)。這可能與不同人種UC的發(fā)病機(jī)制不同有關(guān),如 TLR4基因多態(tài)性:TLR4 Asp299Gly與高加索人種UC易感性相關(guān),但在亞洲人群中無(wú)此相關(guān)性[29]。第二,西化的生活方式在亞洲人群中提高了飲酒量,但仍低于高加索人種。同時(shí),亞洲人的UC發(fā)病率低于高加索人種,但近10年卻在穩(wěn)步上升。這也似乎提示飲酒量與UC發(fā)病率升高相關(guān)。SWANSON等[30]關(guān)于緩解期IBD患者飲用適量紅酒的安全性評(píng)估的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在堅(jiān)持每天飲用2杯紅酒1周后,緩解期IBD患者糞便中鈣調(diào)蛋白量較前降低,而尿蔗糖素分泌(大腸滲透性的標(biāo)志物)上升,說(shuō)明長(zhǎng)期飲用紅酒可能誘導(dǎo)緩解期IBD患者復(fù)發(fā)??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),我們認(rèn)為酒精性飲料是UC發(fā)病的潛在危險(xiǎn)因素。
飲用咖啡可能一定程度上降低UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),咖啡對(duì)于器質(zhì)性疾病的作用一直備受爭(zhēng)議。在 ZHANG等[31]和 ZHOU等[32]的Meta分析中,飲用咖啡可以降低口腔癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌的發(fā)病率。但是,飲用咖啡與胃癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)明顯相關(guān)[33-34]。在 LANGHORST等[35]的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中,草藥、洋甘菊和咖啡炭在維持UC緩解上與美沙拉嗪顯示出相似的療效和安全性。但由于研究間的高異質(zhì)性(I2=87.5%),為了進(jìn)一步了解二者間的聯(lián)系需要納入大型的前瞻性研究。
關(guān)于軟飲料,其飲用量與UC的發(fā)病相關(guān),特別是在高加索人群中。軟飲料導(dǎo)致肥胖和相關(guān)的慢性疾病[36-38],一直是熱門(mén)的公共健康問(wèn)題。其次,我們認(rèn)為大量的食品添加劑也可以傷害腸道黏膜,長(zhǎng)期大量的飲用軟飲料可能導(dǎo)致慢性的黏膜損傷。最后,軟飲料提高了糖的攝入,而在WANG等[39]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),UC的發(fā)病與高糖相關(guān)。我們認(rèn)為,軟飲料可能增加UC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
茶的飲用量與UC的發(fā)病率呈負(fù)相關(guān)。2項(xiàng)研究對(duì)象均為亞洲人群且均為負(fù)相關(guān)。我們認(rèn)為亞洲人種較高加索人種較低的UC發(fā)病率可能一部分歸功于大量飲茶。兩項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[40-41]發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)合茶葉萃取物和柳氮磺嘧啶較單獨(dú)使用柳氮磺嘧啶更能有效地控制大鼠的腸道炎癥,綠茶和咖啡富含多酚類(lèi)物質(zhì),有抗氧化作用,同時(shí)可通過(guò)減少NF-κB抑制巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生TNF-α[42-43]。我們的研究認(rèn)為,飲茶是UC發(fā)展中潛在的保護(hù)因子。
這個(gè)Meta分析有幾項(xiàng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。首先,這是研究UC發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與飲用量之間的Meta分析。第二,文章納入的研究規(guī)模相對(duì)較大,減少抽樣誤差。第三,在酒精性飲料和咖啡的分析中并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)報(bào)告誤差。但研究也有局限性,首先納入的研究均為病例對(duì)照研究,容易產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)大的偏差,特別是回憶偏倚和調(diào)查員偏倚。其次,納入的研究數(shù)量較少,且研究間異質(zhì)性較大可能導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果不準(zhǔn)確。最后,不是每個(gè)研究中所有的混雜因素都被校正。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),該Meta分析顯示,大量飲用軟飲料可能提高UC的發(fā)病率,但大量飲茶可能降低這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[1] NG S C, TANG W, CHING J Y, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asian-pacific Crohn’s and colitis epidemiology study [J]. Gastroenterology, 2013, 145(1): 158-165. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.007.
[2] MOLODECKY N A, SOON I S, RABI D M, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review [J]. Gastroenterology, 2012, 142(1): 46-54, e42. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001.
[3] LI J, WANG F, ZHANG H J, et al. Corticosteroid therapy in ulcerative colitis: clinical response and predictors [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(10): 3005-3012. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3005.
[4] WANG F, LIN X, ZHAO Q, et al. Adverse symptoms with anti-TNF-alpha therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and duration-response meta-analysis [J]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2015, 71(8): 911-999. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-015-1877-0.
[5] HUOPONEN S, BLOM M. A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of biologics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases [J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(12): e0145087. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145087.
[6] VAN DER VALK M E, MANGEN M J, SEVERS M, et al. Comparison of costs and quality of life in ulcerative colitis patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, ileostomy and anti-TNFα therapy [J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2015, 9(11): 1016-1023. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv117.
[7] NIEWIADOMSKI O, STUDD C, HAIR C, et al. Health care cost analysis in a population-based inception cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the first year of diagnosis [J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2015, 9(11): 988-996. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv117.
[8] SPOOREN C E, PIERIK M J, ZEEGERS M P, et al. Review article: the association of diet with onset and relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2013, 38(10): 1172-1187. DOI: 10.1111/apt.12501.
[9] LI F, LIU X Q, WANG W J, et al. Consumption of vegetables and fruit and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 27(6): 623-630. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000330.
[10] WELLS G, SHEA B, O’CONNELL D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses [C/OL]. 2011. Available: http://www.ohri.ca.
[11] ZHANG J, YU K F. What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes [J]. JAMA, 1998, 280(19): 1690-1691.
[12] HIGGINS J P, THOMPSON S G, DEEKS J J, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analysis [J]. BMJ, 2003, 327(7414): 557-560. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
[13] MANTEL N, HAENSZEL W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease [J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1959, 22(4): 719-748.
[14] DERSIMONIAN R, LAIRD N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials [J]. Control Clin Trials, 1986, 7(3): 177-188.
[15] SAMUELSSON S M, EKBOM A, ZACK M, et al. Risk factors for extensive ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: a population based case-control study [J]. Gut, 1991, 32(12): 1526-1530.
[16] EGGER M, DAVEY SMITH G, SCHNEIDER M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test [J]. BMJ, 1997, 315(7109): 629-634.
[17] BOYKO E J, PERERA D R, KOEPSELLT D, et al. Coffee and alcohol use and the risk of ulcerative colitis [J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 1989, 84(5): 530-534.
[18] PERSSON P G, AHLBOM A, HELLERS G. Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study [J]. Epidemiology, 1992, 3(1): 47-52.
[19] Dietary and other risk factors of ulcerative colitis. A case-control study in Japan. Epidemiology Group of the Research Committee of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan [J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1994, 19(2): 166-171.
[20] REIF S, KLEIN I, LUBIN F, et al. Pre-illness dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease [J]. Gut, 1997, 40(6): 754-760.
[21] RUSSEL M G, ENGELS L G, MURIS J W, et al. ‘Modern life’ in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study with special emphasis on nutritional factors [J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1998, 10(3): 243-249.
[22] SAKAMOTO N, KONO S, WAKAI K, et al. Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease-a multicenter case-control study in Japan [J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2005, 11(2): 154-163.
[23] HALFVARSON J, JESS T, MAGNUSON A, et al. Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a co-twin control study of a Swedish-Danish twin population [J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2006, 12(10): 925-933. DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000228998.29466.ac.
[24] HART A R, LUBEN R, OLSEN A, et al. Diet in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a European prospective cohort study [J]. Digestion, 2008, 77(1): 57-64. DOI: 10.1159/000121412.
[25] HANSEN T S, JESS T, VIND I, et al. Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort [J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2011, 5(6): 577-584. DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.05.010.
[26] JAKOBSEN C, PAERREGAARD A, MUNKHOLM P, et al. Environmental factors and risk of developing paediatric inflammatory bowel disease-a population based study 2007-2009 [J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2013, 7(1): 79-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.05.024.
[27] WANG Y F, OU-YANG Q, XIA B, et al. Multicenter case-control study of the risk factors for ulcerative colitis in China [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(11): 1827-1833. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1827.
[28] NG S C, TANG W, LEONG R W, et al. Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based case-control study in Asia-Pacific [J]. Gut, 2015, 64(7): 1063-1071.DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307410.
[29] CHENG Y, ZHU Y, HUANG X, et al. Association between TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis [J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(5): e0126803. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126803.
[30] SWANSON G R, TIEU V, SHAIKH M, et al. Is moderate red wine consumption safe in inactive inflammatory bowel disease? [J]. Digestion, 2011, 84(3): 238-244. DOI: 10.1159/000329403.
[31] ZHANG Y, WANG X, CUI D. Association between coffee consumption and the risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies [J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(7): 11657-1165.
[32] ZHOU Q, LUO M L, LI H, et al. Coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies [J]. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 13410. DOI: 10.1038/srep13410.
[33] LI L, GAN Y, WU C, et al. Coffee consumption and the risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies [J]. BMC Cancer, 2015, 15: 733. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1758-z.
[34] ZENG S B, WENG H, ZHOU M, et al. Long-term coffee consumption and risk of gastric cancer: a PRISMA-compliant dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(38): e1640. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001640.
[35] LANGHORST J, VARNHAGEN I, SCHNEIDER S B, et al. Randomised clinical trial: a herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis-a double-blind, double-dummy study [J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2013, 38(5): 490-500. DOI: 10.1111/apt.12397.
[36] CHEUNGPASITPORN W, THONGPRAYOON C, EDMONDS P J, et al. Sugar and artificially sweetened soda consumption linked to hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Clin Exp Hypertens, 2015, 37(7): 587-593.DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1026044.
[37] HEUNGPASITPORN W, THONGPRAYOON C, O’CORRAGAIN O A, et al. Associations of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soda with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Nephrology (Carlton), 2014, 19(12): 791-797. DOI: org/10.1111/nep.12343.
[38] GREENWOOD D C, THREAPLETON D E, EVANS C E, et al. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies [J]. Br J Nutr, 2014, 112(5): 725-734. DOI: 10.1111/nep.12343.
[39] WANG Y F, OU-YANG Q, XIA B, et al. Multicenter case-control study of the risk factors for ulcerative colitis in China [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(11): 1827-1833. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1827.
[40] TANG J, ZHENG J S, FANG L, et al. Tea consumption and mortality of all cancers, CVD and all causes: a meta-analysis of eighteen prospective cohort studies [J]. Br J Nutr, 2015, 114(5): 673-683. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515002329.
[41] BYRAV D S, MEDHI B, VAIPHEI K, et al. Comparative evaluation of different doses of green tea extract alone and in combination with sulfasalazine in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats [J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2011, 56(5): 1369-1378. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1446-4.
[42] KOO M W, CHO C H. Pharmacological effects of green tea on the gastrointestinal system [J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2004, 500(1-3): 177-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.023.
[43] PODIO N S, L0PEZOPRZ-FROILAN R, RAMIREZ-MORENO E, et al. Matching in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of soluble coffee by boosted regression tress [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2015, 63(43): 9572-9582. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04406.