【摘要】完形填空是高中英語試卷中綜合性最強(qiáng)的題型,對(duì)詞義的辨析、語篇的理解等有很高要求。筆者根據(jù)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),針對(duì)近年來對(duì)完形填空的考查趨勢(shì),總結(jié)四種“找提示”的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,使考生在試卷上獲得滿意的結(jié)果。
【關(guān)鍵詞】完形填空 ?考查趨勢(shì) ?應(yīng)對(duì)策略 ?找提示
【中圖分類號(hào)】G633.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2019)51-0099-01
完形填空是高中英語試卷中綜合性最強(qiáng)的題型,對(duì)詞義的辨析、語篇的理解等有很高要求。完形填空主要從兩個(gè)維度來考查學(xué)生,一是學(xué)生的思辨能力和理解能力,二是學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的運(yùn)用能力。學(xué)生通過理性思考、恰當(dāng)?shù)募记珊头椒?,就可以在試卷上獲得滿意的結(jié)果。下面是筆者的一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)習(xí)得。
一、完形填空考查趨勢(shì)
第一,以?shī)A敘夾議的文章為主。
第二,注重文章邏輯性與完整性,單純考查語法與詞義辨析試題在逐步減少。
第三,近年來更注重對(duì)實(shí)詞的考查,淡化語法的考查。
二、完形填空答題策略
學(xué)生在做完形填空時(shí),要把握作者的意圖,切忌人為設(shè)定框架,將個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)與臆斷代入文章中。第一遍通讀時(shí),一定要把握文章的線索,按照故事發(fā)展的線索合理地預(yù)判;第二遍閱讀時(shí),結(jié)合文章線索和所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的詞意來對(duì)號(hào)入座。下面是筆者針對(duì)完形填空的應(yīng)對(duì)策略——找提示。
第一,連詞是最好的提示。常見有并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞的重要性遠(yuǎn)大于從屬連詞,如關(guān)鍵詞but,and,or,so等。下面是2014年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷的完形填空節(jié)選:
Example 1
Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains. They reached the top __21__, but on their way back conditions were very __22__. Joe fell and broke his leg. They both know that if Simon __23__ alone, he would probably get back __24__. But Simon decided to risk his __25__ and try to lower Joe down the mountain on a rope(繩).
21.A. hurriedly B. carefully C. successfully D. early
22.A difficult ? B. similar C. special D. normal
23.A. climbed B. worked ? C. rested ? D. continued
24.A. unwillingly B. safely C. slowly D. regretfully
25.A. fortune ? B. time ? C. health ? D. life
通過閱讀這段文章,首先可以看出Joe和 Simon 爬上了山頂,而連詞but 轉(zhuǎn)折及后面的提示詞fell and broke his leg,可以判斷出下山的路是很艱難的,所以答案21、22題是C和A。其次關(guān)鍵詞alone和get back就可以判斷出23和24題答案C和D; 連詞but、and 和 risk ones life ,故25題 答案是D。
由此可以看出連詞 but, along, and 等在閱讀完形填空時(shí)的重要性,它可以幫助我們理清文章的脈絡(luò),提高答題的準(zhǔn)確率。
第二,最近與最遠(yuǎn)的提示。最近的提示可能就是上一個(gè)詞或下一下詞,上一句話或下一句話;最遠(yuǎn)的提示也不能脫離文章。下面是2015年全國(guó)1卷的一篇完形填空。
Example 2 (最近的提示)
My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way, we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said, “__41__ my job. Family to Feed.”…My 10-year-old noticed him and make a __43__ on how bad it must be to have to stand in the cold wind.
41.A. Lost ? B. Changed C. Quit ? D. Finished
43.A. suggestion ? B. comment ? C. decision ?D. call
根據(jù)看到紙上寫的內(nèi)容“Family to feed”,可以判斷此人丟失了工作,短語lose ones job失業(yè),故41題選A。而“how bad it must be to have to stand in the cold wind”,這是一種評(píng)論,make a comment on…發(fā)表看法,所以答案是B。這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵的提示句都是緊鄰選空,幫助我們分析判斷選項(xiàng)。
Example 3(最遠(yuǎn)的提示)
Then my 17-year-old son suggested giving him a __47__. I thought about it. We were __48__ on cash ourselves, but ... well, sometimes __49__ from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!...
When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for ... he burst into tears.
47.A. dollar B. job C. hot meal D. gift card
48.A. easy ? B. low ? C. soft ? D. loose
49.A. giving ? B. saving C. spending ? D. begging
47題,到底給了什么,我們看到最后一段,遠(yuǎn)處的提示:handed him the gift card就可以判斷出答案是D。而48題通過 on cash 和 from our need instead of our abundance,可以看出他們的錢不但沒有富余的,而且很少。形容價(jià)格的高和低,常常用high和low,故48題選B,49題只能選A。
第三,把握文章走向與故事發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。下面是2019年蘭州市高考一診完形填空試題節(jié)選,也是錯(cuò)誤率較高的部分。
Example 4
The reply of the ?__26__ was “suck it up”(不要抱怨). The truth is that the complaining campers were __27__ near the point of __28__. If they had been, the teachers would have noticed the __29__ and give them care.
26.A. parents B. teachers C. guides ? D. partners
27.A. somewhere B. anywhere
C. nowhere ? D. everywhere
28.A. camp ? B. exhaustion
C. mountain ? D. destination
29.A. signs B. activities C. gestures ? D. scenes
25題之前講的是抱怨事情的出現(xiàn),由“teachers would have noticed”,可以判斷26題選B;通過if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣句意,可以推出身體還沒有達(dá)到筋疲力盡的程度或跡象,所以27題選C,28題選B,29題選A。這道題就是完全順著文章的走向和故事發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)理解。所以在做完形填空時(shí),遇到問題不要緊張,一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)找出線索,并將線索串聯(lián),文章就會(huì)慢慢理解,答案也就逐漸找出。
第四,見到名詞與動(dòng)詞——考慮主謂,動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。下面是2019年蘭州市高考一診試題節(jié)選。
Example 5
Instead, if you determine to master your own __39__, to move past it and focus on a solution, its my experience that you will realize it wasnt bad in the first place.
39.A. life B. mind C. suffering D. mistake
動(dòng)詞master和move past 的賓語是同一個(gè)詞,跨過的只能是苦難,故答案是C。
以上就是筆者的幾點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談,如何做好完形填空,先決條件,還是要有充實(shí)的詞匯儲(chǔ)備,不能僅限于近義詞,易混詞,動(dòng)詞短語,介詞短語等的了解和掌握,還要學(xué)會(huì)基本句法知識(shí),以文章為載體,吃透理解語篇等,做到逢山開路,遇水搭橋,見招拆招,就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高分的夢(mèng)想。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
谷小云(1967年9月-),女,漢族,陜西省武功縣人,大學(xué)本科,高級(jí)教師,主要從事英語教學(xué)和現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)方面工作。