周婷婷 萬毅新
摘 要:肺動(dòng)脈瘤伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓的典型特點(diǎn)為肺循環(huán)阻力增加、肺血增多,呼吸困難和心力衰竭為主要的臨床癥狀,CTA結(jié)合三維圖像重組技術(shù)能全面、直觀地顯示瘤體的部位,手術(shù)治療是巨大肺動(dòng)脈瘤伴重度肺動(dòng)脈高壓的主要治療手段。本文主要報(bào)道2017年2月收治的1例巨大肺動(dòng)脈瘤伴重度肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者診治經(jīng)過,該例患者肺動(dòng)脈瘤瘤體巨大,合并肺動(dòng)脈高壓重度,以突發(fā)的胸悶、氣短急診就診。入院予以強(qiáng)心、利尿、抗感染等基礎(chǔ)治療后行手術(shù)治療,術(shù)后密切監(jiān)護(hù)治療,恢復(fù)滿意。同時(shí)結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí),旨在加強(qiáng)對(duì)肺動(dòng)脈瘤伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓的臨床、影像、病理特點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí),提高對(duì)肺動(dòng)脈瘤伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓的早期認(rèn)識(shí)和治療。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺動(dòng)脈瘤;肺動(dòng)脈高壓;外科治療;體層攝影術(shù)
中圖分類號(hào):R543.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.03.073
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)03-0191-02
Abstract:Typical features of pulmonary aneurysm with pulmonary hypertension are increased pulmonary vascular resistance, increased pulmonary blood flow, dyspnea and heart failure as the main clinical symptoms.CTA combined with three-dimensional image reconstruction can comprehensively and directly show the tumor site.Surgical treatment is a major pulmonary aneurism with severe pulmonary hypertension treatment.This article mainly reports in February 2017 admitted to a case of huge pulmonary aneurysm with severe pulmonary hypertension diagnosis and treatment of patients, the patients with pulmonary aneurysm huge,severe pulmonary hypertension,with sudden chest tightness,shortness of breath emergency treatment.Admission to cardiac,diuretic,anti-infective and other basic treatment after surgery,close monitoring after treatment,recovery satisfaction.At the same time with the review of relevant literature,aimed at strengthening the pulmonary artery aneurysm with pulmonary hypertension,clinical,imaging,pathological features of awareness,improve pulmonary aneurysms with pulmonary hypertension early recognition and treatment.
Key words:Pulmonary aneurysm;Pulmonary hypertension;Surgical treatment;Tomography
1 臨床資料
患者男,29歲,以“突發(fā)胸悶、氣短1天”主訴入院。患者入院前1 d進(jìn)食后突發(fā)胸悶、氣短,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)氣促、呼吸困難,伴心悸、大汗,急診就診入院。查體:急性病容,口唇輕度發(fā)紺,頸靜脈充盈;聽診雙肺呼吸音粗,可聞及散在濕性啰音,心界擴(kuò)大,胸骨左緣第2~3肋間可聞及收縮期吹風(fēng)樣雜音。輔助檢查:(胸部+心臟)CTA:先天性心臟病,動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉,肺動(dòng)脈瘤樣擴(kuò)張,左右心室增大、心肌肥厚(見圖1)。心臟彩超:動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉(管型);大動(dòng)脈水平左向右分流;肺動(dòng)脈明顯增寬,主動(dòng)脈輕度增寬;右室壁增厚;肺動(dòng)脈高壓(重度);三尖瓣關(guān)閉不全(中-重度);主動(dòng)脈瓣反流、二尖瓣反流(輕度)。胸片:心影明顯增大,肺血增多。心電圖:竇性心律(67 bpm),心電軸右偏,完全性右束支阻滯,ST-T改變。血常規(guī):紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù) 6.46×1012/L,血紅蛋白198 g/L。
患者入院予以強(qiáng)心、利尿、止咳、化痰、抗感染等基礎(chǔ)治療,術(shù)前對(duì)手術(shù)耐受及綜合情況進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)估。在全麻低溫體外循環(huán)下行“動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉切斷縫合術(shù)+肺動(dòng)脈成形術(shù)+室間隔缺損修補(bǔ)術(shù)+三尖瓣成形術(shù)”。術(shù)中見:心臟增大,左心為著,AO:PA=1:4;動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉,呈管型,內(nèi)經(jīng)10 mm;主肺動(dòng)脈近心端瘤樣擴(kuò)張,內(nèi)徑10 cm;室間隔缺損(膜部),大小約8 mm×9 mm;手術(shù)過程順利,術(shù)后送ICU恢復(fù),第4 d轉(zhuǎn)回普通病房,術(shù)后1周患者康復(fù)出院。術(shù)后1 周心臟彩超:動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉切斷縫合術(shù)+肺動(dòng)脈成形術(shù)+室間隔缺損修補(bǔ)術(shù)+三尖瓣成形術(shù)后;室水平未見分流;大動(dòng)脈水平未見分流;心功能正常低限;肺動(dòng)脈壓正常范圍(28 mmHg,收縮壓);三尖瓣反流(輕度)。1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月后復(fù)查,心臟彩超示心功能正常,其余指標(biāo)較前好轉(zhuǎn)。繼續(xù)隨訪至6月以上,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)穩(wěn)定,日常體力活動(dòng)不受限,恢復(fù)滿意。
2 討論
肺動(dòng)脈瘤(pulmonary artery aneurysm,PAA)是由各種原因引起的主肺動(dòng)脈或分支肺動(dòng)脈血管壁的全層病理性擴(kuò)張。PAA臨床罕見,多為偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)[1]。1947年Deterling和Clagett尸檢報(bào)告肺動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)病率為0.057‰[2]。按發(fā)生的部位分為中央型和周圍型,性別、年齡無關(guān),80%位于主肺動(dòng)脈[3]。常與先天性心臟?。▌?dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉、室間隔缺損、房間隔缺損)、原發(fā)性及繼發(fā)性肺動(dòng)脈高壓、白塞病、梅毒、結(jié)核、結(jié)締組織病、大動(dòng)脈炎等合并存在,單純特發(fā)性肺動(dòng)脈瘤更為罕見[4-5]。多層螺旋CT肺動(dòng)脈血管成像(MSCTPA)結(jié)合二維、三維圖像重組技術(shù)能全面、直觀地顯示病變?nèi)?,可明確診斷肺動(dòng)脈瘤[6-7]。
PAA 尚無統(tǒng)一定義,MSCTPA中成人肺動(dòng)脈干最大直徑為 29 mm,葉間肺動(dòng)脈最大直徑為17 mm。但為了區(qū)別肺動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張和真性肺動(dòng)脈瘤,目前認(rèn)為肺動(dòng)脈直徑超過40 mm[8-9]或PA/AA≥2,才定義為 PAA。由于臨床診斷的PAA病例并不多,目前對(duì)于PAA的自然病程及預(yù)后目前缺乏共識(shí),不少無癥狀的PAA患者突然并發(fā)致死性心血管事件[10]。PAA的最佳治療尚無明確的指南。對(duì)于巨大PAA的治療,Kreibich M等[11]參考主動(dòng)脈疾病治療指南提出,①瘤體直徑超過55mm者必需行手術(shù)治療;②正在采取保守治療的PAA,若瘤體直徑在半年內(nèi)增加≥5mm或伴有心臟瓣膜病及心室分流、肺動(dòng)脈高壓時(shí),應(yīng)更換方案為手術(shù)治療。同時(shí),PAA手術(shù)治療的術(shù)前、術(shù)后管理也非常需要重視。
如上病例:①患者以呼吸困難、心力衰竭表現(xiàn)急診就診;②術(shù)前影像學(xué):肺動(dòng)脈瘤瘤體巨大伴肺動(dòng)脈高壓重度(肺動(dòng)脈收縮壓110 mmHg;CT示肺動(dòng)脈直徑/升主動(dòng)脈直徑=2.8,肺動(dòng)脈干直徑約91 mm,升主動(dòng)脈寬度32.5 mm),目前尚未見如此高值報(bào)道;③心界明顯擴(kuò)大,呼吸困難癥狀及胸部正位片均需與胸腔積液鑒別,若輕易行胸腔穿刺術(shù),穿刺針入心臟及瘤體的可能極大;④患者提供10余年前有“先天性心臟病 室間隔缺損”既往史,但“室間隔缺損”在術(shù)前各項(xiàng)檢查中均呈陰性,而術(shù)中探查室間隔時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)膜部缺損(大小約8 mm×9 mm)。于術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)后一并予以手術(shù)治療,術(shù)后恢復(fù)滿意?;颊咴摤F(xiàn)象演變,考慮與患者先天性心臟病(室間隔缺損、動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉)病史長(zhǎng),長(zhǎng)期左向右分流致使肺動(dòng)脈壓力與體循環(huán)壓力達(dá)持平,左右心室壓力相當(dāng),室水平分流不明顯有關(guān)。表明患者接受手術(shù)尚且及時(shí),避免了進(jìn)一步向艾森曼格綜合癥發(fā)展而失去治療機(jī)會(huì),為以后同類疾病的臨床診斷及治療提供佐證。
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收稿日期:2017-11-3;修回日期:2017-11-24
編輯/成森