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巨噬細(xì)胞的功能及在各種不同疾病中的作用簡(jiǎn)述

2018-04-14 22:55黃麗君麥平盧啟明馬欣
當(dāng)代醫(yī)學(xué) 2018年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:表型纖維化炎性

黃麗君,麥平,盧啟明,馬欣

(1.甘肅中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州 730000;2.甘肅省人民醫(yī)院消化科,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

巨噬細(xì)胞是血液系統(tǒng)中最具有可塑性的細(xì)胞,屬于固有免疫細(xì)胞,它被發(fā)現(xiàn)在各種組織中[1],且表現(xiàn)出功能的多樣性。他們?cè)谏L(zhǎng)發(fā)育、維持代謝平衡、組織修復(fù)和免疫反應(yīng)中均有著重要的作用。在此文中,我們主要總結(jié)討論巨噬細(xì)胞在各種疾病的病理機(jī)制中發(fā)揮的主要作用。

1 巨噬細(xì)胞的多樣性

élie Metchnikoff早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并定義了巨噬細(xì)胞的概念,從而形成了目前眾所周知的吞噬免疫,并因此獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)[2,4]。隨著后來(lái)技術(shù)與學(xué)科的發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的研究在各種組織中均發(fā)現(xiàn)了巨噬細(xì)胞的存在,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)巨噬細(xì)胞在形態(tài)和功能上表現(xiàn)出多樣性。巨噬細(xì)胞分為游走性和定居性,游走的巨噬細(xì)胞是由血液中的單核細(xì)胞衍生而來(lái)的。而定居性的巨噬細(xì)胞則廣泛分布于各組織中,其形態(tài)和名稱(chēng)由所處的組織部位決定。如肝臟中的巨噬細(xì)胞稱(chēng)為庫(kù)普弗細(xì)胞,肺組織中的稱(chēng)為肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞,腦部的稱(chēng)作小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,骨組織中的稱(chēng)為破骨細(xì)胞,皮膚中的稱(chēng)為朗格漢斯細(xì)胞等。而對(duì)于定居的巨噬細(xì)胞的來(lái)源仍然是不清楚的。傳統(tǒng)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)認(rèn)為組織定居的巨噬細(xì)胞起源于骨髓,不斷由單核細(xì)胞衍變供給,而最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)定居的巨噬細(xì)胞實(shí)際上最初來(lái)源于胚胎中的卵黃囊巨噬細(xì)胞[2-3]。但組織定居的巨噬細(xì)胞大多數(shù)表達(dá)集落刺激因子1受體(CSF1R),該受體與CSF1配體結(jié)合后,調(diào)節(jié)單核巨噬細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)向成熟巨噬細(xì)胞的分化。此外,定居組織的巨噬細(xì)胞表面還表達(dá)粒細(xì)胞-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF),白細(xì)胞介素-34(IL-34)和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)的受體,均參與巨噬細(xì)胞的形成[5-7]。例如,在GM-CSF缺失的小鼠中,發(fā)現(xiàn)肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞的表達(dá)受到了抑制[8],VEGF調(diào)節(jié)小鼠體內(nèi)破骨細(xì)胞的生成和增殖[9]等。

近幾年來(lái)對(duì)于巨噬細(xì)胞的許多研究,焦點(diǎn)都在不同極化表型的巨噬細(xì)胞在炎癥反應(yīng)和組織修復(fù)過(guò)程中的作用。巨噬細(xì)胞可以分為經(jīng)典活化的M1型(AMs)和選擇活化的M2型(AAM)。AMs由L6ychi的單核細(xì)胞分化而來(lái),相反,AAM則由L6yclow的單核細(xì)胞分化而來(lái)[10]。當(dāng)炎癥發(fā)生的早期階段,M1型巨噬細(xì)胞快速被募集到炎癥反應(yīng)部位吞噬清除致病原,分泌腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)白介素-1(IL-1)和白介素-6(IL-6)等促炎性細(xì)胞因子,并產(chǎn)生具有活性生物學(xué)效應(yīng)的氧化物和氮化物,從而起到促進(jìn)炎癥的作用[11-15]。這一反應(yīng)有利于更加清晰地暴露炎癥部位,但如果這一最初的促炎作用未能有效地控制,將會(huì)促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)的進(jìn)展,損傷重要臟器的功能[16-17]。因此,到炎癥的維持階段,具有抗炎作用的M2型巨噬細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌IL-10,TGF-β等抗炎性細(xì)胞因子發(fā)揮主要作用,此外部分M1型巨噬細(xì)胞會(huì)凋亡,或向M2型轉(zhuǎn)化,從而促進(jìn)組織的修復(fù)[15,18]。巨噬細(xì)胞形態(tài)和功能的多樣性,使其在疾病的不同發(fā)展階段扮演著不同的重要的作用,調(diào)節(jié)疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。尤其近年來(lái)對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的極化類(lèi)型研究眾多,越來(lái)越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)M1和M2型的巨噬細(xì)胞在炎癥反應(yīng)過(guò)程中,發(fā)揮著完全不同的作用。但巨噬細(xì)胞的多樣性絕不止如此簡(jiǎn)單,會(huì)有更多的研究致力于巨噬細(xì)胞的功能的多樣性,對(duì)生理和病理機(jī)制有著重要的作用。

2 巨噬細(xì)胞在不同疾病中的作用

2.1 肥胖相關(guān)性疾病 隨著目前生活質(zhì)量和科技水平的進(jìn)步,發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪組織不僅僅起到能量?jī)?chǔ)存的作用,它還可以影響胰島素的敏感性、血壓及炎癥反應(yīng)等,從而參與多種疾病的病理生理過(guò)程,如肥胖、糖尿病和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[19-22,57]。肥胖可以加重心臟、動(dòng)脈血管的負(fù)擔(dān)及胰島素的抵抗等,從而引起進(jìn)一步的代謝紊亂性疾病。Weisberg SP[23]和Xu H[19]的研究表明在肥胖動(dòng)物中巨噬細(xì)胞的含量增加到了45-60%。Park S[20]的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示在腺病毒感染和飲食引起的肥胖小鼠中,M1型和M2型的巨噬細(xì)胞含量明顯較正常對(duì)照組增加。而M1型巨噬細(xì)胞(AMs)被活化,分泌促炎性細(xì)胞因子(如TNF-α,IL-6和IL1β),進(jìn)一步加重對(duì)組織臟器的炎癥反應(yīng)和胰島素抵抗。Lumeng CN[25]則指出在健康動(dòng)物中,M2型的巨噬細(xì)胞(AAMs)可以通過(guò)分泌IL-10,增強(qiáng)胰島素的生理作用。同樣的,肥胖患者易合并高脂血癥,其血液黏稠度增加,增加血管壁內(nèi)粥樣斑塊的形成,從而促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈在粥樣硬化進(jìn)展。陶曉瑜等[57]的文章中提到免疫反應(yīng)在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,其中活化的巨噬細(xì)胞可促使炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),薄纖維帽形成,使得易損斑塊的面積增大,更易脫落形成血栓。當(dāng)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生后,發(fā)揮促炎作用的M1型會(huì)加重血管內(nèi)皮的炎性損傷,使血小板聚集,引起血栓的形成及斑塊面積的擴(kuò)大,促進(jìn)疾病的發(fā)展。M2型通過(guò)分泌抗炎性細(xì)胞因子(如IL-10)穩(wěn)定粥樣斑塊[24-26]。Cho KY[27]在研究巨噬細(xì)胞表型和斑塊脆性之間的關(guān)系中發(fā)現(xiàn):在發(fā)生急性缺血性損傷癥狀的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的患者中,M1型在不穩(wěn)定斑塊中的數(shù)量明顯增加,而M2型則在無(wú)癥狀患者的穩(wěn)定斑塊中較多,進(jìn)一步明確了不同表型的巨噬細(xì)胞在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中的作用,為疾病的預(yù)防和治療起到指導(dǎo)性作用。

2.2 潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎 除外巨噬細(xì)胞自身作為固有免疫細(xì)胞的作用外,其分泌的IL-12,IL-18,IL-23和TNF-α等炎性細(xì)胞因子還會(huì)驅(qū)動(dòng)自身免疫性炎癥[25]。潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)是一種病因不明,反復(fù)發(fā)作的結(jié)直腸慢性非特異性炎癥性疾病,現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為UC和遺傳易感性,腸道微環(huán)境改變,腸上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞(固有和適應(yīng)性免疫)穩(wěn)態(tài)失調(diào)相關(guān)[28-29]。Platt AM[30]指出TLR2+CCR2+的巨噬細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌TNF-α加重炎癥性腸病的炎癥反應(yīng)。也有研究表明M2型巨噬細(xì)胞通過(guò)激活腸上皮細(xì)胞上的WNT信號(hào)通路,減緩腸道黏膜的炎癥[31-32]。Sohn JJ[33]在炎癥性腸病的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),巨噬細(xì)胞在炎癥性腸黏膜的浸潤(rùn)較正常對(duì)照組明顯增加,且其浸潤(rùn)的數(shù)量與細(xì)胞的衰老、DNA的損傷應(yīng)答呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。巨噬細(xì)胞遷移抑制因子(MIF)具有抑制巨噬細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)的活性的作用,可以促進(jìn)急性或慢性的炎癥性疾病,如炎癥性腸病(IBD)。而近期有研究利用抗MIF的活性來(lái)抑制炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,從而有望成為IBD新的治療方式[34]。

綜上,巨噬細(xì)胞不僅可以吞噬清除病原體,也分泌細(xì)胞因子參與IBD的發(fā)展,故針對(duì)細(xì)胞因子的研究有可能作為一種新的治療方法應(yīng)用于臨床。

2.3 肝纖維化 肝纖維化是各種慢性損傷因素作用條件下,肝細(xì)胞反復(fù)發(fā)生損傷修復(fù)所引起的病理性改變[15,35-36]。其中肝星狀細(xì)胞(HSC)的激活與凋亡調(diào)節(jié)在肝臟纖維化形成過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。當(dāng)各種慢性理化因素作用于肝細(xì)胞,肝細(xì)胞纖維化過(guò)程中,巨噬細(xì)胞會(huì)激活肝星狀細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧〕衫w維細(xì)胞(MSC),分泌大量細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM),促進(jìn)膠原的沉積,從而促進(jìn)肝纖維化的進(jìn)展。而在肝纖維化的逆轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程中,巨噬細(xì)胞的另一表型會(huì)使促使肝星狀細(xì)胞凋亡,和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解,從而逆轉(zhuǎn)肝纖維化的形成[15,35-36]。雖然有大量的學(xué)者表示上述兩種巨噬細(xì)胞亞型分別是M1型和M2型調(diào)控的,但也有不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為巨噬細(xì)胞功能的多樣性是由其來(lái)源和環(huán)境的變化決定的,M1和M2兩個(gè)亞群只是巨噬細(xì)胞的兩個(gè)極端表型,并不能完全解釋復(fù)雜的肝纖維化形成和逆轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程。Lodder J[37]的研究表明在四氯化碳(CCl4)誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的肝纖維化小鼠模型中,肝細(xì)胞中庫(kù)普弗細(xì)胞的自我吞噬作用會(huì)減少I(mǎi)L1A和IL1B等炎性細(xì)胞因子的分泌,從而限制肝細(xì)胞的破壞和凋亡,緩解肝臟的炎癥和纖維化過(guò)程。上述研究均提示巨噬細(xì)胞和肝纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展密不可分,不同表型的巨噬細(xì)胞會(huì)產(chǎn)生完全不同的結(jié)果,故了解巨噬細(xì)胞的功能及表型對(duì)肝纖維化的治療有著重要的作用。

2.4 腫瘤 腫瘤的發(fā)生有增多和年輕化的趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重影響著人類(lèi)的壽命和生存質(zhì)量,而有研究表明M2型的巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移有促進(jìn)作用[38-42]。在長(zhǎng)期慢性的炎癥刺激環(huán)境下,巨噬細(xì)胞會(huì)合成分泌炎癥性細(xì)胞因子(如γ干擾素(IFN-γ,TNF-α和IL-6),進(jìn)一步加重炎癥反應(yīng),這一作用機(jī)制是導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要因素之一[43]。此外腫瘤相關(guān)性巨噬細(xì)胞(TAMs)會(huì)分泌血管生成的相關(guān)分子,包括VEGF,TGFα,IL-1β,IL8和血小板衍生因子(PDGF)等[44],從而有利于腫瘤血管的生成[41],進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)腫瘤的浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移[45]。Badawi MA[46]通過(guò)免疫組化的方法比較了活組織確診的結(jié)腸癌和良性腺瘤性息肉中巨噬細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)程度,發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)腸惡性腫瘤中巨噬細(xì)胞的數(shù)量要明顯多于良性息肉組,且浸潤(rùn)的數(shù)量和腫瘤的分化程度、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)。近年來(lái)對(duì)于細(xì)胞程序性死亡-配體(PD-L1)的研究是熱點(diǎn)。有專(zhuān)家指出腫瘤細(xì)胞逃避T細(xì)胞殺傷的一種途徑是通過(guò)在它表面產(chǎn)生PD-L1,當(dāng)免疫細(xì)胞T細(xì)胞表面的程序性死亡受體-1(PD-1)識(shí)別腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的PD-L1后,可以傳導(dǎo)抑制性信號(hào),T細(xì)胞就不能發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞和對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生攻擊摧毀作用[47-48]。目前已有臨床試驗(yàn)表明PD-L1抑制劑在多個(gè)惡性腫瘤的治療方面有著可觀(guān)的效果,如在黑色素瘤、乳腺癌等[47,49]。Chelsea E[50]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在卵巢癌中有73.8%的原發(fā)性腫瘤患者的腫瘤相關(guān)性巨噬細(xì)胞有PD-L1的表達(dá)。通過(guò)上述研究表明免疫治療有望應(yīng)用于腫瘤領(lǐng)域的治療[48,50]。

2.5 骨質(zhì)疏松 骨質(zhì)疏松是由多種原因引起的骨密度和微結(jié)構(gòu)破壞,導(dǎo)致骨脆性的增加,從而容易發(fā)生骨折的全身性疾病,免疫系統(tǒng)在其發(fā)病機(jī)制方面起著重要的作用。破骨細(xì)胞起源于血液系統(tǒng)中的單核巨噬細(xì)胞系統(tǒng),其在骨組織的局部釋放乳酸及檸檬酸等,從而使骨質(zhì)內(nèi)的無(wú)機(jī)物在酸性環(huán)境下被吞噬,導(dǎo)致骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生。Maria Felicia Faienza[51]和 Wang J[52]在對(duì)絕經(jīng)后的女性骨質(zhì)疏松病人的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平明顯升高,且FSH可以促進(jìn)RAW264.7巨噬細(xì)胞系向破骨細(xì)胞的分化,促進(jìn)骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)展[51]。Renqing Zhao[53]的研究中提到雌激素衰減增加破骨細(xì)胞的壽命,而破骨細(xì)胞的形成和活化會(huì)導(dǎo)致骨小梁表面皮質(zhì)疏松和骨吸收面積增大,促進(jìn)骨量的丟失,howship陷窩的形成和骨小梁稀疏,從而增加了骨的脆性,最終導(dǎo)致了骨質(zhì)疏松的形成。所以對(duì)于骨質(zhì)疏松的預(yù)防和治療,既可以從促進(jìn)骨的生成,也可以通過(guò)抑制骨吸收過(guò)程中的各種細(xì)胞的形成、激素的調(diào)節(jié)方面著手,從而改善患者的癥狀和預(yù)后。2.6 其他 除上述疾病外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)巨噬細(xì)胞還在多種疾病中發(fā)揮著核心的作用,如腦脊髓膜炎、過(guò)敏性哮喘、胰腺炎等。Scriven JE[54]發(fā)現(xiàn)在腦膜炎的早期抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒治療(ART)過(guò)程中,患者腦脊液中單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的表面標(biāo)志性受體CD163,CD14明顯增多,使炎性細(xì)胞因子IL-6和TNF-α的數(shù)量增多,促進(jìn)免疫反應(yīng),而這可能與ART中患者死亡率的上升有密切關(guān)系。Patricia Robbe[55]比較了過(guò)敏性肺部炎癥和非過(guò)敏性肺部炎癥中巨噬細(xì)胞的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)非過(guò)敏性炎癥中中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),M1型巨噬細(xì)胞占主導(dǎo)地位,而過(guò)敏性炎癥中,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞、IgE浸潤(rùn),巨噬細(xì)胞的最主要極化表型為M2型,且M2型的巨噬細(xì)胞可以募集更多嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn),與疾病的進(jìn)展呈正相關(guān),這可能對(duì)于不同類(lèi)型的肺部炎癥的治療有著重要的指導(dǎo)意義。Yu E[56]在導(dǎo)管結(jié)扎的小鼠胰腺炎模型中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種表型的巨噬細(xì)胞,M1型的巨噬細(xì)胞會(huì)加重胰腺組織的破壞,而M2型在胰腺炎的組織修復(fù)中其重要的作用。

巨噬細(xì)胞幾乎存在于任何組織中,并參與著多種疾病的發(fā)展過(guò)程,故近年來(lái)對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞功能的研究很多。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為將巨噬細(xì)胞作為一個(gè)靶點(diǎn),將會(huì)成為各種疾病治療的新目標(biāo)[34,37,47,50,51,53]。但為了這一新的治療思路,我們必須了解巨噬細(xì)胞在形態(tài)和功能上的多樣性,以及在不同組織中巨噬細(xì)胞亞群的共性和差異性。未來(lái)有很大的可能去利用巨噬細(xì)胞的多樣性和可塑性,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子的分泌、巨噬細(xì)胞表型的改變和吞噬作用,來(lái)預(yù)防和治療肥胖、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、纖維化、腫瘤和骨質(zhì)疏松等疾病。總之,巨噬細(xì)胞在免疫反應(yīng)、代謝平衡、炎癥和組織修復(fù)中扮演著極其重要的作用,進(jìn)一步深入地了解巨噬細(xì)胞及其亞群的特點(diǎn)和功能在現(xiàn)代靶向治療的熱潮中變得尤為重要,這有利于對(duì)各種疾病的病理機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)和治療目標(biāo)的明確化。但目前我們對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞的認(rèn)識(shí)僅是冰山一角,其復(fù)雜的功能和表型需要更多的學(xué)者專(zhuān)家做進(jìn)一步的研究,為各種疾病的預(yù)防和治療作出巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。

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