程怡安 譚詩云 李明
[摘要] 炎癥性腸?。↖BD)是一類累及腸道的慢性炎癥性疾病,現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為環(huán)境、遺傳、免疫、感染等多種因素可能參與其發(fā)病機制。幽門螺桿菌(H.pylori)是人類最普遍的病原體之一,與多種胃內(nèi)外疾病有關(guān)。近些年,較多的數(shù)據(jù)顯示兩者之間存在一定的負(fù)相關(guān)性,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這種關(guān)聯(lián)可能與H.pylori的免疫調(diào)節(jié)特性或其他混雜因素如抗生素、柳氮磺胺嘧啶等藥物及環(huán)境因素有關(guān)。此外,有文獻報道了H.pylori根除之后新發(fā)IBD的病例,并提出根除H.pylori可能通過影響Th1和Th2免疫應(yīng)答之間的平衡而觸發(fā)克羅恩病。本文針對H.pylori與IBD的關(guān)系、機制以及H.pylori根治后IBD的發(fā)展作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 幽門螺桿菌;炎癥性腸?。幌嚓P(guān)性;免疫
[中圖分類號] R574 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)07(c)-0027-04
The research progress of association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammatory bowel disease
CHENG Yi′an TAN Shiyun LI Ming
Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
[Abstract] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting intestinal tract. Existing researches suggest that environment, genetics, immunity and infection may be involved in its pathogenesis. Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a common human pathogen, which is associated with a variety of gastric and extra-gastric diseases. In recent years, a lot of data show a negative correlation between them, and studies find that this association may be related to the immune regulation characteristics of H.pylori or other confounding factors such as antibiotics, sulfasalazine and environment. In addition, there are cases of newly diagnosed IBD after the eradication of H.pylori and it may trigger Crohn disease by affecting the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune response. The association between H.pylori and IBD as well as the mechanism are disscussed in this paper, and the article also reviews the development of IBD after the eradication of H.pylori.
[Key words] Helicobacter pylori; Inflammatory bowel disease; Association; Immune
炎癥性腸?。╥nflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一類累及腸道的具有終生復(fù)發(fā)傾向的慢性炎癥性疾病,克羅恩?。–rohn disease,CD)和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)是其主要疾病類型。IBD與環(huán)境(包括空氣污染、吸煙、飲食、藥物、手術(shù)等)[1]、遺傳、免疫、感染等多種因素有關(guān),但具體病因尚不清楚。幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)屬于革蘭陰性、微需氧桿菌,與人類共存已超過5萬年,它是全球最普遍的病原體之一,在人群中感染率超過50%[2],并與多種胃內(nèi)外疾病相關(guān)。研究[3-10]表明,H.pylori感染與IBD之間存在負(fù)相關(guān)性,然而造成這種關(guān)聯(lián)的機制還未完全明確。本文針對H.pylori與IBD的關(guān)系、潛在機制以及H.pylori根治對IBD發(fā)展的影響進行一概述,以期對IBD的病因及兩者的關(guān)系有一個更全面更深入的認(rèn)識。
1 H.pylori與IBD的關(guān)系
自1994年El-Omar等[3]通過血清學(xué)檢驗首次發(fā)現(xiàn)H.pylori感染和IBD的負(fù)相關(guān)性后,各國學(xué)者進行了相關(guān)研究:早期的研究多是在歐洲人群中進行的,其中大多都顯示與對照組相比,IBD患者H.pylori感染率較低[4-5];近些年幾項研究[6-7]證實了亞洲人群中的相同趨勢;此外,Roka 等[8]對兒童IBD患者的研究也顯示,IBD組患兒的H.pylori相關(guān)性胃炎的患病率低于非IBD組,且差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(3.8% vs. 13.2%,P < 0.001);Castano-Rodriguez等[9]通過分層分析發(fā)現(xiàn)排除種族、年齡、H.pylori檢測方法等參數(shù)的影響,H.pylori感染與IBD仍呈負(fù)相關(guān)性。
近來的薈萃分析也探討了兩者的關(guān)系:Rokkas等[10]分析了33項符合條件的研究,結(jié)果顯示IBD患者H.pylori感染率為26.5%,而對照組H.pylori陽性率為44.7%。迄今為止最全面的一項薈萃分析[9]中,包含了全球17個國家的40項研究的數(shù)據(jù),包括6130名IBD患者和74 659名非IBD對照者,總體分析顯示了H.pylori陽性和IBD之間的負(fù)相關(guān)性,風(fēng)險比為0.43;同時,研究者針對IBD的3種分型進行了單獨分析,結(jié)果顯示這種負(fù)相關(guān)在CD和未分類的IBD患者中較UC患者更顯著;按年齡分層(以16歲為界)分析顯示,IBD患兒的H.pylori感染風(fēng)險較成年IBD患者更低;而種族分層分析表明,東方人群風(fēng)險比低于西方人群。
此外,流行病學(xué)[11]顯示,IBD在西方國家及亞洲地區(qū)的發(fā)病率逐年上升。相反的,H.pylori感染率卻有所下降,尤其在工業(yè)化國家及西方化國家中更為明顯[12]。這種H.pylori與IBD的反向流行趨勢恰好與上述研究結(jié)果一致。
2 H.pylori與IBD負(fù)相關(guān)的可能機制
2.1免疫機制
2.1.1 H.pylori可局限炎癥反應(yīng) Higgins等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠在合并感染鼠傷寒沙門菌和H.pylori后,H.pylori可以減輕由沙門菌感染引起的盲腸炎癥。這與合并感染的小鼠腸系膜淋巴結(jié)中白細胞介素10(IL-10)的水平升高及沙門菌相關(guān)的特異性Th17應(yīng)答受抑制有關(guān)。Wu等[14]的實驗證實H.pylori感染能夠下調(diào)腸黏膜上皮細胞DC-SIGN的表達,從而減輕后者介導(dǎo)的促炎作用和腸道黏膜損傷。此外,H.pylori對結(jié)腸炎的保護作用還可歸因于H.pylori DNA,研究[15]顯示H.pylori DNA中存在高比例的免疫調(diào)節(jié)/免疫刺激序列,且能夠下調(diào)樹突細胞(dendritic cells,DCs)產(chǎn)生的IFN-1和IL-12。
最近的一項實驗研究[16]表明,活H.pylori感染及H.pylori提取物均可減輕T細胞轉(zhuǎn)移模型及葡聚糖硫酸鈉(DSS)誘導(dǎo)的小鼠慢性結(jié)腸炎的臨床癥狀和組織病理學(xué)特征,這種保護作用來自于MUC2基因表達的上調(diào),進而在腸道形成厚的腸黏蛋白MUC2黏液層來保護腸道上皮細胞。作者還指出,NLRP3炎性體的活化和IL-18的信號傳導(dǎo)在控制炎性反應(yīng)中起關(guān)鍵作用,并且它們可能與黏液的產(chǎn)生存在一定的聯(lián)系。
另外,H.pylori相關(guān)產(chǎn)物也可改善腸道慢性炎癥:它分泌的中性粒細胞活化蛋白已被證實可以通過調(diào)節(jié)Toll樣受體及增加IL-10的產(chǎn)生來減少炎性反應(yīng)[17];H.pylori過氧化氫酶可以緩解UC嚴(yán)重程度,其在減輕炎性細胞浸潤的同時,也可減少炎性因子的表達[18]。
2.1.2 H.pylori可誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受 一些研究[19-22]強調(diào)了TLR2信號在H.pylori對IBD保護作用中的重要性:H.pylori可以表達TLR2配體,它能夠支配細菌與DCs及其他免疫細胞的相互作用,因此,H.pylori可以通過TLR2信號傳導(dǎo)抑制DCs的激活,促進其向抗原耐受方向分化,致耐受性DCs可進一步誘導(dǎo)幼稚T細胞向Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)T細胞(regulatory T cells,Tregs)轉(zhuǎn)化,從而減少炎癥因子的釋放。同時,Tregs可以抑制超敏T細胞反應(yīng)和自身免疫反應(yīng),介導(dǎo)外周免疫耐受[23],這正好也利于H.pylori在宿主體內(nèi)的維持定植[24]。
2.1.3 H.pylori抗體具有交叉免疫特性 有學(xué)者[9]提出了另一種可能的機制,即胃腸道在感染H.pylori后產(chǎn)生的針對H.pylori的特異性抗體可能在隨后宿主感染彎曲桿菌或其他螺桿菌時發(fā)揮一定的免疫保護作用,進而抑制這些細菌介導(dǎo)的腸道免疫反應(yīng),減輕腸道損傷,這提示這些細菌之間具有的抗原交叉反應(yīng)性。
2.2 藥物影響
2.2.1 抗生素 一項在韓國的多中心研究[25]表明,目前或過去使用抗生素(甲硝唑和環(huán)丙沙星)超過1周可以降低IBD患者的H.pylori感染率,并且該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)CD患者的H.pylori感染率明顯低于UC患者,研究者推測這與CD患者經(jīng)常使用抗生素治療膿腫或肛瘺有關(guān)。隨后的研究[9,26]也證實了抗生素的這種影響。
2.2.2 柳氮磺胺嘧啶 有研究[3-5]顯示,使用過柳氮磺胺嘧啶或氨基水楊酸治療的IBD患者H.pylori感染率較低。el-Omar等[3]提出了兩個可能的機制:一方面,柳氮磺胺嘧啶的抗炎作用可以減少血漿從炎性胃黏膜中的滲出,導(dǎo)致H.pylori無法從中獲取所需的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì);另一方面,它可阻斷胃上皮細胞上與H.pylori結(jié)合的受體,從而干擾H.pylori對胃黏膜的黏附。然而體外實驗[3]未發(fā)現(xiàn)柳氮磺胺嘧啶及其代謝物對H.pylori任何直接的殺菌或抑菌作用,并且一部分文獻[9,25]也顯示H.pylori感染率與柳氮磺胺嘧啶的使用似乎無關(guān),對于這些矛盾的結(jié)果,尚需要更加深入的研究。
2.2.3 其他藥物 除抗生素及柳氮磺胺嘧啶外,其余多種藥物如皮質(zhì)類固醇激素、免疫抑制劑和抗腫瘤壞死因子-α也用于IBD的治療,現(xiàn)有的研究[25-26]大多顯示這些藥物與IBD患者的H.pylori低感染率無明顯相關(guān)。
2.3 環(huán)境因素
“衛(wèi)生假說”也可能解釋H.pylori感染與IBD之間的負(fù)相關(guān)性[27-29]:隨著生活水平的提高,包括擁有更清潔的食物和更好的衛(wèi)生設(shè)施,H.pylori感染率呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢,然而,兒童時期機體對微生物抗原的暴露減少,會導(dǎo)致機體免疫免疫失衡及免疫耐受缺陷,日后將更易發(fā)生某些自身免疫性疾病如IBD。
3 根除H.pylori對IBD發(fā)展的影響
在根除H.pylori感染后,有CD快速發(fā)展的例子[30]:2例患者在進行抗H.pylori治療后的3~4個月出現(xiàn)了大量腹瀉等癥狀,實驗室檢查中炎癥相關(guān)指標(biāo)升高,內(nèi)鏡檢查則提示為CD??赡艿慕忉屖牵L期的H.pylori感染打破了Th1和Th2免疫應(yīng)答之間的平衡,根除H.pylori后會減少Th2型細胞因子的產(chǎn)生(特別是IL-4、IL-5和IL-6),并增加Th1型促炎因子,從而觸發(fā)CD的發(fā)生[31]。來自日本的一項病例報告[32]報道了在根除H.pylori后UC發(fā)病的情況。此外,流行病學(xué)資料[33]顯示在成功根除H.pylori感染后,H.pylori流行地區(qū)UC發(fā)病率穩(wěn)步上升。所以,對于IBD患者或IBD高危人群(例如有陽性家族史),根除H.pylori需謹(jǐn)慎。
4 小結(jié)
綜上所述,H.pylori感染與IBD之間的負(fù)相關(guān)性已被多數(shù)研究所證實,但是這種負(fù)相關(guān)性是由于H.pylori的免疫調(diào)節(jié)特性而產(chǎn)生的保護作用,還是藥物或環(huán)境等混雜因素所造成的,仍值得探究。同時,H.pylori根治對IBD發(fā)展的影響機制尚需闡明。另外,H.pylori是其促免疫耐受特性是否可以被開發(fā)用于過敏性或自身免疫疾病如IBD的預(yù)防或治療,也需要進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-07 本文編輯:關(guān) 婧)