張月霞 張立營 趙權
[摘要]經濟的日漸發(fā)展使人類生活習慣以及飲食結構不斷發(fā)生變化,心腦血管疾病發(fā)生率也不斷提升,對人類的生命和健康均造成了嚴重的威脅,受到了社會的廣泛關注。心腦血管疾病是心臟血管和腦血管疾病的統(tǒng)稱,泛指由于高脂血癥、血液粘稠、動脈粥樣硬化、高血壓等導致的心臟、大腦及全身組織發(fā)生的缺血性或出血性疾病。血脂代謝紊亂引起的多種脂質水平異常,是導致心腦血管損害等多種疾病的重要因素,尤其是威脅50歲以上的中老年人的身心健康。本文綜述了血清血脂水平與心腦血管疾病關系的研究進展。
[關鍵詞]血脂水平;心腦血管疾病;高脂血癥;研究進展
[中圖分類號] R743? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-4721(2019)11(c)-0028-03
Advances in research on relationship between lipid levels and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
ZHANG Yue-xia1? ?ZHANG Li-ying1? ?ZHAO Quan2
1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Navy Qingdao Special Service Recuperation Center, Shandong Province, Qingdao? ?266071, China; 2. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao 971 Hospital of the Navy, Shandong Province, Qingdao? ?266071, China
[Abstract] With the development of economy, people′s living habits and dietary structure have been changing constantly, and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has been rising, which poses a very serious threat to human life and health and has attracted widespread attention of the society. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the general term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. They generally refer to ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases of the heart, brain and whole body caused by hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Abnormal lipid levels caused by disorders of lipid metabolism are important factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, especially threatening the physical and mental health of middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old. This article reviews the research progress of the relationship between serum lipid level and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
[Key words] Blood lipid level; Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; Hyperlipidemia; Research progress
心臟血管疾病是心血管和腦血管疾病的總稱,指的是由高脂血癥、血液粘稠度、動脈粥樣硬化和高血壓引起的心臟、大腦和全身組織的缺血或出血性疾病。心腦血管疾病是一種嚴重威脅人類健康的常見疾病,尤其是威脅50歲以上的中老年人的身心健康[1-2]。
血脂中的主要成分是三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)和膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC),其中TG參與人體內能量代謝,而TC則主要用于合成細胞漿膜、類固醇激素和膽汁酸。臨床上常用的化驗項目主要有:TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL-C)、載脂蛋白A1[Lipoprotein(a),ApoA1]、載脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B,ApoB)、脂蛋白a[Lipoprotein (a),Lp(a)]等7項。它們正常值為,TC:2.86~5.98 mmol/L;TG:0.22~1.21 mmol/L;HDL-C:0.9~2.19 mmol/L;LDL-C:<3.12 mmol/L;ApoA1:110~160 mg/dl;ApoB:69~99 mg/dl;Lp(a):10~140 mmol/L。血脂水平是臨床密切監(jiān)測的心腦血管疾病指標之一,也是各種心腦血管疾病的治療靶點,血脂水平與心腦血管疾病密切相關。
1血清總TG與心腦血管疾病的關系
雖然尚沒有足夠的研究表明TG是一個獨立的危險因子,但最新一項羅馬地區(qū)的流行病學研究表明,TG在心腦血管疾病中的作用被低估了[3]。該研究收集了2000~2015年82 595例羅馬地區(qū)接受治療的患者,并有55 345例患者仍在隨訪中,發(fā)現(xiàn)曾接受過高TG治療的患者只有8.3%發(fā)生了心肌梗死。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[4],高TG可促進血管內皮功能失調、泡沫細胞形成及誘發(fā)炎癥反應參與動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程。TG增高還見于肥胖癥、動脈硬化、梗阻性黃疸、重度貧血、甲狀腺功能減退、糖尿病、腎病綜合征、胰腺炎、心肌梗死、妊娠及口服避孕藥、糖原儲存障礙性疾病。
2血清總TC與心腦血管疾病的關系
以往研究表明TC是心腦血管疾病的危險因素之一,通過調節(jié)TC的治療可預防冠心病的發(fā)生并降低患者死亡率[5-6]。一項對居住在英國的25 693例年齡40~79歲的男性和女性的前瞻性調查發(fā)現(xiàn),TC外排能力與事件性冠心病事件成顯著負相關,即當降低人體內總TC濃度時,心血管事件的發(fā)生率明顯降低[7-8]。目前,對TC水平監(jiān)測與調控在心腦血管疾病的預防、治療中的作用已得到了臨床的一致肯定。
3 LDL-C與心腦血管疾病的關系
LDL-C易導致心腦血管疾病,有研究表明,雖然通過他汀類藥物治療,患者LDL-C水平降低到目標水平,但患者心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病風險和死亡風險并沒有降低,因此,目前關于血脂異常的治療指南肯定了TC理論和LDL-C的核心意義,推薦LDL-C作為治療的靶點[9-10]。多項臨床試驗和薈萃分析表明將LDL-C治療至目標水平后可降低心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病率和死亡率,甚至可用于心腦血管疾病的復發(fā)判斷,從而來指導臨床工作[11-12]。在日常生活中,LDL-C常被冠名“壞膽固醇”稱號。
4 HDL-C與心腦血管疾病的關系
臨床研究和臨床試驗結果證明HDL-C水平與冠狀動脈的風險成負相關[13-14],因此HDL-C被認為對心腦血管具有一定的保護作用。一項在美國和歐洲對398例患者進行的隨機對照試驗表明[15-16],增加HDL-C的濃度可減少心腦血管的風險。HDL-C通過HDL相關蛋白如對氧磷酶1(PON1)和載脂蛋白A-Ⅰ(ApoA-Ⅰ)獲得抗氧化性質。因此,HDL-C一方面抑制動脈粥樣硬化的進展,另一方面促進斑塊消退[12-13]。HDL-C經常被冠以“好膽固醇”稱號。
5 Lp(a)與心腦血管疾病的關系
Lp(a)持續(xù)升高與心絞痛、心肌梗死、腦溢血有密切關系,是腦卒中和冠心病的獨立危險因子[14-15]。Lp(a)具有高度遺傳性,其血漿水平不受飲食,環(huán)境或大多數藥物包括他汀類藥物的影響[16],因此Lp(a)可預測心腦血管疾病的發(fā)生。大量資料表明[17-18],血清高濃度Lp(a)與心腦血管疾病有顯著關系,特別是在心腦血管疾病中成為顯著的獨立危險因素。
6載脂蛋白與心腦血管疾病的關系
載脂蛋白是構成血漿脂蛋白的蛋白質組分,主要分A、B、C、D、E五類?;竟δ苁沁\載脂類物質及穩(wěn)定脂蛋白的結構,某些載脂蛋白還有激活脂蛋白代謝酶、識別受體等功能[19-20]。一般來說載脂蛋白A[Lipoprotein(a), ApoA]是主要存在于高密度脂蛋白,高密度脂蛋白高對腦和心血管有保護作用,但載脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B, ApoB)主要存在于低密度脂蛋白,低密度脂蛋白是把TC從肝臟轉移到全身,如果Apo B太高,會引起TC在血管中沉積,就容易導致血管硬化。因此,Apo A升高被認為是抗動脈粥樣硬化因子,可移除TC,防止動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。Apo A家族包括ApoA-Ⅰ、ApoA-Ⅱ、ApoA-Ⅳ、ApoA-Ⅴ,而臨床常用的血脂檢測指標是ApoA-Ⅰ。ApoA-Ⅰ是HDL-C顆粒的主要組成蛋白質,故有研究表明[21-22],增加ApoA-Ⅰ的濃度,可以增加功能性HDL-C顆粒的數量,從而可降低心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病風險。與此相反,ApoB升高被認為是致動脈粥樣硬化因子。是心腦血管疾病危險因素之一[23]。隨機對照試驗和大型前瞻性觀察研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[24],ApoB和LDL-C提供了有關心腦血管疾病風險的等效信息。但當兩者不一致時,Apo B是一項更為優(yōu)越的指標,比LDL-C更能反映降脂治療是否恰當,最新觀點認為[25],Apo B應該代替LDL-C作為心腦血管疾病風險預測和臨床診斷的生物學標志物。
7小結
高脂血癥是體內脂類代謝紊亂,導致血脂水平增高,并由此引發(fā)一系列臨床病理表現(xiàn)的病癥。心腦血管疾病是60歲以上中老年人健康的常見病,但目前該病呈年輕化勢態(tài),越來越多的人在40歲左右甚至20多歲就有此病癥,因此,降低血脂水平非常有必要。日常生活中,需要合理飲食,注重低脂肪、低熱量、低鹽飲食,并應以富含蛋白質、維生素及粗纖維食物為主。同時,應該適量鍛煉,保持心平氣和,盡量少生氣,保持良好的衛(wèi)生習慣,保證睡眠充足,定期體檢等。
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(收稿日期:2019-04-15? 本文編輯:崔建中)