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帕金森病與褪黑素相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展

2018-11-15 01:28胡瑩瑩汪錫金
關(guān)鍵詞:發(fā)病機(jī)制帕金森病

胡瑩瑩 汪錫金

[摘要] 帕金森病是一種慢性進(jìn)行性的神經(jīng)變性疾病,主要臨床表現(xiàn)包括運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、肌強(qiáng)直、靜止性震顫和姿勢(shì)平衡障礙等運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀及嗅覺(jué)減退、睡眠障礙、認(rèn)知障礙、情緒障礙等非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀。褪黑素是一種主要由松果體合成的激素,具有調(diào)節(jié)晝夜節(jié)律、清除自由基、抗氧化、抗炎癥、神經(jīng)保護(hù)等多種作用。當(dāng)機(jī)體褪黑素分泌節(jié)律紊亂時(shí)易發(fā)生多種神經(jīng)變性疾病,如阿爾茨海默病、帕金森病。帕金森病與腦內(nèi)褪黑素含量及受體的表達(dá)受損有關(guān)。外源性褪黑素能改善帕金森病的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,同時(shí)對(duì)睡眠障礙、認(rèn)知障礙、焦慮和抑郁等也顯示出現(xiàn)一定的作用。本文概括了褪黑素能系統(tǒng)在帕金森病發(fā)病和治療中的潛在作用。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 帕金森??;褪黑素;生物節(jié)律;運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀;非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀;發(fā)病機(jī)制;神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用

[中圖分類號(hào)] R742.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)07(c)-0023-04

Study advance in the relationship between Parkinson′s disease and melatonin

HU Yingying WANG Xijin

Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical College, Shanghai 200092, China

[Abstract] Parkinson′s disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease. The main clinical manifestations include motor syptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms, such as impaired olfaction, sleep disorder, cognitive impairment, and emotional disorder. Melatonin is a hormone synthesized mainly by the pineal gland, regulating the circadian rhythm. Besides it acts as a free-radical scavenger, with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The unbalance of pineal melatonin synthesis disposes the body to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson′s disease. Parkinson′s disease is due to the impairment of melatonin concentration and the expression of its receptor in the brain. Exogenous melatonin treatment improves its motor symptoms. Besides, it also shows effects on non-motor symptoms, such as sleep disorders, congnitive disorders, anxiety and depression. The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the potential role of the melatoninergic system in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson′s disease.

[Key words] Parkinson′s disease; Melatonin; Circadian rhythm; Motor symptoms; Non-motor symptoms; Neuroprotective

帕金森?。≒arkinson′s disease,PD)是第二大常見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,以選擇性中腦黑質(zhì)DA能神經(jīng)元喪失、紋狀體多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)含量顯著減少以及黑質(zhì)和藍(lán)斑存在路易小體為特征。當(dāng)黑質(zhì)致密部DA能神經(jīng)元減少至70%以上時(shí),即可出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀。褪黑素(melatonin,MT)分泌節(jié)律紊亂與多種神經(jīng)變性疾病相關(guān),包括帕金森病[1]。本文將從PD的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制、MT的作用、PD的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀與MT的相關(guān)性及非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀與MT的相關(guān)性等方面展開(kāi)討論。

1 PD的病因及機(jī)制

PD的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,除環(huán)境因素外,遺傳、種族、性別、衰老、飲食等因素也參與其中[2-3]。

1.1 環(huán)境因素

多種環(huán)境因素與PD發(fā)病相關(guān),其中危險(xiǎn)性因素有殺蟲劑、顱腦損傷、β受體阻滯劑、農(nóng)民職業(yè);保護(hù)性因素有吸煙、咖啡、非甾體抗炎藥、鈣通道阻斷劑和酒精[4]。其中,吸煙是PD的保護(hù)性因素具有爭(zhēng)議[5]。此外,血尿酸水平與PD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈反比?,F(xiàn)有研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)焊接和錳與PD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加無(wú)關(guān)[6]。流行病研究顯示服用抗精神病藥物,如吩噻嗪類或接觸溶劑,如三氯乙烯,將增加PD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

1.2 遺傳因素

研究顯示具有PD或震顫家族史將增加PD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。約90%的PD為特發(fā)性,其余10%為遺傳性。PD致病基因分布在1、2、4、6、12號(hào)染色體上,目前已克隆出20余個(gè)致病基因,其中顯性致病基因包括SNCA、LRRK2、VPS35、EIF4G1、DNAJC13、CHCHD2等[7],其中LRRK2突變最常見(jiàn),約4%的家族性PD及1%的特發(fā)性PD存在。隱性致病基因包括Parkin、PINK1、DJ-1、ATP13A2,其中Parkin突變最常見(jiàn)。此外還發(fā)現(xiàn)C9ORF72、FBXO7、PLA2G6、SCA2、SCA3、SYNJ1、RAB39B等致病基因,其中與X染色體連鎖遺傳的致病基因有RAB39B。

1.3 神經(jīng)炎性反應(yīng)

神經(jīng)炎性反應(yīng)涉及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的增生、淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)以及神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的形態(tài)改變[8]。PD神經(jīng)元變性常伴隨神經(jīng)炎性反應(yīng),主要特點(diǎn)為小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活后產(chǎn)生一系列炎癥介質(zhì),如核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子κB、白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)、IL-6、IL-1β、環(huán)氧合酶2、腫瘤壞死因子、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合成酶、γ干擾素等。PD患者的黑質(zhì)及腦脊液中上述炎癥介質(zhì)增加,將啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞凋亡通路,從而引起多巴胺能神經(jīng)元凋亡。

1.4 氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)

氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)在多巴胺能神經(jīng)元變性中發(fā)揮重要作用。體內(nèi)DA代謝過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生氧自由基、羥自由基和過(guò)氧化物。DA的自氧化過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生多巴醌。上述產(chǎn)物均可損傷神經(jīng)元的蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),從而引起神經(jīng)元凋亡。

1.5 毒性蛋白堆積

在PD患者體內(nèi),α-突觸核蛋白及泛素蛋白堆積形成路易小體,參與神經(jīng)元變性過(guò)程,尤其是黑質(zhì)致密部的多巴胺能神經(jīng)元。α-突觸核蛋白通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)DA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和囊泡單胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2從而調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)末梢DA的含量。路易小體的聚集損害線粒體動(dòng)力系統(tǒng),其介導(dǎo)活性氧釋放從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡[9]。

1.6 其他

除上述機(jī)制,自然老化、線粒體功能紊亂、營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子缺乏等也參與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元變性過(guò)程。例如性別、種族、年齡都是危險(xiǎn)因素,其中發(fā)病率和患病率與年齡呈指數(shù)增長(zhǎng),在80歲后逐漸下降[10]。

2 MT的作用及機(jī)制

在哺乳動(dòng)物中,除松果體外,視網(wǎng)膜、骨髓細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等多種組織也能分泌MT。MT及其主要代謝產(chǎn)物是電子供體,可以清除羥自由基、過(guò)氧化氫、單線態(tài)氧從而發(fā)揮抗氧化、抗自由基的作用,這對(duì)維持線粒體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)十分重要。MT及其受體調(diào)控谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶、過(guò)氧化物歧化酶等抗氧化酶的表達(dá)而發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)及重建線粒體功能的作用[11]。MT能抑制核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子κB的轉(zhuǎn)移與激活從而阻止炎性反應(yīng)。MT還可以調(diào)節(jié)核轉(zhuǎn)錄的表達(dá),參與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的存活并減少突觸核蛋白聚集,從而保護(hù)多巴胺能系統(tǒng)免受損傷。

3 PD的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀及其與MT的相關(guān)性

關(guān)于MT對(duì)PD運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的研究有很多,但結(jié)果不一致。多數(shù)研究顯示,預(yù)先用MT處理后,MT對(duì)PD動(dòng)物模型的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙具有改善作用[12-14]。MT主要通過(guò)保護(hù)黑質(zhì)致密部多巴胺能神經(jīng)元而發(fā)揮保護(hù)性作用[13]。然而學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)MT在6-羥基DA(6-OHDA)大鼠PD模型形成4 d后仍可改善運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,同時(shí)還可減少酪胺酸羥化酶陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元的壞死并能保護(hù)紋狀體內(nèi)神經(jīng)元的超微結(jié)構(gòu)[15]。用6-OHDA或四氫吡啶(MPTP)誘導(dǎo)PD模型的同時(shí)予MT,可以抑制模型出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙。但是,這個(gè)結(jié)果似乎與MT直接的神經(jīng)保護(hù)能力有關(guān),而非通過(guò)影響多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的而發(fā)揮的作用[16]。此外,少數(shù)研究并未能觀察MT對(duì)PD運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙的改善作用。Medeiros等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)睡前1 h予3 mg MT連續(xù)口服4周后,PD患者運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙未見(jiàn)改善,但其睡眠質(zhì)量有所改善。Yildirim等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)MT未改善PD動(dòng)物模型運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙,僅使神經(jīng)炎性和凋亡指標(biāo),包括環(huán)氧化酶、胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶的活性及前列腺素E2和亞硝酸鹽的水平好轉(zhuǎn)。此外,Bassani等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)在魚藤酮大鼠PD模型上,MT保護(hù)酪胺酸羥化酶陽(yáng)性的神經(jīng)元及維持DA水平。同時(shí),還能改善抑郁癥的行為。此外,研究曾發(fā)現(xiàn)利用植入裝置使腦室內(nèi)持續(xù)緩慢釋放MT會(huì)加重PD大鼠模型運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,而通過(guò)松果體切除術(shù)減少M(fèi)T的含量或是持續(xù)光照抑制MT的合成后運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀會(huì)改善[20]。研究顯示,光照治療對(duì)PD的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀與非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀均有改善作用[21]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)MT的受體拮抗劑對(duì)PD的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙有改善作用,這可能與MT抑制DA的釋放有關(guān),濃度范圍在nmol/L至μmol/L的MT對(duì)DA的釋放具有抑制作用[22]。

4 PD的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀及其與MT的相關(guān)性

PD患者存在一系列非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,如睡眠障礙、認(rèn)知障礙、抑郁、焦慮等,嚴(yán)重降低患者健康和生活質(zhì)量[23]。

4.1 睡眠障礙

PD的睡眠障礙可先于運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙出現(xiàn),可能與腦內(nèi)與睡眠相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)變性有關(guān)。晚期PD患者的睡眠障礙常表現(xiàn)為嗜睡、快速眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)睡眠期行為障礙(rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,RBD)及失眠[24-25]。研究顯示嗜睡患者患PD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高[26]。目前關(guān)于PD患者嗜睡的患病率不統(tǒng)一,但一致認(rèn)為患病率隨PD病程的進(jìn)展而增高[25]。Tolfsen等[27]的一項(xiàng)觀察性研究顯示,PD患者嗜睡的患病率為11.8%,5年后上升至23.4%。這可能是由于中腦邊緣環(huán)路中多巴胺能神經(jīng)元及與睡眠相關(guān)神經(jīng)元變性所致,也可能與PD的治療藥物有關(guān)[28]。既往研究表明嗜睡與MT水平改變有關(guān),光照治療可以改善癥狀。Videnovic等[26]的一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究顯示,PD藥物治療可減少體內(nèi)MT釋放,合并嗜睡的PD患者體內(nèi)MT水平較未合并嗜睡的低。然而,外源性MT對(duì)嗜睡無(wú)改善作用。RBD主要特點(diǎn)是夜夢(mèng)較多及骨骼肌張力增高,與PD發(fā)生有關(guān)[25,29]。MT通過(guò)恢復(fù)快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期骨骼肌失馳緩現(xiàn)象而改善快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期間伴隨的夢(mèng)境及肢體活動(dòng)情況,因此也被推薦為RBD的治療藥物[30]。失眠在PD患者中是最常見(jiàn)的睡眠障礙之一,與運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀未控制、夜尿、抑郁及生理節(jié)律紊亂等有關(guān)。MT對(duì)PD失眠的作用具有爭(zhēng)議性。

4.2 認(rèn)知障礙

執(zhí)行功能障礙、記憶障礙、視空間障礙是PD患者認(rèn)知障礙常見(jiàn)的三種類型[31],其可能是疾病的正常病程,也有可能與治療藥物如抗膽堿能類藥物有關(guān)。Wang等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)在CA1樹突狀細(xì)胞中MT對(duì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng)過(guò)程有抑制作用,意味著MT參與記憶形成過(guò)程。MT通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)突觸后一氧化氮信號(hào)通路而作用于長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng)過(guò)程。Datieva等[33]及Capitelli等[34]的研究顯示MT對(duì)認(rèn)知障礙無(wú)改善作用。此外,具有MT受體激動(dòng)作用及5-羥色胺拮抗作用的藥物對(duì)記憶障礙有改善作用。

4.3 抑郁

50%~70%的PD患者會(huì)合并抑郁,其機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能和單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的改變及路易斯小體的形成有關(guān)。最新研究顯示,MT節(jié)律紊亂也參與到抑郁的發(fā)生中,同時(shí)MT可改善PD的抑郁癥狀[35]。臨床前研究顯示MT在動(dòng)物模型上具有抗抑郁作用,可能與MT保護(hù)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元及調(diào)節(jié)DA從而維持紋狀體內(nèi)DA水平有關(guān),也可能是MT對(duì)DA受體的直接作用有關(guān)[35]。外源性的MT很可能破壞了DA與MT之間的平衡。Bolitho等[36]研究顯示DA類藥物治療通過(guò)促進(jìn)MT分泌,從而調(diào)節(jié)睡眠周期。研究顯示,MT類似物可以恢復(fù)PD的生理節(jié)律,同時(shí)還具有抗抑郁的作用。

4.4 焦慮

20%~50%的PD患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)焦慮。流行病學(xué)研究顯示PD患者在確診之前焦慮患病率較高,可能與去甲腎上腺素系統(tǒng)及5-羥色胺系統(tǒng)有關(guān)。焦慮可誘發(fā)PD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙發(fā)作[37]。研究顯示焦慮患者夜間血清MT水平下降。MT具有抗焦慮作用[38]。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MT可以減輕PD患者的焦慮狀態(tài)。此外,有研究顯示,MT受體激動(dòng)劑對(duì)PD的焦慮癥狀有改善作用。

綜上所述,PD病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,MT在PD中的作用也不明確,但是顯示出一定的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,具有改善PD癥狀的潛能。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2018-04-11 本文編輯:任 念)

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