国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

組織工程皮膚種子細(xì)胞的研究進(jìn)展

2018-11-10 13:49張廣靜王正想馮世軍
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2018年19期
關(guān)鍵詞:綜述皮膚

張廣靜 王正想 馮世軍

[摘要]組織工程皮膚的研究近年來發(fā)展迅速,其基本原理是,取正常皮膚組織通過體外培養(yǎng)足夠的細(xì)胞數(shù)量,將一定量的細(xì)胞接種到可降解的支架材料上分化成為具有一定形態(tài)和功能的皮膚模型。組織工程皮膚主要包括表皮替代物、真皮替代物及包含真表皮的全層皮膚替代物。全層皮膚模型主要包括三個(gè)方面,即種子細(xì)胞、可降解的真皮支架材料和體外培養(yǎng)的組織工程皮膚。但是燒傷造成的大面積皮膚缺損組織創(chuàng)傷、先天性巨痣等疾病導(dǎo)致皮膚壞死是一個(gè)重要的臨床問題,由于自體皮膚供皮部位缺乏迫切需要體外皮膚模型解決這些疑難問題。組織工程皮膚的重要部分之一是種子細(xì)胞,現(xiàn)就其相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞]組織工程;皮膚;種子細(xì)胞;綜述

[中圖分類號(hào)] R318 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2018)7(a)-0028-04

[Abstract]Study on skin tissue engineering has developed rapidly in recent years,the basic principle is that of normal skin tissue in vitro by sufficient cell numbers,a certain amount of cells were seeded into scaffolds of biodegradable as skin model has certain morphological and functional differentiation.Tissue engineered skin substitutes contain epidermis substitutes,dermis substitutes,and full skin substitutes.The full layer skin model consists of three main aspects:seed cells,biodegradable dermis scaffolds and tissue engineered skin in vitro.However,skin necrosis caused by burns,such as large skin defects,tissue trauma,congenital giant nevus and other diseases,is an important clinical problem.Due to the lack of skin donor site,the external skin model is urgently needed to solve these difficult problems.One of the most important parts of tissue engineered skin is the seed cells,and the progress of their related research is reviewed.

[Key words]Tissue engineering;Skin;Seed cells;Review

如何尋找確實(shí)而可靠的方法替代動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),在許多研究領(lǐng)域已顯得日益重要,特別是在皮膚研究方面,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)替代方法的開發(fā)對(duì)于更好地認(rèn)識(shí)皮膚生理,評(píng)價(jià)各種化妝品安全性、有效性等具有非常重要的意義。組織工程皮膚的問世,使有關(guān)動(dòng)物的皮膚替代實(shí)驗(yàn)成為可能。組織工程皮膚的基本原理是,通過獲得自體或異體的極少量組織,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中經(jīng)過滅菌、消化、分離、培養(yǎng),在獲得足夠的細(xì)胞數(shù)量時(shí),將其重組成具有一定形態(tài)和功能的組織器官。隨著細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)技術(shù)和組織構(gòu)建技術(shù)的提高,可以根據(jù)不同的需要,構(gòu)建單純的表皮、真皮,或同時(shí)含有表皮和真皮的全層皮膚。近年來,組織工程皮膚研究取得了可喜的成果,相繼有產(chǎn)品上市,這使得組織工程皮膚的應(yīng)用不僅僅局限于治療,而開始應(yīng)用于其他領(lǐng)域,如化妝品安全性檢測(cè)等,為皮膚檢測(cè)模型代替動(dòng)物進(jìn)行皮膚試驗(yàn)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。種子細(xì)胞是組織工程皮膚的重要部分,現(xiàn)就其相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述。

1表皮細(xì)胞

1.1表皮細(xì)胞來源

表皮細(xì)胞來源于胚胎外胚層。角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞(keratinocytes)是表皮的主要組成細(xì)胞,屬于終末分化細(xì)胞,隨著傳代次數(shù)的增加,其會(huì)出現(xiàn)老化,增殖能力也會(huì)逐漸下降。上皮角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的來源多數(shù)取新生兒包皮組織體外獲取,組織供應(yīng)無法保持穩(wěn)定導(dǎo)致皮膚模型無法批量生產(chǎn)[1]。由于異體細(xì)胞可引起機(jī)體的排斥反應(yīng),因此如何短時(shí)間內(nèi)獲取大量的自體表皮細(xì)胞,對(duì)于急需覆蓋創(chuàng)面的大面積燒、創(chuàng)傷患者是丞待解決的問題之一。

1.2永生化的上皮角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞HaCaT[人用生化表皮細(xì)胞(immortalized human epidermal cells)]

HaCaT不具有致瘤性并且保留了角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的分化特性,其增殖能力強(qiáng),培養(yǎng)簡(jiǎn)單,并且容易大規(guī)模培養(yǎng)[2-3]。目前對(duì)HaCaT細(xì)胞的研究越來越多,例如其分化的機(jī)制[4]。研究認(rèn)為HaCaT細(xì)胞是經(jīng)人乳頭瘤病毒轉(zhuǎn)染誘導(dǎo)形成的細(xì)胞系,其可以增殖和分化成12~15個(gè)細(xì)胞層次的表皮結(jié)構(gòu),非常接近正常皮膚的表皮,因此具有和與正常角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞相似的生物學(xué)特性,并且其不具有致瘤性,也無侵襲性[5],可以作為體外構(gòu)建組織工程皮膚的種子細(xì)胞[6]。目前已經(jīng)有學(xué)者利用HaCaT細(xì)胞構(gòu)建出組織工程皮膚[7-8],研究其是否可以應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)面修復(fù)[9]。

2成纖維細(xì)胞

成纖維細(xì)胞是皮膚真皮層中主要細(xì)胞,特別是胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng),其比普通成纖維細(xì)胞增殖能力更強(qiáng),免疫原性更低,有研究其具有無限增殖能力接近細(xì)胞系的性能[10]。上皮角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞加入成纖維細(xì)胞構(gòu)建皮膚模型時(shí),細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)分泌增加,促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面恢復(fù)的能力更強(qiáng),目前成纖維細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用非常廣泛。組織工程皮膚的構(gòu)建加入成纖維細(xì)胞更加接近正常的皮膚結(jié)構(gòu)。

3干細(xì)胞

干細(xì)胞是一類多潛能細(xì)胞,具有自我更新的特性和無限增殖能力,經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)后可以定向分化。干細(xì)胞來源表皮干細(xì)胞、間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞、脂肪干細(xì)胞等均可作為構(gòu)建皮膚組織工程皮膚的種子細(xì)胞。

3.1表皮干細(xì)胞

表皮干細(xì)胞具有無限更新能力,并且經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)后可以分化形成表皮細(xì)胞。表皮干細(xì)胞位于表皮的基底層。表皮不斷的自我更新主要就是依賴于皮膚基底細(xì)胞層中的干細(xì)胞,但是基底層的細(xì)胞只有少量是干細(xì)胞[11],其在基底層的位置也是不斷變化的[12]。P63、CD29雙標(biāo)記法經(jīng)常被作為鑒定表皮干細(xì)胞的便捷的方法,其敏感性較低,但是特異性較高。表皮干細(xì)胞在維持皮膚新陳代謝中起重要作用。有學(xué)者研究認(rèn)為表皮干細(xì)胞有分化為汗腺和毛囊等結(jié)構(gòu)的潛能[13],而在上皮組織的修復(fù)過程中缺少表皮干細(xì)胞其修復(fù)程度將受到明顯的影響[14]。表皮干細(xì)胞實(shí)現(xiàn)皮膚自我更新主要通過產(chǎn)生出大量的擴(kuò)增細(xì)胞[15],表皮干細(xì)胞分化階段不同,其標(biāo)志物也在不斷變化,表達(dá)α2β1,α3β1等整合素,黏附鄰近細(xì)胞。Sun等[16]利用毛乳頭細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)毛囊隆突部培養(yǎng)的干細(xì)胞再生毛囊結(jié)構(gòu)為組織工程皮膚毛囊化更進(jìn)一步提供理論研究。隨著各種研究的不斷深入,表皮干細(xì)胞可分化為毛囊、皮脂腺、汗腺等。作為組織工程皮膚的種子細(xì)胞之一的表皮干細(xì)胞,將來有可能解解決組織工程皮膚缺乏皮膚附屬器的難題,使組織工程皮膚能真正大量應(yīng)用于臨床[17]。

3.2間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSCs)

MSCs來源于中胚層和外胚層,是免疫原性低的成體干細(xì)胞,也是干細(xì)胞家族的重要成員之一,是構(gòu)成骨髓微環(huán)境的主要細(xì)胞成分之一,其對(duì)各類免疫細(xì)胞均具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MSCs可通過調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞的活化和增殖來抑制免疫反應(yīng)[18-19],其可通過細(xì)胞間直接接觸[20-21]對(duì)T細(xì)胞進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),也可通過分泌可溶性因子來調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞。由于其具有取材方便、培養(yǎng)容易、增殖力強(qiáng)、低免疫原性、表達(dá)穩(wěn)定的特點(diǎn),因此MSCs在特定的誘導(dǎo)條件下,可分化為脂肪、骨、軟骨等多種組織細(xì)胞。MSCs主要包括骨髓MSCs、人臍帶MSCs、脂肪MSCs、毛囊干細(xì)胞等。

3.2.1骨髓MSCs 在骨髓組織中含量最為豐富,來源于中胚層和外胚層。其為自體干細(xì)胞,取材方便,培養(yǎng)容易,增殖能力強(qiáng),并且無排斥反應(yīng),外源基因轉(zhuǎn)染表達(dá)穩(wěn)定。其在適宜的微環(huán)境下可分化多種細(xì)胞,如成骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等[22-23]。在皮膚出現(xiàn)大面積嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷的修復(fù)過程中,在創(chuàng)傷較大創(chuàng)面難愈合的創(chuàng)面加入骨髓MSCs,可加速創(chuàng)面的愈合[24]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)自體骨髓MSCs在一定條件下可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楸砥ぜ?xì)胞及皮膚附屬器細(xì)胞[25],還能促進(jìn)新生血管形成,加速創(chuàng)面愈合。

3.2.2臍帶MSCs 起源于中胚層,其產(chǎn)生的微環(huán)境對(duì)造血干細(xì)胞的歸巢及增殖分化意義重大。其主要存在于臍帶沃頓膠和血管周圍組織中[26]。人臍帶MSCs能夠向心肌和骨骼肌方向分化,還可以向成骨細(xì)胞和軟骨細(xì)胞等方向分化,還具有支持造血干細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)增。有研究表面組織來源不同的臍帶血MSCs的免疫表型特征卻非常相似[27]。由于人臍帶血MSCs不受倫理和道德約束,排斥反應(yīng)小,由于臍帶胎盤的保護(hù)感染細(xì)菌和病毒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低,并且沒有形成畸胎瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,人臍帶MSCs在血液病、老年癡呆、帕金森等疾病治療等方面提供新的治療方案。

3.2.3脂肪MSCs 在2001年由Eppley[28]離體培養(yǎng)得到,證實(shí)具有干細(xì)胞的功能,可以取材于不同部位的脂肪組織。其具有來源充足、易于在體外培養(yǎng)擴(kuò)增、干細(xì)胞含量豐富、無致瘤性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。脂肪MSCs在一定的誘導(dǎo)條件下可以向成骨細(xì)胞[29]、干細(xì)胞[30-32]、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞[33]、肌肉細(xì)胞[34]等定向分化??杀磉_(dá)CD11a、CD13、CD14、CD29[35-37],不表達(dá)CD40、CD80、CD86、MHCⅠ、MHCⅡ等生物學(xué)特性。因此,今后在自體脂肪移植及組織工程皮膚構(gòu)建等方面有很大的研究及應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

4其他細(xì)胞

其中包括內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、黑色素細(xì)胞等。Rehder等[38]在體外構(gòu)建的組織工程表皮中加入黑色素細(xì)胞,結(jié)構(gòu)所構(gòu)建出的皮膚模型在形態(tài)學(xué)上與非常接近正常皮膚,為研究皮膚光老化進(jìn)一步奠定基礎(chǔ)。也有研究表明將汗腺干細(xì)胞移植到裸鼠背部全層皮膚缺損上,其創(chuàng)面血管化明顯,加速創(chuàng)面修復(fù)能力[39]。

5展望

構(gòu)建組織工程皮膚的目的是使其在形態(tài)上和功能上非常接近正常皮膚,除了具有表皮和真皮結(jié)構(gòu)還有皮膚附屬器的結(jié)構(gòu),能快速血管化及神經(jīng)重建。雖然已經(jīng)有很多組織工程皮膚問世,但僅僅是表皮替代物或真皮替代物,缺乏皮膚附屬器,不具有真正的皮膚功能。近些年來隨著對(duì)干細(xì)胞的深入研究,合適的種子細(xì)胞是組織工程皮膚構(gòu)建成功的關(guān)鍵,但是如何提高種子細(xì)胞的安全性、增殖分化能力及降低免疫特性及干細(xì)胞特異性標(biāo)記等問題,需要進(jìn)一步深入研究。以后將會(huì)有越來越多功能完善的組織工程皮膚研究成功,為廣大創(chuàng)傷者帶來希望。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Zhang ZG,Bothe I,Hirche F,et al.Interactions of primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes with extracellular matrix proteins:contribution of α2β1 intergrin[J].J Cell Sci,2006,119(Pt9):1886-1895.

[2]Cichowski A,Kawecki M,Glik J,et al.Literature review concerning cell and skin substitute cultures obtained by means of tissue engineering used in the treatment of burns[J].Pol Przegl Chir,2014,86(4):202-210.

[3]Terada D,Yokoyama Y,Hattori S,et al.The outermost surface properties of silk fibroin films reflect ethanoltreatment conditions used in biomaterial preparation[J].Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl,2016,58:119-126.

[4]Miles A,Berthet A,Hopf NB,et al.A new alternative method for testing skin irritation using a human skinmodel: a pilot study[J].Toxicol In Vitro,2014,28(2):240-247.

[5]Huang S,Xu Y,Wu C,et al.In vitro constitution and in vivo implantation of engineered skin constructs with sweat glands[J].Biomaterials,2010,31(21):5520-5525.

[6]Wang X,You C,Hu X,et al.The roles of knitted mesh-reinforced collagen-chitosan hybrid scaffold in the one-step repair of fullthickness skin defects in rats[J].Acta Biomater,2013,9(8):7822-7832.

[7]Shevchenko RV,James SL,James SE.A review of tissue engineered skin bioconstructs available for skin reconstruction[J].J R Soc Interface,2010,7(43):229-258.

[8]Han Y,Tao R,Han Y,et al.Microencapsulated VEGF gene -modified umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells promote the vascularization of tissue-engineered dermis:an experimental study[J].Cytotherapy,2014,16(2):160-169.

[9]Groeber F,Holeiter M,Hampel M,et al.Skin tissue engineering-in vivo and in vitro applications[J].Clin Plast Surg,2012,39(1):33-58.

[10]Nayak S,Dey S,Kundu SC.Skinequivalent tissue-engineered construct:co-cultured fibroblasts/keratinocytes on 3D matrices of sericin hope cocoons[J].PLoS One,2013,8(9):e74779.

[11]Pfuhler S,F(xiàn)autz R,Ouedraogo G,et al.The cosmetics europe strategy for animal-free genotoxicity testing: project status up-date[J].Toxicol In Vitro,2014,28(1):18-23.

[12]Zhao Z,Zhang C,F(xiàn)u X,et al.Differentiated epidermal cells regain the ability to regenerate a skin equivalent by increasing the level of β-catenin in the cells[J].Cells Tissues Organs,2012,196(4):353-361.

[13]Li MH,Liu Y,Chen C,et al.Effect of combined use of autologous adipose-derived stem cells and sterile biological filmson chronic wound[J].Med J Chin PLA,2016,41(12):1025-1030.

[14]Fuchs E.The impact of cell culture on stem cell research [J] Cell Stem Cell,2012,10(6):640-641.

[15]賴麒,熊愛兵.表皮干細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性及應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)組織工程研究與臨床康復(fù),2011,15(36):6813-6816

[16]Sun H,Wang X,Hu X,et al.Promotion of angiogenes is by sustained release of rhGM-CSF from heparinized collagenchitosan scaffolds[J].J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater,2015,100(3):788-798.

[17]Sekiya S,Shimizu T,Okano T.Vascularization in 3D tissue using cell sheet technology[J].Regen Med,2013,8(3):371-377.

[18]Auger FA,Lacroix D,Germain L.Skin substitutes and wound healing[J].Skin Pharmacol Physiol,2014,22(2):94-102.

[19]Bartholomew A,Sturgeon C,Siatskas M,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo[J].Exp Hematol,2002,30(1):42-48.

[20]Azzam OA,Bassiouny DA,Ei-Hawary MS,et al.Treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids by fractional carbon dioxide laser.a clinical,histological, and immunohistochemical study[J].Laser Med Sci,2016,31(1):9-18.

[21]Varkey M,Ding J.Tredget in skin substitutespotential of tissue engineered skin for facilitating anti-fibrotic healing[J].J Funct Biomater,2015,6(3):547-563.

[22]Nogueira M,Rodas C,Leite A,et al.Preparation and characterization of ethanol-treated silk fibroin dense membranes for biomaterials application using waste silk fibers as raw material[J].Bioresource technol,2010,101(21):8446-8451.

[23]Yang W,Cui ZF.The development of tissue engineering skin[J].Scientia Sinica Vitae,2015,45(5):460-470.

[24]李海紅,付小兵,王君,等.間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為表皮附屬細(xì)胞的初步實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].中國(guó)修復(fù)重建外科雜志,2006, 20(6):675-678.

[25]Ma ZF,Chai JK,Yang HM,et al.In vitro construction of tissue engineered skin for wound repair after escharectomy of third degree scald:an experimental study[J].Med J Chin PLA,2015,40(12):972-975.

[26]Grauvogel J,Daemmrich TD,Ryschich E,et al.Chronic alcohol intake increases the severity of pancreatitis induced by acute alcohol administration,hyperlipidemia and pancreatic duct obstruction in rats[J].Pancreatology,2015,10(5):603-612.

[27]Hackert T,Pfeil D,Hartwig W,et al.Platelet function in acute experimental pancreatitis induced by ischaemia-reperfusion[J].Br J Surg,2005,92(6):724-728.

[28]Eppley BL.Expermental assessment of the revasecularization of acellular human dermis for soft-tissue augmentation[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2001,107(3):757-762.

[29]Gilhar A,Yaniv R,Assy B,et al.Fas pulls the trigger on psoriasis[J].Am J Pathol,2006,168(1):170-175.

[30]Banjul-Feria Mendez M,F(xiàn)olgers AR,Cabrera S,et al.Matrix metallophones:evolution,gene regulation and functional analysis in mouse models[J].Biochip Biophys Acta,2010,1803(6):3-19.

[31]Van der Veen VC,Boekema BK,Ulrich MM,et al.New dermal substitutes[J].Wound Repair Regen,2011,19(Suppl1):59-65.

[32]Ehrenreich M,Ruszczak Z.Update on tissue-engineered biological dressings[J].Tissue Eng,2006,12(9):2407-2424.

[33]Supp DM,Supp AP,Bell SM,et al.Enhanced vascularzation of cultured skin substitutes genetically modified to overexpress vascular endothelial growth factor[J].J Invest Dermatol,2000,114(1):5-13.

[34]Hohlfeld J,de Buys Roessing A,Hirt-Burri N,et al.Tissue engi neered fet al skin constructs for paediatric burns[J].Lancet,2005,366(9488):840-842.

[35]Mvula B,Abrahamse H.Differentiation potential of adipose-derived stem cells when cocultured with smooth muscle cells,and the role of low-intensity laser irradiation[J].Photomed Laser Surg,2016,34(11):509-515.

[36]Razavi S,Razavi MR,Ahmadi N,et al.Estrongen treatment enhances neurogenic differentitation of human adisope derived stem cells in vitro[J].Iran J Basic Med Sci,2015,18(8):799-804.

[37]Nagata H,li M,Kohbayashi E,et al.Cardiac adipose-derived stem cells exhibit high differentiation potential to cardiovascular cells in C57 potential BL/6Mice[J].Stem Cells Transl Med,2016,5(2):141-151.

[38]Rehder J,Souto LR,lssa CM,et a1.Model of human epidermis reconstructed in vitro with kcratinocytes and melanocytes on dead de-epidermized human dermis[J].Sao Paulo Med J,2004,122(1):22-25.

[39]Klar AS,Guven S,Biedermann T,et al.Tissue-engineered dermoepidermal skin grafts prevascularized with adipose-derived cells[J].Biomaterials,2014,35(19):5065-5078.

(收稿日期:2018-02-11 本文編輯:崔建中)

猜你喜歡
綜述皮膚
SAPHO綜合征1例報(bào)道并文獻(xiàn)綜述
基于遷移學(xué)習(xí)模型的小樣本學(xué)習(xí)綜述
知識(shí)追蹤綜述
共指消解技術(shù)綜述
面向自動(dòng)問答的機(jī)器閱讀理解綜述
施工機(jī)群配置優(yōu)化研究綜述
施工機(jī)群配置優(yōu)化研究綜述
冷,還是熱?快來感受一下
皮膚再生之迷
皮膚擦破時(shí)怎么處理
古交市| 邵武市| 襄城县| 罗山县| 武邑县| 巫溪县| 衢州市| 双辽市| 阳东县| 辉南县| 德保县| 峨山| 广灵县| 固镇县| 兴山县| 宁南县| 永昌县| 酉阳| 枣强县| 平泉县| 和政县| 大同市| 青铜峡市| 广南县| 汝南县| 绩溪县| 隆德县| 永城市| 房产| 上犹县| 大竹县| 通辽市| 兴业县| 津南区| 从江县| 昭苏县| 肥东县| 年辖:市辖区| 会昌县| 泗洪县| 陵川县|