ConstableorStrongman?TransformationofIndia’sMaritimeStrategyfromthePerspectiveofExternalPressure

Li Jiasheng

Abstract:Obviously, the transformation of India’s maritime strategy is based on the expansion of its navy and military capabilities, while it is also constrained by the international political environment. As a regional power, both the global environment and the south Asian regional environment have brought external pressure to the transformation of India’s Maritime strategy. The relationship with countries at the top of the system and the India-Pakistan relationship are the main variables that affect the evolution of India’s Maritime strategy. Under this dual pressure, India’s maritime strategy and how to use its maritime power are framed within certain range.The evolution of the most countries’ maritime strategy followed the mode that from region to far-ocean and from defense to deterrence. India, which is determined to dominate the Indian Ocean, is not in a position to implement the far-ocean deterrence strategy because of the external pressure. However, India can maintain regional deterrence in the northern Indian Ocean and prevent external powers from interfering in Indian Ocean affairs. The ocean is the common wealth of all mankind. To actively participate in building a free, open, inclusive and peaceful order in the Indian Ocean, China should clearly oppose any single country dominating the Indian Ocean.

KeyWords:Maritime Strategy, Indian Ocean, Sino-Indian Relations, External Pressure

India’s“Indo-PacificVision”:Evolution,PracticeandPerspective

Lou Chunhao

Abstract:As an important strategic power in the Indo-Pacific region, India’s Indo-Pacific Vision has gone through an evolutionary process from vagueness to clarity, from dispute to unity, until Prime Minister Modi proposed a clear and comprehensive statement at the Shangri-la Dialogue. It is a unique policy concept different from the United States Indo-Pacific Strategy. India actively implements the Indo-Pacific Vision in many ways, adhering to strategic autonomy and promotes major-country relations in a balanced way, endeavoring to enhance its influence on Indo-Pacific security affairs, and striving to increase regional connectivity. China should not equal India’s Indo-Pacific Vision with the United States Indo-Pacific Strategy. Instead, China should objectively assess India’s policy motivations and carefully deal with relevant strategic impact.

KeyWords:India, Indo-Pacific Strategy, Belt and Road Initiative.

TheInfluenceofUS-JapanRelationsonthePhilippineIndependenceProcess(1898-1941)

Liang Hong

Abstract:In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States and Japan competed as regional emerging international powers in Asia and the Pacific area. The independence of the Philippines, which was just a US colony at the time, was greatly affected by the US-Japan relationship. This article will specifically demonstrate how the US-Japan relationship specifically affects the independence process of the Philippines. In addition to the US-Japan relationship affecting the US’s perspective on the Philippines’ independence policy, it also attempts to explore the constraints and acquiescence of the US-Japan relationship on the Philippine-Japan interaction from the perspective of the Philippines-Japan interaction. The impact of the Philippine independence process further leads to possible implications for the limited strategic space and policy choices the Philippines has gained in an uncertain external environment.

KeyWords:US-Japan Relationship, Philippines-Japan Interaction, Philippine Independence, Davao

TheRelationshipbetweenIndiaandVenezuelasince2005

Huang Dekai, Nie Jiao

Abstract:The relationship between India and Venezuela is an important part of “South-South cooperation”. The relationship between India and Venezuela had been developing unprecedentedly since 2005. During the continuous process of development, India enforced “Oil for Rice” foreign policy on Venezuela by taking advantage of its grand market and great power advantage to profit from the misfortunes of Venezuela when the country faces domestic and foreign challenges. This foreign policy is aimed to meet the growing demand for oil in India, and ultimately to realize the purpose of maintain and enhance its self-interest. However, the implementation of this policy has drugged Venezuela further into the quagmire and also brought a series of negative impacts on the bilateral relations between India and Venezuela at the same time. This bilateral relationship is not only a typical example of “South-South cooperation” but also a warning case of great powers disregarding international morality and responsibilities or obligations. The rise of China has become an inevitable trend at the present. It is China’s mission to be the builder of world peace, the contributor of global development and the defenders of the international order. Only by adhering to the correct concept of justice and avoiding making use of others’ difficulties to gain its own profit can China avoid falling into the mire of international morality. It is a worth learning learn for China in India’s policy changes towards Venezuela.

KeyWords:India, Venezuela, Bilateral Relations, Oil for Rice

MilitarySecurityCooperationbetweenIndiaandSoutheastAsiaundertheBackgroundofActEastPolicy

Gong Wei

Abstract:After the Modi government took office, it upgraded the Look East Policy implemented in the early 1990s to the Act East Policy . The main purpose of its policy is to further deepen its economic connection with the Asia-Pacific region. Southeast Asia, as the main place of implementation of India’s “Look East” policy, will have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the this policy. Since it is difficult to establish political trust between the two sides only by economic and trade relations, India has built up deep political trust by strengthening cooperation in the military field in bilateral relations.

KeyWords:Act East Policy, India, Southeast Asia, Military Security Cooperation, Progress

FiftyYearsofNaxalMovement:FactsandExplanations

Wang Qingfeng

Abstract:Naxal movement originated from West Bengal’s Naxalbari uprising in 1967, which already struggled for half a century. The founding of CPI(ML) marks the Naxalites had their own party, but also contained conflicts and contradiction. CPI(Maoist) is the main party of Naxalites, which is active in “Red Corridor” area, and posed a main threat to Indian government. Inside Indian Communist movement, there are ideological differences between the mainstream leftist which represented by CPI and CPI(M) and the radical leftist which represent by CPI(Maoist). Meanwhile, there are successful cases of parliamentarism by mainstream leftist. Usually, there are four interpretation mechanisms about Naxal movement: law and order, economic development, psychological cognotion and ideology. Indian government adopt comprehensive strategies to contain Naxal movement, however, poor cooperation, low efficiency of execution, too much autonomy of local government, and other reasons all together made Indian government failed to wipe out Naxal movement.

KeyWords:Naxal Movement, Communist Party of India, Maoist, Ideology, Parliamentarism

India’sMaritimeStrategy:BasedontheWorkofIndia’sThinkTanks

Xie Feifei

Abstract:In the process of the rise of India, the rapid development of India’s maritime strategy has aroused great concern. Indian scholars think that the development of India’s maritime strategy is driven by many factors: transformation of the international structure, evolution of the geopolitical structure of the Indian Ocean region, changes in India’s security situation and India’s urgent requirement to maintain economic security. In this context, this paper focuses on the Indian think tank’s cognition to India’s maritime strategy, including India’s maritime strategic culture, India’s strategic shift from “l(fā)and to sea”, the Indian naval power project ability and India’s coastal security issues. This paper also focuses on the Indian scholars’ concerns and worries on the strategic presence of the Chinese Navy in the Indian Ocean region. Indian scholars have carried out a comprehensive and in-depth analysis on India’s maritime strategy. The studies of Indian scholars still have some shortage, such as strategic short-sightedness and rigid thinking.

KeyWords:India, Think Tank Research, Maritime Strategy, Power Project, Coastal Security