于天弘,Siva Bharath MERUGU#,Hema NEGI#,孫宋暄,丁云鶴,武正華*,李大偉,3**
(上海交通大學(xué) 1藥學(xué)院,上海200240;2生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)院;3細(xì)胞工程及抗體藥物教育部工程研究中心,上海200240)
前梯度蛋白2(anterior gradient2,AGR2)是蛋白二硫鍵異構(gòu)酶(protein disulfide isomerase,PDI)家族的成員,具有促進(jìn)蠑螈斷肢再生[1]、皮膚傷口愈合[2]和在胰腺組織再生的過(guò)程中激活表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體信號(hào)通路等作用[3]。AGR2也是一種腫瘤相關(guān)蛋白,在乳腺癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌等腫瘤組織中過(guò)表達(dá)[4-8]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)AGR2在腫瘤中與腫瘤增殖、存活、遷移、黏附、不良預(yù)后、耐藥等特性息息相關(guān)[9-12]。另外,在腫瘤組織中,AGR2可以被分泌至細(xì)胞外并能在腫瘤病人的血液和尿液中被檢測(cè)到[13-14]。細(xì)胞外的AGR2是腫瘤微環(huán)境中的重要參與者,已知的功能有導(dǎo)致前列腺基質(zhì)細(xì)胞的程序性死亡[15],影響上皮細(xì)胞的極性和黏附,引起上皮-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)[16],與血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(fibroblast growth factor,F(xiàn)GF)結(jié)合,增強(qiáng) VEGF和 FGF形成二聚體的能力,繼而促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞向腫瘤組織遷移,引起血管生成[17]。這些特性都說(shuō)明AGR2是一個(gè)潛在的抗腫瘤靶點(diǎn)。
本課題組通過(guò)雜交瘤技術(shù)制備了以AGR2為靶點(diǎn)的單克隆抗體,命名為18A4[18]。初步藥效實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),18A4能夠抑制AGR2表達(dá)陽(yáng)性的乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和遷移[19],通過(guò)抑制血管生成的功能減緩了SKOV3卵巢癌細(xì)胞的裸鼠移植瘤的生長(zhǎng)[17,20]。但18A4的藥理活性研究仍然存在拓展的空間。本研究運(yùn)用兩種自身不表達(dá)AGR2的黑色素瘤細(xì)胞,將AGR2蛋白和18A4同時(shí)作用于細(xì)胞,觀察18A4抗體能否抑制細(xì)胞外AGR2引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞活性。
單克隆抗體18A4,His標(biāo)簽AGR2蛋白由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室構(gòu)建、表達(dá)、純化[2,18]。人黑色素瘤細(xì)胞 A375,小鼠黑色素瘤細(xì)胞B16-F10購(gòu)自美國(guó)ATCC中心。DMEM基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基(美國(guó)Gibco公司);胎牛血清、青霉素-鏈霉素混合液;MTT、結(jié)晶紫(索萊寶生物科技有限公司);細(xì)胞周期與細(xì)胞凋亡試劑盒(碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所);羅丹明標(biāo)記鬼筆環(huán)肽、DAPI(美國(guó)Millipore公司);兔抗人p53抗體(美國(guó)Proteintech公司);鼠抗β-actin抗體(美國(guó)Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司);IRDye 680CW標(biāo)記的羊抗兔抗體、IRDye 800CW標(biāo)記的羊抗鼠抗體(美國(guó)Odyssey公司);Dylight488,Dylight594標(biāo)記的羊抗兔抗體(聯(lián)科生物有限公司)。
FACSCalibur流式細(xì)胞儀(美國(guó)BD公司);酶標(biāo)儀(美國(guó)Thermo Fisher Scientific公司);激光共聚焦顯微鏡(德國(guó)徠卡公司);Odyssey雙色紅外激光成像儀(美國(guó)Li-Cor有限公司)。
A375和B16-F10細(xì)胞分別在含10%胎牛血清,1%青霉素-鏈霉素混合液的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,37℃、含5%CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。取對(duì)數(shù)期生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞周期、細(xì)胞遷移、細(xì)胞形態(tài)觀察實(shí)驗(yàn)分成空白對(duì)照組和AGR2組(50,100 ng/mL);18A4組(20μg/mL)及 AGR2+18A4組(100 ng/mL AGR2+20μg/mL 18A4)。Western blot和免疫熒光實(shí)驗(yàn)分成空白對(duì)照組和阿霉素組(1μmol/L);阿霉素+AGR2組(1μmol/L阿霉素 +100 ng/mL AGR2)及阿霉素 +AGR2+18A4組(1μmol/L阿霉素 +100 ng/mL AGR2+20μg/mL 18A4)。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔5×103個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于96孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h,加藥,每組設(shè)8個(gè)復(fù)孔。培養(yǎng)24 h后每孔加入5 mg/mL MTT 20μL,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。吸去培養(yǎng)基,每孔加入DMSO 150μL,振蕩10 min使結(jié)晶溶解。酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定490 nm下的吸收度,計(jì)算細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的抑制率:抑制率=(對(duì)照組吸收度的平均值-實(shí)驗(yàn)組吸收度的平均值)/(對(duì)照組吸收度的平均值)×100%。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔2×103個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于6孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h,加藥。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)10 d。吸去培養(yǎng)基,PBS洗滌后每孔加入0.5%結(jié)晶紫500μL,染色30 min。PBS洗滌,拍照,計(jì)數(shù)。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔5×105個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于6孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h,加藥。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h。胰酶消化收集所有細(xì)胞,70%乙醇固定過(guò)夜。PBS洗滌后PI染色,37℃避光水浴30 min,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于6孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)至細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)滿。換成0.5%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基刺激24 h。用200μL槍頭在孔內(nèi)劃痕,PBS洗滌后加藥,37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h。在0 h和24 h,每個(gè)劃痕拍照4張,分析兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上劃痕寬度的變化。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔2×105個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于含細(xì)胞爬片的12孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h。加藥,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。PBS洗滌后取細(xì)胞爬片,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,PBS洗滌后加羅丹明交聯(lián)的鬼筆環(huán)肽,避光染色45 min。PBS洗滌,DAPI避光染色5 min??篃晒獯銣鐒┓馄す夤簿劢癸@微鏡鏡檢,拍照。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔1×106個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于6孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h。加藥,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。胰酶消化收集所有細(xì)胞,PBS洗滌后加入預(yù)冷、含蛋白酶抑制劑的NP40細(xì)胞裂解液裂解,每個(gè)樣品中加入等體積的5×上樣緩沖液,混勻,95℃水浴5 min,-20℃儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)溆?。樣品?jīng)10%SDS-PAGE分離,將分離的蛋白電轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜上,恒流300 mA轉(zhuǎn)膜1 h。在5%脫脂奶中室溫振蕩封閉1 h。加1∶1 000稀釋的兔抗人p53抗體,鼠抗β-actin抗體,4℃孵育過(guò)夜,TNET溶液洗膜10 min×3次。加1∶5 000稀釋的IRDye 680CW標(biāo)記的羊抗兔抗體或IR Dye 800CW標(biāo)記的羊抗鼠抗體,室溫孵育1 h,TNE-T溶液(10 mmol/L Tris-base,2.5 mmol/L EDTA-2Na,50 mmol/L NaCl,0.1%Tween-20)洗膜 10 min×3次。雙色紅外激光成像儀掃膜,用Quantity One軟件分析蛋白條帶的深淺。
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞,以每孔2×105個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于含細(xì)胞爬片的12孔板。37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)24 h。加藥,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。PBS洗滌后取細(xì)胞爬片,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.1%Triton X-100通透15 min,5%羊血清封閉1 h。加1∶200稀釋的兔抗人p53抗體,室溫孵育2 h,PBS洗滌。加1∶500稀釋的 Dylight488或Dylight594標(biāo)記的羊抗兔抗體,室溫避光孵育1 h,PBS洗滌。DAPI避光染色5 min,抗熒光淬滅劑封片,激光共聚焦顯微鏡鏡檢,拍照。
用GraphPad Prism 5軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,對(duì)兩組樣本采用Student′sT-test比較差異顯著性。P<0.05表示有顯著性差異。
運(yùn)用MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定細(xì)胞外AGR2和18A4對(duì)兩種黑色素瘤細(xì)胞A375和B16-F10增殖的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),加入50 ng/mL AGR2刺激24 h僅顯著加快B16-F10的增殖,而100 ng/mL AGR2能同時(shí)顯著提高A375和B16-F10細(xì)胞的增殖,分別高于對(duì)照組生長(zhǎng)率(34.74±7.69)%和(29.87±5.02)%。而在加入100 ng/mL AGR2的基礎(chǔ)上加入20μg/mL 18A4,與 AGR2組相比,兩種細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)率均有顯著的降低,分別降低了(43.99±5.93)%和(33.63±6.48)%,如圖1所示。
用克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)再次驗(yàn)證MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)的現(xiàn)象。與對(duì)照組相比,100 ng/mL AGR2單獨(dú)作用后,A375和B16-F10細(xì)胞形成克隆的數(shù)量分別顯著增加了(49.00±7.12)%和(36.67±7.77)%。而在100 ng/mL AGR2和20μg/mL 18A4同時(shí)作用的條件下,A375和B16-F10細(xì)胞形成克隆的數(shù)量與AGR2組相比分別減少了(32.00±8.64)%和(27.33±8.50)%,如圖1C,1D所示。兩項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明18A4抗體能抑制胞外AGR2引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖加快。
Figure 1 Monoclonal antibody 18A4 blocked the proliferation enhancement induced by extracellular AGR2 in melanoma cells(ˉx±s,n=3)A:MTT assay of AGR2 and mab 18A4 on the proliferation of A375 cells;B:MTT assay of AGR2 andmab 18A4 on the proliferation of B16-F10 cells;C:Colony formation assay of A375 and B16-F10 cells treated with AGR2,18A4 or a combination of them;D:Quantification of colony numbers in histograms*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001 vs control group,#P<0.05;###P<0.001 vs AGR2 group
細(xì)胞增殖與細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控密切相關(guān),故通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)胞外AGR2與18A4抗體對(duì)兩種黑色素瘤細(xì)胞周期的影響。與對(duì)照組相比,AGR2組細(xì)胞的G1期比例分別減少了(10.02±1.92)%和(7.73±1.70)%,S期比例分別增加了(9.09±1.85)%和(8.01±1.23)%,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明 AGR2組與對(duì)照組存在顯著性差異。所以胞外AGR2能引起腫瘤細(xì)胞G1/S細(xì)胞周期轉(zhuǎn)化。而與AGR2組相比,AGR2+18A4組細(xì)胞的G1期比例分別增加了(7.39±1.37)%和(7.60±1.40)%,S期比例分別減少了(6.78±1.12)%和(6.76±0.78)%,統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明AGR2+18A4組與AGR2組存在顯著性差異,如圖2所示。所以18A4抗體能抑制胞外AGR2引起的G1/S細(xì)胞周期轉(zhuǎn)化。
Figure 2 Monoclonal antibody 18A4 hindered the cell cycle transition induced by extracellular AGR2 in melanoma cells(ˉx±s,n=3)A:Flow cytometry analysisof AGR2 andmab 18A4 on the cell cycle of A375 cells;B:Flow cytometry analysisof AGR2 andmab 18A4 on the cell cycle of B16-F10 cells;C:Statistical analysis of G1 and S phase distributions in histograms*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01 vs AGR2 group
通過(guò)細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)分析胞外AGR2和18A4抗體對(duì)細(xì)胞遷移的影響。結(jié)果表明,AGR2組細(xì)胞的遷移速度分別比對(duì)照組細(xì)胞提高了(27.88±8.61)%和(49.81±10.64)%,兩組間有顯著性差異。而AGR2+18A4組細(xì)胞的遷移速度分別比AGR2組細(xì)胞降低了(21.21±8.36)%和(40.21±10.22)%,兩組間有顯著性差異,如圖 3A~3D所示。
細(xì)胞遷移與細(xì)胞形態(tài)的變化相關(guān),進(jìn)一步用鬼筆環(huán)肽染色法觀察AGR2和18A4抗體對(duì)兩種黑色素瘤細(xì)胞形態(tài)的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照組上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)相比,AGR2組的細(xì)胞均呈現(xiàn)成纖維細(xì)胞的形態(tài),而AGR2+18A4組的細(xì)胞仍然維持上皮細(xì)胞的形態(tài)(圖3E,3F),說(shuō)明胞外AGR2能夠改變腫瘤細(xì)胞的形態(tài),而18A4抗體能抑制 AGR2的這一作用。
選擇檢測(cè)抑癌基因p53的表達(dá)量來(lái)觀察胞外AGR2和18A4抗體對(duì)細(xì)胞信號(hào)的影響。為了更清晰地觀察p53表達(dá)量的變化,加入1μmol/L阿霉素來(lái)增加p53的表達(dá)量。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,阿霉素組A375和B16-F10細(xì)胞的p53表達(dá)量分別達(dá)到對(duì)照組表達(dá)量的(8.41±1.91)倍和(5.90±0.94)倍,上調(diào)明顯。與阿霉素組相比,阿霉素+AGR2組細(xì)胞的p53表達(dá)量又明顯降低,分別是阿霉素組p53表達(dá)量的(27.33±4.15)%和(25.50±7.39)%,兩組間有顯著性差異,說(shuō)明胞外AGR2降低了p53的表達(dá)量。而阿霉素+AGR2+18A4組細(xì)胞p53表達(dá)量與阿霉素+AGR2組相比有明顯的回升,分別是阿霉素+AGR2組p53表達(dá)量的(3.22±0.57)倍和(3.85±1.09)倍,兩組間有顯著性差異,說(shuō)明胞外AGR2對(duì)p53表達(dá)量的影響被18A4抗體中和,如圖4A~4D所示。
為了再次驗(yàn)證Western blot的結(jié)果,進(jìn)一步用免疫熒光染色法檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞的p53表達(dá)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與Western blot的結(jié)果類(lèi)似,同時(shí)在兩種細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn),阿霉素明顯提升了熒光強(qiáng)度,即p53表達(dá)量。阿霉素+AGR2組細(xì)胞的熒光強(qiáng)度與阿霉素組相比明顯回落,而阿霉素+AGR2+18A4組細(xì)胞的熒光強(qiáng)度又明顯回升,如圖4E,4F所示。Western blot和免疫熒光的結(jié)果均說(shuō)明胞外AGR2引起腫瘤細(xì)胞p53表達(dá)量降低的現(xiàn)象能被18A4抗體所抑制。
Figure 3 Monoclonal antibody 18A4 decreased themigration acceleration and morphological changes induced by extracellular AGR2 inmelanoma cellsA:Wound healing assay of AGR2 and mab 18A4 on themigration of A375 cells;B:Statistical analysis of A375 cellmigration in histograms;C:Wound healing assay of AGR2 andmab 18A4 on themigration of B16-F10 cells;D:Statistical analysisof A375 cellmigration in histograms;E:Cellmorphology staining of A375 cells with corresponding treatments;F:Cellmorphology staining of B16-F10 cells with corresponding treatments*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01 vs AGR2 group
Figure 4 Monoclonal antibody 18A4 masked the decline of p53 expression level induced by external AGR2A:Western blot analysis of p53 expression in A375 cells with corresponding treatments;B:Western blot analysis of p53 expression in B16-F10 cells with corresponding treatments.β-actin was served as an internal control;C:Statistical analysis of the band intensities on Western blots as compared to β-actin bands in A375 cells;D:Statistical analysisof the band intensities onWestern blotsas compared toβ-actin bands in B16-F10 cells;E:Immunofluorescence assay of p53 expression in A375 cells;F:Immunofluorescence assay of p53 expression in B16-F10 cells*P<0.05 vs control group;#P<0.05 vs AGR2 group
AGR2在多種腫瘤組織中過(guò)表達(dá),細(xì)胞內(nèi)和細(xì)胞外AGR2均與腫瘤增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥等有關(guān),所以AGR2是一個(gè)潛在的抗腫瘤靶點(diǎn)。雖然科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)提出了若干種抑制AGR2功能的策略,但是針對(duì)AGR2的藥物至今尚未出現(xiàn)[21]。故本研究探究了以AGR2為靶點(diǎn)18A4抗體能否抑制細(xì)胞外AGR2引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞活性。
首先通過(guò)MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)和克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了18A4抗體能夠抑制細(xì)胞外AGR2引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖加快,并進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)胞外AGR2與18A4對(duì)細(xì)胞周期的影響。敲降細(xì)胞內(nèi)AGR2能夠讓乳腺癌和前列腺癌細(xì)胞阻滯在 G1期[22-23],但胞外 AGR2能否影響細(xì)胞周期還是未知的。本研究中細(xì)胞周期檢測(cè)結(jié)果說(shuō)明胞外AGR2的刺激能夠減少G1期細(xì)胞,增加S期細(xì)胞。更重要的,胞外AGR2對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞周期的調(diào)控能被18A4抗體抑制。
AGR2與腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移有著緊密的聯(lián)系。敲降胞內(nèi)AGR2可減慢腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性,反之,將AGR2轉(zhuǎn)染入腫瘤細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞的遷移能力明顯增強(qiáng)[8,24-25]。同樣的,胞外 AGR2促進(jìn)了上皮細(xì)胞的遷移,引起 EMT,加快傷口愈合[2,16]。所以本研究通過(guò)劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)和細(xì)胞形態(tài)染色檢測(cè)18A4能否緩解胞外AGR2導(dǎo)致的腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移加快和細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí)18A4抗體具有減緩胞外AGR2引起的細(xì)胞遷移加快和形態(tài)變化。
p53是經(jīng)典的抑癌基因,超過(guò)半數(shù)的腫瘤組織中存在p53的突變和缺失[26]。Hrstka等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)胞內(nèi)AGR2通過(guò)雙特異性磷酸酶10(DUSP10,dual specificity protein phosphatase 10)的調(diào)控降低p53的活性,但胞外AGR2能否影響p53的表達(dá)還是未知的。本研究用阿霉素處理腫瘤細(xì)胞以增加p53的表達(dá)量,通過(guò)Western blot和免疫熒光染色說(shuō)明胞外AGR2的刺激能夠降低 p53的表達(dá)量,而18A4抗體能夠穩(wěn)定p53的表達(dá)量,抑制AGR2對(duì)p53表達(dá)量的影響。
綜上所述,18A4抗體能夠抑制胞外AGR2引起的腫瘤細(xì)胞活性,包括增殖速度加快、G1/S細(xì)胞周期轉(zhuǎn)變、遷移速度加快、細(xì)胞形態(tài)的改變和p53表達(dá)量的降低,這些結(jié)果不僅延伸了18A4的藥理作用,也說(shuō)明18A4是一種潛在的抗腫瘤藥物。
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