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右美托咪定預處理對LPS激活星形膠質(zhì)細胞HMGB1基因表達的影響

2018-06-20 09:24陳筱詩肖瑩瑩周嬌曾文強楊進國
中國醫(yī)藥導報 2018年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:神經(jīng)炎右美托咪定

陳筱詩 肖瑩瑩 周嬌 曾文強 楊進國

[摘要] 目的 觀察右美托咪定(DEX)預處理對細菌脂多糖(LPS)激活的星形膠質(zhì)細胞(AS)高遷移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)在基因水平表達的影響,探究其與煙堿樣乙酰膽堿受體α7亞型(α7nAChR)的關(guān)系。 方法 選取新生1~2 d的SD大鼠,分離、培養(yǎng)大腦皮質(zhì)AS。將細胞接種于細胞培養(yǎng)板上,按照隨機數(shù)字表法分為空白對照組、LPS組、DEX預處理組、α銀環(huán)蛇毒素(α-BGT,為α7nAChR拮抗劑)組和α-BGT預處理組。免疫細胞化學技術(shù)檢測AS特異性標志物膠質(zhì)纖維酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表達,甲基噻唑基四唑(MTT)法檢測細胞活力,實時熒光定量PCR檢測各組HMGB1的mRNA表達水平。 結(jié)果 第三代AS純度達95%以上。活化的AS HMGB1 mRNA表達水平上調(diào),與空白對照組比較差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。與LPS組比較,DEX預處理組HMGB1 mRNA表達明顯降低(P < 0.01)。與DEX預處理組比較,α-BGT預處理有顯著逆轉(zhuǎn)DEX預處理的作用(P < 0.01),但是α-BGT單獨作用于AS則對HMGB1基因表達并無影響(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 DEX預處理下調(diào)HMGB1表達,阻斷α7nAChR后DEX預處理作用消失,提示DEX預處理的抗炎作用與其激活α7nAChR相關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 星形膠質(zhì)細胞;脂多糖;右美托咪定;高遷移率族蛋白1;神經(jīng)炎

[中圖分類號] R741 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)04(c)-0008-05

Effect of Dexmedetomidine pretreatment on HMGB1 mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated astrocytes

CHEN Xiaoshi1 XIAO Yingying1 ZHOU Jiao2 ZENG Wenqiang1 YANG Jinguo1

1.Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Province, Shiyan 442008, China; 2.Department of Urology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Province, Shiyan 442008, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of Dexmedetomidine pretreatment on the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated astrocytes (AS), and to explore its relationship with α7 subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Methods The new-born 1-2 day SD rats were selected, and the AS of cerebral cortex was isolated and cultivated. The cells were inoculated on cell culture plates, and they were divided into blank control group, LPS group, DEX-pretreatment group, α-bungatotoxin (α-BGT, which was α7nAChR antagonist) group and α-BGT-pretreatment group. The immunocytochemical technique was used to determine the expression of AS specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was to used detect cytoactive. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of HMGB1. Results The purity of the 3rd generation of AS reached above 95%. The expression of AS HMGB1 mRNA was up-regulated, which had statistically significant differences compared with those of blank control group (P < 0.01). Compared with LPS group, the expression of HMGB1 mRNA in DEX-pretreatment group was decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Compared with DEX-pretreatment group, α-BGT-pretreatment had significant effects of reversing DEX-pretreatment (P < 0.01), while single application of α-BGT for AS had no significant effects on the expression of HMGB1 gene (P > 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine pretreatment can reduce the expression of HMGB1, the DEX-pretreatment effect disappears after cutting off α7nAChR, which indicates that the anti-inflammatory action of DEX-pretreatment may be related to activating α7nAChR.

[Key words] Astrocyte; Lipopolysaccharide; Dexmed?鄄etomidine; High mobility group box 1; Neuritis

在神經(jīng)退行性疾病和腦卒中等疾病中,神經(jīng)炎是其中一個重要的病理過程,涉及腦中小膠質(zhì)細胞和星形膠質(zhì)細胞(astrocyte,AS)的激活[1]。在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與先天免疫系統(tǒng)相互作用對抗全身炎性反應(yīng)的過程中,膽堿能抗炎通路起到重要的橋梁作用[2]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,煙堿樣乙酰膽堿受體α7亞型(α7nAChR)在介導膽堿能抗炎通路中扮演關(guān)鍵角色[3]。已知α7nAChR激活后抑制高遷移率族蛋白1(high mobility group box 1,HMGB1)的釋放[4]。HMGB1是重要的晚期炎癥介質(zhì),是阿爾茲海默病、帕金森病、脊髓損傷和腦出血等疾病的一個危險因子。有研究[5]指出,右美托咪定(DEX)通過迷走神經(jīng)和α7nAChR依賴性機制抑制全身反應(yīng)。我們假設(shè)DEX預處理通過激活AS表面α7nAChR下調(diào)HMGB1表達以緩解神經(jīng)炎癥,并用細菌脂多糖(LPS)刺激離體培養(yǎng)AS進行驗證。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實驗動物

SPF級新生1~2 d雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,由湖北醫(yī)藥學院動物實驗中心提供(湖北省實驗動物質(zhì)量合格證號:42000900000625),飼養(yǎng)于標準實驗環(huán)境中。所有動物實驗通過湖北醫(yī)藥學院實驗動物倫理委員會批準,并嚴格按照湖北醫(yī)藥學院動物實驗規(guī)范執(zhí)行。

1.2 大鼠皮質(zhì)AS原代培養(yǎng)和傳代

參照文獻[6],取出生1~2 d內(nèi)的SD大鼠,75%酒精浸泡消毒,斷頭取腦組織。在預冷PBS的培養(yǎng)皿中完整剝除腦膜和血管,獲取大腦皮層。加入2 mL 0.25%的胰蛋白酶溶液,無菌巴氏吸管輕輕吹打后,37℃恒溫水浴鍋內(nèi)消化30 min。加入2~3 mL完全培養(yǎng)基終止消化,懸液經(jīng)過200目細胞濾網(wǎng)過濾后,4℃、1000 r/min,離心10 min(離心機型號:Eppendorf 5804R)。細胞重懸后,接種于T25細胞培養(yǎng)瓶中,在37℃、5%CO2細胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。接種培養(yǎng)30 min后,小心翻轉(zhuǎn)瓶底,吸取上清液至另一無菌培養(yǎng)瓶以去除成纖維細胞,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。以后每3天換培養(yǎng)液。待培養(yǎng)的第7天左右(細胞覆蓋率達80%左右時),將細胞培養(yǎng)瓶置于全自動恒溫氣浴搖床上,37℃、160 r/min,震蕩16 h,以去除貼壁不牢的少突膠質(zhì)細胞和小膠質(zhì)細胞,所得貼壁較牢細胞即是AS。經(jīng)胰酶消化重懸后,根據(jù)后續(xù)實驗所需密度,接種于細胞培養(yǎng)瓶或者細胞培養(yǎng)板中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。

1.3 GFAP免疫熒光細胞化學染色

用星形膠質(zhì)細胞特異性標志物GFAP免疫熒光細胞化學染色法鑒定細胞。簡要步驟如下:無菌鑷子夾取24孔板圓形爬片,每孔1片,每孔接種細胞密度為5×105。待細胞覆蓋率達80%左右,吸棄培養(yǎng)液,用預冷PBS洗3次,4%多聚甲醛4℃固定15 min。PBS洗滌后0.1% Triton-X-100破膜10 min,PBS漂洗3次,5 min/次。每孔加100 μL 10%山羊血清室溫下封閉1 h。吸走封閉血清,每孔加200 μL一抗(兔抗GFAP抗體,PBS稀釋至1/100)4℃過夜。PBS洗滌后加羊抗兔FITC-IgG熒光二抗(PBS稀釋至1/400)在37℃避光孵育1 h。吸棄二抗后直接加DAPI染液(PBS稀釋至1/1000),室溫、避光孵育30 min。PBS漂洗后50%甘油-PBS封片。PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照。熒光顯微鏡下隨機選擇10個400×的目鏡視野,進行熒光觀察和拍照。計數(shù)總細胞數(shù)和GFAP陽性細胞數(shù)量,陽性細胞數(shù)占總細胞數(shù)的百分數(shù)即為AS的純度。

1.4 實驗分組

按照隨機數(shù)法將細胞分為以下幾組:空白對照組、LPS組、DEX預處理組、α銀環(huán)蛇毒素(α-BGT)組和α-BGT預處理組,每組3個孔??瞻讓φ战MAS正常培養(yǎng);LPS組用終濃度為0.10 μg/mL的LPS處理12 h;DEX預處理組用終濃度1 μmol/L的DEX刺激細胞30 min后,吸棄培養(yǎng)基加入新鮮完全培養(yǎng)基后,加入終濃度為0.10 μg/mL的LPS作用12 h;α-BGT組預先加入終濃度10 nmol/L的α-BGT,30 min后加入終濃度為0.10 μg/mL的LPS作用12 h;α-BGT預處理組的星形膠質(zhì)細胞用終濃度10 nmol/L的α-BGT孵育30 min,加入1 μmol/L DEX孵育30 min,細胞換液后用0.10 μg/mL的LPS孵育12 h。

1.5 MTT法檢測細胞活力

取第三代細胞按3×104接種于96孔板,每孔200 μL,置37℃、5%CO2細胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),至細胞對數(shù)期時加入LPS處理相應(yīng)時間。每孔加入MTT(貯存液濃度為5 mg/mL)20 μL,每時相點設(shè)置6個復孔,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。小心吸棄上清,每孔加入100 μL DMSO,避光震蕩10 min,使結(jié)晶物充分溶解。以調(diào)零孔調(diào)零,在酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀上測定各孔570 nm波長光吸收值(A570),重復3次。細胞活力=A實驗孔/A對照孔×100%。

1.6 實時熒光定量PCR檢測炎癥介質(zhì)的表達

按照Trizol法提取各組細胞總RNA,瓊脂糖凝膠電泳驗證總RNA的完整性。再根據(jù)反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說明書將RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA。反應(yīng)體系中含有1.2 μg RNA、20 U逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶、RNA酶抑制劑以及隨機引物。PCR儀上70℃變性5 min,降至37℃后,繼續(xù)程序:42℃、60 min,72℃、10 min。設(shè)計大鼠HMGB1和GAPDH引物,送上海生工生物工程技術(shù)有限公司合成。以cDNA為模板,HMGB1上游引物5′-CCGGATGCTTCTGTCAACTT-3′,下游引物5′-TTGATTTTTGG?鄄GCGGTACTC-3′,擴增產(chǎn)物的長度是248 bp。管家基因GAPDH用作對照,上游引物是5′-AGACAGCCGCATCTTCTTGT-3′,下游引物5′-CTTGCCGTGGGTAGAGTCAT-3′,擴增片段207 bp。實時熒光定量PCR的反應(yīng)條件為:95℃預變性5 min,95℃變性10 s、60℃退火20 s、72℃延伸20 s進行40個循環(huán),終末72℃延伸5 min。實驗重復3次。反應(yīng)結(jié)束后記錄所得溶解曲線和擴增曲線的Ct值,2-ΔΔCt法計算所得結(jié)果。

1.7 統(tǒng)計學方法

應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用SNK法,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 AS培養(yǎng)與鑒定

取原代培養(yǎng)的AS,在倒置相差顯微鏡下觀察,AS貼壁生長,細胞之間互相交聯(lián),折光度低。見圖1a(封三)。GFAP主要定位在胞漿,染色陽性信號呈綠色,DAPI復染胞核呈藍色激發(fā)光。結(jié)果顯示星形膠質(zhì)細胞的純度達到95%以上。見圖1b~d(封三)。

2.2 LPS處理對細胞增殖的影響

分別用0.01、0.10 μg/mL和1.00 μg/mL的LPS處理細胞6、12、24 h,結(jié)果如圖2所示。0.01 μg/mL LPS對細胞增殖無明顯影響;0.10 μg/mL的LPS處理后細胞活力明顯降低,超過12 h后細胞活力顯著降低;1.00 μg/mL的LPS對細胞損害明顯。故后續(xù)實驗中采用0.1 μg/mL的LPS處理細胞12 h。

2.3 DEX預處理降低HMGB1 mRNA水平

與空白對照組比較,LPS刺激后HMGB1 mRNA表達明顯升高,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01);與LPS組比較,DEX預處理組HMGB1 mRNA的表達顯著降低(P < 0.01)。見圖3。

與空白對照組比較,*P < 0.01;與LPS組比較,#P < 0.01;HMGB1:高遷移率族蛋白1;LPS:脂多糖;DEX:右美托咪定

2.4 DEX預處理降低HMGB1 mRNA水平與α7n?鄄AChR相關(guān)

與空白對照組比較,LPS組HMGB1 mRNA表達明顯上調(diào)(P < 0.01)。與LPS組比較,DEX預處理組HMGB1 mRNA水平顯著下降(P < 0.01),而α-BGT組和α-BGT預處理組HMGB1 mRNA水平與LPS組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05);與DEX預處理組比較,α-BGT預處理組HMGB1 mRNA水平顯著升高(P < 0.01)。見圖4。

與空白對照組比較,*P < 0.01;與LPS組比較,#P < 0.01;與DEX預處理組比較,△P < 0.01;HMGB1:高遷移率族蛋白1;LPS:脂多糖;DEX:右美托咪定;α-BGT:α銀環(huán)蛇毒素

3 討論

神經(jīng)炎被認為是Alzheimer病、帕金森病等慢性神經(jīng)退行性疾病和腦卒中等的突出病理特征,主要由小膠質(zhì)細胞和AS引起[1,7]。

HMGB1是一種非組蛋白染色體結(jié)合蛋白,正常情況下有兩個主要來源:一是由受損或者壞死細胞釋放,二是由巨噬細胞和小膠質(zhì)細胞分泌[8]。在腦損傷和神經(jīng)退行性疾病中,缺血神經(jīng)元[9]、中樞小膠質(zhì)細胞[10]和活化的單核/巨噬細胞[8]釋放HMGB1,加速疾病進程[1],維持和延長炎癥[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),星形膠質(zhì)細胞也能釋放HMGB1[11]。被動釋放的HMGB1可作為神經(jīng)炎癥因子,引發(fā)神經(jīng)細胞凋亡[12]。而在PD模型中的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HMGB1單克隆抗體可抑制HMGB1的易位,抑制小膠質(zhì)細胞的激活、血腦屏障的損傷和炎癥因子IL-6和IL-1β等的表達,保護多巴胺能神經(jīng)元[13]。研究顯示AS是Aβ下游神經(jīng)毒性事件(如神經(jīng)元死亡)的重要調(diào)節(jié)因素[14]。HMGB1特異性抗體能顯著抑制神經(jīng)元突起變性,模型小鼠認知障礙完全恢復[15]。近來發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著年齡增加,HMGB1在神經(jīng)元中表達逐漸減少,而在AS中逐漸增加[16]。由此推測調(diào)控AS的HMGB1表達水平可能成為治療以神經(jīng)炎為病理特征的疾病的手段之一。

AS作為腦內(nèi)最豐富的膠質(zhì)細胞類型,介導神經(jīng)炎起始和隨后神經(jīng)退行性疾?。ㄈ鏟D)的發(fā)展過程[17]。本研究使用LPS刺激體外培養(yǎng)的AS模擬神經(jīng)炎,發(fā)現(xiàn)激活后的AS上調(diào)晚期炎性細胞因子HMGB1。因此,調(diào)控AS活化的藥物可能發(fā)揮對神經(jīng)的保護作用。有研究[18]報道腎缺血再灌注時DEX預處理有效抑制HMGB1表達,減輕缺血組織損傷。另外在心肌缺血再灌注中DEX預處理也下調(diào)HMGB1水平[19]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DEX預處理下調(diào)LPS激活的AS中HMGB1的表達。

關(guān)于DEX預處理下調(diào)HMGB1表達的機制尚不是很清楚。研究[20]指出α7nAchR在膽堿能抗炎通路發(fā)揮重要作用。尼古丁,一種α7nAchR的強效激動劑,能顯著降低盲腸結(jié)扎穿刺誘導的敗血癥模型小鼠血清HMGB1[21]。Kim等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)尼古丁通過α7nAchR選擇性降低促炎細胞因子和HMGB1水平。本研究中使用α7nAchR的拮抗劑α-BGT,DEX預處理下調(diào)HMGB1水平的作用被剝奪,提示DEX激活α7nAChR發(fā)揮抗炎作用。研究[23]指出,在脊髓損傷模型中,DEX預處理激動α7nAChR,從而下調(diào)HMGB1的分泌,動物運動評分增高;同時α7nAChR的拮抗劑上調(diào)HMGB1表達。因脛骨骨折導致神經(jīng)炎的大鼠,DEX預先腹腔注射顯著抑制炎性反應(yīng);而預先切斷迷走神經(jīng)或者應(yīng)用該受體的拮抗劑,該效應(yīng)即消失[24]。Xiang等[25]早期在內(nèi)毒素血癥模型發(fā)現(xiàn)拮抗α7nAChR后DEX對炎性細胞因子無抑制作用,說明α7nAChR是DEX發(fā)揮抗炎作用所必須的。由此推斷DEX預處理發(fā)揮抗炎效應(yīng)需要α7nAChR信號轉(zhuǎn)導。

本研究為進一步認識DEX緩解神經(jīng)炎提供了一定的證據(jù),進一步帶我們了解了DEX預處理與HMGB1表達之間的關(guān)系以及該聯(lián)系與α7nAchR下游信號轉(zhuǎn)導之間的關(guān)系,尚存在一些不足之處。已知大鼠皮層AS表達α2腎上腺素受體[26],研究[25]報道DEX激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)α2腎上腺素受體,激活膽堿能抗炎通路。因此我們不能排除DEX預處理下調(diào)HMGB1的表達可能與其激活α2腎上腺素受體相關(guān)這一可能性。此外,HMGB1能與Toll樣受體(TLR2和TLR4)和晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(RAGE)結(jié)合,加劇炎性反應(yīng)[27]。因此這些受體是否參與DEX預處理抑制HMGB1表達仍需進一步探索。

綜上,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DEX預處理通過激活α7n?鄄AChR進而下調(diào)LPS激活后的AS炎性細胞因子HMGB1的水平。因此,DEX不僅作為鎮(zhèn)靜藥物,而且還可調(diào)控AS炎性細胞因子表達,發(fā)揮對神經(jīng)炎的抑制作用,DEX可能對一些以神經(jīng)炎為主要病理特征的疾病發(fā)揮有益的作用。

[參考文獻]

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(收稿日期:2017-12-18 本文編輯:張瑜杰)

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