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側(cè)腦室灌注促皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素誘導(dǎo)大鼠幼鼠驚厥樣行為的初步機(jī)制研究

2019-04-10 11:58周浩趙魏情崔玉霞劉開(kāi)宇
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2019年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:海馬癲癇

周浩 趙魏情 崔玉霞 劉開(kāi)宇

[摘要]目的 探討側(cè)腦室灌注促皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素(CRH)誘導(dǎo)大鼠幼鼠驚厥樣行為的初步機(jī)制。方法 將SD大鼠幼鼠隨機(jī)分成空白實(shí)驗(yàn)組(僅側(cè)腦室埋植導(dǎo)管,n=10)、人工腦脊液灌注組(側(cè)腦室灌注人工腦脊液,n=10)、CRH灌注組(側(cè)腦室灌注CRH,n=10)。在SD大鼠幼鼠生后第18天,行側(cè)腦室微量灌注實(shí)驗(yàn)及全細(xì)胞膜片鉗檢測(cè)CRH對(duì)海馬錐體神經(jīng)元膜電位的影響。結(jié)果 SD大鼠幼鼠側(cè)腦室灌注CRH(5±3)μl可以誘導(dǎo)出驚厥樣行為,其他組均未觀察到驚厥行為。CRH灌洗海馬腦片錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率為(5.67±1.75)Hz,明顯快于CRH灌洗海馬腦片前錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率[(2.23±1.12)Hz]及CRH灌洗海馬腦片后錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率[(1.28±0.72)Hz](P<0.01)。結(jié)論 CRH側(cè)腦室灌注可成功誘發(fā)大鼠幼鼠驚厥發(fā)作,而CRH增加錐體神經(jīng)元興奮性,可作為其致癇機(jī)制之一。

[關(guān)鍵詞]促皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素;海馬;未成熟腦;癲癇

[中圖分類號(hào)] R332? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)2(c)-0026-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the preliminary mechanism study of convulsive behavior induced by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) infusion into lateral ventricle in immature rats. Methods All SD immature rats were randomly divided into the blank experimental group (only lateral ventricular implant catheter, n=10), the artificial cerebrospinal fluid perfusion group (lateral ventricular perfusion artificial cerebrospinal fluid, n=10), the CRH perfusion group (lateral ventricular perfusion CRH, n=10). The SD immature rats were performed lateral ventricle infusion at 18 days after birth and using the lateral ventricular microperfusion and whole-cell patch clamp to detect the influence of CRH for membrane potential of pyramidal neurons at hippocampal. Results Convulsion behavior could be induced by CRH of (5±3)μl infusion into the lateral ventricle of SD immature rats, while the other groups were not clearly observed. The spontaneous discharge frequency of pyramidal neurons in CRH infusion in hippocampal slices was ([5.67±1.75]Hz), which was significantly faster than before CRH infusion in hippocampal slices ([2.23±1.12]Hz) and after CRH infusion in hippocampal slices ([1.28±0.72]Hz) (P<0.01). Conclusion CRH administered into cerebral ventricles can induce convulsive behavior in immature rats, and increasing excitability of pyramidal neurons, which can be used as the potential mechanisms.

[Key words] Corticotrophin releasing hormone; Hippocampus; Immature brain; Epilepsy

嬰幼兒時(shí)期,由于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)尚未成熟,驚厥閾值低[1],各種環(huán)境危險(xiǎn)因素(損傷或者應(yīng)激)作用于該時(shí)期的大腦易誘發(fā)癲癇發(fā)作[2]。West綜合征是一種年齡依耐性癲癇綜合征,既往研究報(bào)道促皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素(corticotrophin releasing hormone,CRH)與該病發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[3],然而迄今為止,其間的具體關(guān)系仍知之甚少。Baram等[4]報(bào)道,在嬰幼兒鼠的側(cè)腦室灌注CRH可以誘導(dǎo)嚴(yán)重的驚厥,成年大鼠側(cè)腦室灌注100倍于幼鼠劑量的CRH,則未誘發(fā)出驚厥行為,提示CRH誘發(fā)驚厥具有年齡依賴性,實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)CRH誘導(dǎo)的驚厥起源于杏仁核[5]。Ehlers等[6]報(bào)道CRH可以增加杏仁核點(diǎn)燃驚厥活動(dòng)的后放電時(shí)程,杏仁核和海人酸點(diǎn)燃的癲癇模型同樣可以增加CRH的釋放[7-8],提示CRH與癲癇發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),然而CRH其誘導(dǎo)癲癇的具體機(jī)制是什么?目前仍不清楚,所以,本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)腦室微量灌注實(shí)驗(yàn)及全細(xì)胞膜片鉗檢測(cè)CRH對(duì)海馬錐體神經(jīng)元膜電位的影響,初步探討CRH誘導(dǎo)幼鼠驚厥樣行為的初步機(jī)制。

1材料與方法

1.1動(dòng)物與材料

35只新生的Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠幼鼠,出生當(dāng)天計(jì)為P0,飼養(yǎng)于12 h光照/12 h黑暗的環(huán)境,自由進(jìn)食,于貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心購(gòu)買,合格證號(hào)為SCXK(黔)[2002-0001]。

1.2方法

1.2.1分組及方法? 實(shí)驗(yàn)按需要完全隨機(jī)分為空白實(shí)驗(yàn)組(僅側(cè)腦室埋植導(dǎo)管,n=10)、人工腦脊液灌注組(側(cè)腦室灌注人工腦脊液,n=10)、CRH灌注組(側(cè)腦室灌注CRH,n=10)。CRH試劑購(gòu)于上海Segma公司,本實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得了貴州省人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。

1.2.2側(cè)腦室灌注模型制作? 生后17 d,10%水合氯醛按3 ml/kg麻醉幼鼠,將其固定在幼鼠立體定位儀上,根據(jù)SHERWOOD AND PAOLA嬰幼兒鼠定位圖譜右側(cè)側(cè)腦室坐標(biāo)(前囟后1 mm,旁開(kāi)1.5 mm,深3.3 mm),帶管芯套管通過(guò)鉆空垂直插入左側(cè)側(cè)腦室,并同時(shí)埋植皮層電極,然后采用不銹鋼螺釘加牙科水泥固定,保暖單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng),術(shù)后腹腔常規(guī)注射青霉素50 000 U預(yù)防感染,次日早上9:00~11:00統(tǒng)一行側(cè)腦室灌注實(shí)驗(yàn)。

1.2.3腦電圖記錄方法及驚厥行為分級(jí)? 先把幼鼠放于2 L的燒杯中,保暖適應(yīng)環(huán)境后30 min后,在自由活動(dòng)狀態(tài)下安靜環(huán)境中用多導(dǎo)生理記錄儀記錄背景腦電5 min,然后通過(guò)用帶套管的微注射泵注入CRH溶液(0.1 mg溶入1.5 ml的生理鹽水)或等量的人工腦脊液,按1 μl/min泵入,直到誘發(fā)驚厥行為,連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)EEG。行為學(xué)按Racine分級(jí)方法[9],具體如下。1級(jí):面部陣攣,包括動(dòng)須、咀嚼等;2級(jí):1級(jí)發(fā)作行為加節(jié)律性點(diǎn)頭;3級(jí):2級(jí)行為加前肢陣攣;4級(jí):3級(jí)行為加后肢站立;5級(jí):4級(jí)行為加摔倒。實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中死亡、導(dǎo)管脫落的幼鼠不計(jì)入實(shí)驗(yàn)總體。

1.2.4海馬腦片制作? 乙醚麻醉18 d大的幼鼠(n=5),迅速斷頭取腦,置于0~4℃冰冷,pH=7.4左右、滲透濃度290~310 mol/L的人工腦脊液5 min,快速分離海馬,用振動(dòng)切片機(jī)切300~400 μm厚的腦片,迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到自配的人工腦脊液中37℃孵箱孵育1 h。

1.2.5海馬腦片錐體神經(jīng)元全細(xì)胞膜片鉗記錄? 分別記錄CRH灌洗前、中、后海馬錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電特征,每個(gè)神經(jīng)元于CRH灌洗前、中、后記錄自發(fā)性放電5~10 min,并計(jì)算動(dòng)作電位發(fā)放頻率適應(yīng)性的大小。

1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)分布者轉(zhuǎn)換為正態(tài)分布后行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1側(cè)腦室灌注CRH誘導(dǎo)驚厥的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

CRH灌注組10只幼鼠有1只麻醉死亡,一只側(cè)腦室埋植導(dǎo)管脫落,有8只幼鼠誘發(fā)出驚厥樣行為,幼鼠側(cè)腦室灌注CRH(5±3)μl可以誘導(dǎo)出驚厥,且均能在皮層記錄到癇樣放電;空白實(shí)驗(yàn)組有2只死亡,1只導(dǎo)管脫落,人工腦脊液灌注組有2只導(dǎo)管脫落,兩組幼鼠均未觀察到驚厥行為,皮層均未記錄到癇樣放電。

2.2 CRH對(duì)海馬錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率的影響

CRH灌洗海馬腦片錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率為(5.67±1.75)Hz,明顯快于CRH灌洗海馬腦片前錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率[(2.23±1.12)Hz]及CRH灌洗海馬腦片后錐體神經(jīng)元自發(fā)性放電頻率[(1.28±0.72)Hz](P<0.01),CRH灌注前同樣要快于CRH灌洗后的自發(fā)性放電頻率(P<0.05)。

2.3 CRH對(duì)海馬錐體神經(jīng)元?jiǎng)幼麟娢坏陌l(fā)放頻率適應(yīng)性的影響

CRH灌洗時(shí)動(dòng)作電位的發(fā)放頻率適應(yīng)性大小為1.35±0.62,與灌洗前的2.05±0.81和灌洗后的1.97±0.64相比,CRH灌洗明顯降低錐體神經(jīng)元?jiǎng)幼麟娢坏陌l(fā)放頻率適應(yīng)性(P<0.05)。

3討論

筆者前面實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)母子隔離應(yīng)激可以增加幼鼠癲癇的易感性[10],Shang等[11]報(bào)道孕期應(yīng)激是子代患嬰兒痙攣綜合征的高危因素,提示應(yīng)激與癲癇的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。CRH作為經(jīng)典的應(yīng)激因子,在癲癇發(fā)生、發(fā)展中扮演重要角色,CRH是含有41個(gè)氨基酸殘基的多肽類激素[12]。海馬、杏仁核部位同樣可以分泌CRH,并且這兩個(gè)屬于邊緣系統(tǒng)的腦區(qū)是癲癇發(fā)生和發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵部位。

本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)幼鼠側(cè)腦室埋植導(dǎo)管,微量灌注CRH,可以誘發(fā)出幼鼠驚厥發(fā)作,皮層記錄到放電現(xiàn)象,這與Baram等[4]的報(bào)道相符,而人工腦脊液灌注組及空白實(shí)驗(yàn)組始終未觀察到驚厥行為,皮層未記錄到放電現(xiàn)象,提示CRH可直接誘發(fā)未成熟腦驚厥發(fā)作。

錐體神經(jīng)元作為海馬主要的興奮性神經(jīng)元,以谷氨酸作為興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),其包體呈典型的錐體狀,放電頻率一般為1~4 Hz,有明顯的動(dòng)作電位的發(fā)放頻率適應(yīng)性。利用全細(xì)胞膜片鉗技術(shù),本研究顯示CRH可通過(guò)增加海馬錐體神經(jīng)元的自發(fā)性放電頻率,降低錐體神經(jīng)元?jiǎng)幼麟娢坏陌l(fā)放頻率適應(yīng)性,從而增加錐體神經(jīng)元的興奮性,提示過(guò)度的應(yīng)激可以導(dǎo)致海馬應(yīng)激因子(CRH、去甲腎上腺等)釋放增加[13],這些應(yīng)激因子可通過(guò)不同途徑增加海馬神經(jīng)元的興奮性。應(yīng)激因子去甲腎上腺素通過(guò)α1受體的介導(dǎo),降低了中間神經(jīng)元對(duì)錐體細(xì)胞的抑制作用,從而增加其興奮性[14];CRH可增加在大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)域細(xì)胞自發(fā)性放電而抑制動(dòng)作電位爆發(fā)后的超級(jí)化反應(yīng)[15],在海馬CA3區(qū),CRH(特別是高濃度)可以誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元去極化。在GABA受體拮抗劑荷包牡丹堿存在的情況下,用CRH刺激海馬腦片的苔蘚纖維可以增加興奮性突觸后電位的頻率和爆發(fā)動(dòng)作電位數(shù)量[16]。其同樣可以易化齒狀回的長(zhǎng)時(shí)程電位增強(qiáng)(LTP)[17],更重要的是有實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)特異性地阻斷CRH受體可以抑制癲癇的發(fā)生[18]。

在海馬腦片全細(xì)胞膜片鉗實(shí)驗(yàn)中,CRH灌洗前錐體神經(jīng)元的自發(fā)性放電頻率快于CRH灌洗后錐體神經(jīng)元的自發(fā)性放電頻率,這可能與CRH神經(jīng)興奮毒性有關(guān)。國(guó)外有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示,急性或慢性應(yīng)激可抑制海馬CA3區(qū)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞樹(shù)突的生長(zhǎng),甚至導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡[19]。

本實(shí)驗(yàn)提示幼鼠側(cè)腦室灌注微量的CRH可誘發(fā)驚厥發(fā)作,并且CRH導(dǎo)致海馬錐體神經(jīng)元興奮性的增加可作為其潛在機(jī)制,這對(duì)應(yīng)激參與未成熟腦癲癇發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究有重要意義,然而CRH致癇的具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2018-11-21? 本文編輯:祁海文)

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