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走近“獨立主格”

2019-04-26 13:38:06孫啟春
文教資料 2019年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:合作原則經(jīng)濟性

孫啟春

摘? ? 要: 獨立主格是一種高層次的語法現(xiàn)象,獨立主格(Absolute Construction)是一個句子的狀語表達形式。所謂“主格”,是因為它帶有自己獨立的邏輯主語。獨立主格做狀語,可以表達主句的時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等,它和主句之間一般由逗號隔開。獨立主格主要用于書面語,體現(xiàn)了語言經(jīng)濟性和審美特點。

關(guān)鍵詞: 獨立主格? ? 合作原則? ? 經(jīng)濟性

一、定義

(1)Everything taken into consideration, the plan put up by our manager seems to be more workable.(2017:88)

(2)She ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hands.(2018:13)

以上兩個句子分別出自2017年和2018年河南省專升本入學(xué)考試的英語試題的翻譯和單項選擇。這兩個句子都考察了同一個語法現(xiàn)象——獨立主格(Absolute Construction)。獨立主格是狀語的一種表現(xiàn)形式,屬于高層次語法現(xiàn)象。關(guān)于“獨立主格”,章振邦先生如是論述,“所謂獨立結(jié)構(gòu), 實質(zhì)上就是帶有自己主語的非限定分句和無動詞分句”,“通常在句中起狀語分句的作用”。這里的“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”指的是獨立主格。

獨立主格是一個句子的狀語表達形式。所謂“主格”,是因為它帶有獨立的邏輯主語。獨立主格做狀語,可以表達主句的時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等,它和主句之間一般由逗號隔開。獨立主格的基本形式為:

n/pron+ing/ed/to do/n/prep/adj/adv, + main clause。

學(xué)習(xí)獨立主格要注意它的三個特征:

其一,獨立主格有自己的邏輯主語,與主句的主語不同。

其二,獨立主格的邏輯主語和其后的分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞、名詞等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

其三,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般由逗號和主句分開,其與主句不能直接添加連接詞。

獨立主格和獨立成分的區(qū)別:

英語里有一種類似于獨立主格的狀語形式,在整個句子中卻找不到它的邏輯主語,它的邏輯主語隱藏在語義之中,這種現(xiàn)象叫做獨立成分。常見的獨立成分有:

Generally speaking, to be brief/honest, to tell the truth, considering everything, comparing to/with, judging from等。例如:

(1)Generally speaking, women live longer than men.

(2)Considering everything, his idea is fairly workable.

(3)To determine the number of cells, a sample is put under a microscope.

這種現(xiàn)象更多的出現(xiàn)在科技文體中,因為科技文體往往避免使用人稱主語。這種活潑的表達形式的原則是不會引起歧義,初學(xué)者宜慎用。

二.獨立主格表現(xiàn)形式及句法功能

1.出現(xiàn)位置

獨立主格在句子里做狀語,其位置多出現(xiàn)于句首,有時也會出現(xiàn)于句中或句尾。

(1)There being no bus, they had to walk to the station.

(2)A policeman came in, his face red with cold.

(3)He stood in the door-way, his wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some sign of recognition.

2.表現(xiàn)形式

獨立主格的基本形式為S+done/doing/to do/adj/adv/n/prep, etc.

(1)So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.(n+動詞不定式)

(2)The problem solved, they went to bed.(n+過去分詞)

(3)Nothing given, we couldnt complete the task on time.(pron+過去分詞)

(4)The policemen rushed in, guns in hand.(n+介詞)

(5)It being Christmas, the supermarket was full of people.(pron+現(xiàn)在分詞)

(6)They fell asleep, all lights on. (n+副詞)

(7)Class over, the students left the classroom soon.(n+形容詞)

(8)He received a lot of gifts, many of them books.(pron+名詞)

3.句法功能

(1)Time permitting, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.(條件狀語)

(2)His glasses broken, she couldnt see the words clearly on the blackboard.(His glasses broken,原因狀語)

(3)The project completed, Mr. Brown went abroad.(時間狀語)

(4)Jack came up, a book in his hand.(方式狀語)

(5)A small boy, his satchel trailing behind him, ran fast.(伴隨狀語)

4.with +獨立主格構(gòu)成with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)基本形式為“with+賓語+賓語補足語”。

(1)The girl felt very safe with her father standing beside her.

(2)All the day he stayed at home alone with the door locked.

(3)With too much work to do, he gave up going abroad.

with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不僅做狀語,還可以用來做定語。

(4)There were rows of houses with trees in front of them.

三、獨立主格是狀語從句的簡略形式

具有狀語特征的獨立主格實質(zhì)上就是一個狀語從句,它是語言使用者刪繁就簡、靈活超脫的高級表達形式,體現(xiàn)了邏輯、省略和語義三者巧妙結(jié)合。

(1)Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.

(= If weather permits, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.)

(2)The project completed, Mr. Brown went abroad.

(=After the project had been completed, Mr. Brown went abroad.)

表示方式和伴隨的獨立主格更像一個并列句。

(3)Jack came up, a book in his hand.

(=Jack came up, and there was a book in his hand.)

獨立主格的being, having been通常省略。而且其省略又不限于謂語部分,可以延伸到其他限定成分。

(4)My family (being) out, I was alone quietly at home with a cup of tea.

(5)All the tickets (having been) sold out, she had to wait for the next weeks show.

(6)The young man sat there, (his) eyes (being) half closed.

(7)The professor stepped into the classroom, (a) book in (her) hand.

四、獨立主格存在的理據(jù)

獨立主格主要用于書面語,其語言功能有兩點。

1.語言表達的簡潔要求

哲學(xué)家Herbert Paul Grice提出合作原則(Cooperative of Principle)用來指導(dǎo)言語行為,內(nèi)容包括:質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Quality),要讓你的表達真實。不說你認(rèn)為是錯誤的話;不說缺乏充分證據(jù)的話。數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Quantity),要充分傳達所需信息;不要傳達多于需要的內(nèi)容。關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Relation),內(nèi)容相關(guān)。方式準(zhǔn)則(Maxim of Manner),務(wù)必清晰。避免模糊不清,模棱兩可;簡潔;有序。語言作為人類信息交流的工具準(zhǔn)確性和經(jīng)濟性是必然的要求。

“To make things easy to our organs of speech, to economize time and effort in the work of expression.” (讓我們的發(fā)音器官更輕松,節(jié)約時間和力氣)。

2.語言文字的審美要求

書面語言要兼顧內(nèi)容和形式的雙重要求。獨立主格的出現(xiàn)可以讓書面語言在形式方面長短穿插,靈活多變;在語義方面含蓄凝練,耐人尋味,滿足語言的審美要求。試看小說Jane Eyre諸例:

(1)With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my way. I feared nothing but interruption, and that came soon.(Chapter 1)短句鋪排,簡潔整齊。預(yù)示好景不長,禍患將至。

(2)“What is all this?”demanded another voice peremptorily; and Mrs. Reed came along the corridor, her cap flying wide, her gown rustling stormily. (Chapter 2) 用極少的文字準(zhǔn)確傳達了里德夫人的驚慌惱怒、來勢洶洶,小簡·愛必然大禍臨頭。

(3)Many already smitten, went home only to die: some died at school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of malady forbidding delay.(Chapter 9) 簡潔的語言描繪了Lowood在疾病流行時期的陰森、恐怖和絕望。

參考文獻:

[1]Otto Jespersen. Language, Its Nature, Development and Origin[M]. Beijing: World Publishing Corporation,2016:245.

[2]Bronte. C.. Jane Eyre[M].Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House,2002:4,15,95.

[3]劉潤清,文旭.新編語言學(xué)教程[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2006:153-154.

[4]章振邦.新編英語語法教程[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1997:570-571.

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