甄紅

在最近三年的高考中，全國(guó)Ⅰ卷的語(yǔ)法填空中每年有兩道題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，并且有可能同時(shí)在短文改錯(cuò)中再設(shè)一題（如2018年），占分值3—4分。在全國(guó)Ⅱ卷和全國(guó)Ⅲ卷中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考查力度更大，占的分值更多。最近五年的語(yǔ)法填空和最近11年的短文改錯(cuò)在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞方面究竟考查了哪些具體內(nèi)容？又是如何考的？讓我們一起來(lái)將這些題回顧一遍。

考點(diǎn)1：介詞后用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。

這是考頻最高的考點(diǎn)。在介詞后可以用名詞或動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但若其后有賓語(yǔ)或有狀語(yǔ)等修飾時(shí)，只能用動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。

填空：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）You may drink， smoke， be overweight and still reduce your risk of __________（die）early by running.（dying）

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ________（eat）more fast food people will get more salt and fat ...（eating）

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to“air-condition”a house without__________（use）electric equipment. （using）

（2014年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）One morning， I was waiting at the bus stop， worried about ______（be）late for school.（being）

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）But unlike her school friends， 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term（in） ________（rest）.〔resting，原題中沒(méi)有in，但空格前可看作省略了介詞in，即spend ...（in）doing sth結(jié)構(gòu)中in常省略〕

改錯(cuò)：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.（selling）

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.（wearing）

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）After looks at the toy for some time， he turned around and found ...（looking）

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.（taking）

（2008年全國(guó)課標(biāo)卷）Looking forward to hear from you soon.（hearing）

（2010年全國(guó)大綱Ⅱ卷）I look forward to see her again in the near future.（seeing）

（2013年全國(guó)大綱）He isnt good at talk but he gets on well with other people.（talking）

（2008年全國(guó)大綱Ⅰ卷）Weve been writing to each other for nearly a year now. I have often dreamed of talk face to face with you.（talking）

考點(diǎn)2：只能接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

填空：

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）But Sarah， ... ， wants________ （prove）that she has brains as well as beauty.（to prove）

（2014年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver， but he refused ________（stop）until we reached the next stop.（to stop）

改錯(cuò)：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）... but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not let me. （watch）

（2010年全國(guó)大綱Ⅰ卷）He agreed to reading my story and ...（read）

（2008年全國(guó)大綱Ⅰ卷）My father was so pleased that he suggested I go to England for a holiday. Id like to staying there for half a month ...（stay）

（2008年全國(guó)大綱Ⅱ卷）In short， I will do my best to help making the Games a success.（make）

注：在help后的不定式常省略to，即help do sth。

提示：這類動(dòng)詞需要熟記的有 afford to do sth， agree to do sth， aim to do sth， apply to do sth， arrange to do sth， attempt to do sth， ask to do sth， beg to do sth， choose to do sth， decide to do sth， determine to do sth， expect to do sth， want to do sth， hope to do sth， wish to do sth， long to do sth， fail to do sth， guarantee to do sth， hesitate to do sth， happen to do sth， learn to do sth， manage to do sth， offer to do sth， pretend to do sth， prepare to do sth， plan to do sth， intend to do sth， promise to do sth， undertake to do sth等。

考點(diǎn)3：只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）I quickly lower myself， ducking my head to avoid __________ （look）directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.（looking）

（2014年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）Still， the boy kept __________ （ride）. He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. （riding）

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）My ambassadorial duties will include ________（introduce）British visitors to the 120-plus pandas ...（introducing）

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road， __________（lay）the track and then building a strong roof ... （laying）

提示：這類動(dòng)詞需要熟記的有admit doing sth， appreciate doing sth， avoid doing sth， advise doing sth， suggest doing sth， allow doing sth， permit doing sth， consider doing sth， practise doing sth， enjoy doing sth， dislike doing sth， finish doing sth， discuss doing sth， escape doing sth， imagine doing sth， include doing sth， mind doing sth， miss doing sth，以及be worth doing sth， be busy doing sth， feel like doing sth， put off /delay doing sth， cant stand doing sth等。

考點(diǎn)4：接不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞。

填空：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）Once his message was delivered， he allowed me __________（stay）and watch.（to stay）

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required ________（process）the food ...（to process）

改錯(cuò)：

（2017年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）When summer comes， they will invite their students ∧ pick the fresh vegetables?。ㄔ黾觮o）

（2011年全國(guó)大綱Ⅱ卷） My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.（stay）

注：make sb do sth中do不帶to。

（2014年全國(guó)大綱）Otherwise， it is impossible for them to help each other and to make their friendship to last long.（刪除to）

（2012年全國(guó)課標(biāo)）Meanwhile， I found out that with more patience， I could make my toys to last. My attitude changed from then on.（刪除to）

注：在make， let， have等使役動(dòng)詞和see， hear， watch， observe， notice等感官動(dòng)詞后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式省略to。

（2009年全國(guó)大綱Ⅱ卷）A little girl was hurt and her mother needed help. So I helped them going to the nearest hospital.（go）

注：在help sb to do sth中的to可要可不要。

提示：這類動(dòng)詞需要熟記的有ask sb to do sth， want sb to do sth， tell sb to do sth， invite sb to do sth， encourage sb to do sth， allow sb to do sth， persuade sb to do sth， forbid sb to do sth等。

考點(diǎn)5：做目的狀語(yǔ)只能用動(dòng)詞不定式。

填空：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）You dont have to run fast or for long ________ （see） the benefit.（to see）

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __________ （improve）water quality. （to improve）

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷） Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal __________ （create）special designs.（to create）

改錯(cuò)：

（2007年全國(guó)課標(biāo)）Li Ming came see me every day.（to see）

考點(diǎn)6：在形容詞后做狀語(yǔ)只能用不定式。

填空：

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）If you find something you love doing outside of the office， youll be less likely ______（bring）your work home.（to bring）

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）When a new day breaks， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ______（cool）the house during the hot day ...（to cool）

注：be likely to do sth（很可能做某事）和 adj. /adv. +enough to do sth 均可看作固定搭配。

改錯(cuò)：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷） Some of us were confident and eager ∧take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious. （增加to）

注：be eager to do sth可作為固定搭配來(lái)記。這類搭配常見(jiàn)的還有be anxious to do sth， be sure to do sth， be bound to do sth， be about to do sth， be able to do sth， be glad to do sth等。

考點(diǎn)7：不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)。

填空：

（2014年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）It took years of work ______ （reduce）the industrial pollution and clean the water. （to reduce）

注：It takes sb some time to do sth可作為固定句式來(lái)記。

改錯(cuò)：（2013年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷） Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner ...（Having）

考點(diǎn)8：分詞做定語(yǔ)。

被修飾的詞與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。

填空：

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）... it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people __________（live）in Shanghai and Hong Kong. （living）

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷） I was the first Western TV reporter_______（permit）to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. （permitted）

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）A study of travelers__________ （conduct）by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as ... （conducted）

（2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）The adobe dwellings（土坯房）______（build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by ...（built）

改錯(cuò)：

（2010年全國(guó)課標(biāo)）On the box was a card say： “25 cents each.”（saying）

（2012年全國(guó)大綱Ⅱ卷）Third， we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing， especially bath water ...（used）

考點(diǎn)9：分詞做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

句子主語(yǔ)與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。到目前為止，只考查了現(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

填空：

（2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）People probably cooked their food in large pots， ________（use）twigs（樹(shù)枝）to remove it.（using）

改錯(cuò)：

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）Everyone was silent， wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.（waiting）

（2011年全國(guó)課標(biāo)）My summer travel started terribly. I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.（buying）

考點(diǎn)10：“連詞+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。

句子主語(yǔ)與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。到目前為止，只考查了“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”。

（2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）Chinas approach to protecting its environment while __________（feed）its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，”says the banks Juergen Voegele.（feeding）

考點(diǎn)11：分詞做表語(yǔ)。

句子主語(yǔ)與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。

（ 2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）I quickly lower myself， ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel ________ （challenge）.（challenged，由challenge sb“向某人挑戰(zhàn)”可知）

特別說(shuō)明：

1. 可能重復(fù)考。

同一考點(diǎn)在不同年份或不同卷別中可能會(huì)重復(fù)考。如by后接動(dòng)名詞在三年內(nèi)就考查了三次。請(qǐng)看：

by sell the fish （2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

by wear strange clothes（2016年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）

by ________ （eat） more fast food（2017年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

2. 可能同時(shí)考。

在同年同份卷中的語(yǔ)法填空和短文改錯(cuò)兩種題型也有可能同時(shí)考。如：

2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷

填空：You may drink， smoke， be overweight and still reduce your risk of __________ （die）early by running.（dying）

改錯(cuò)：My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.（selling）

說(shuō)明：同時(shí)考查介詞后接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。

2018年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷

填空：The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __________（improve）water quality.（to improve）

改錯(cuò)：... but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not let me. （watch）

說(shuō)明：同時(shí)考查不定式，只是前者做目的狀語(yǔ)，后者做賓語(yǔ)。

2015年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷

填空：In addition to their simple beauty， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to“air-condition”a house without __________（use）electric equipment.（using）

改錯(cuò)：After looks at the toy for some time， he turned around and found ...（looking）

說(shuō)明：同時(shí)考查介詞后接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)。

2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷

填空：Once his message was delivered， he allowed me __________ （stay）and watch.（to stay）

改錯(cuò)：Some of us were confident and eager∧take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.（增加to）

說(shuō)明：同時(shí)考查不定式，只是前者考查不定式做賓補(bǔ)，后者考查不定式在形容詞后做狀語(yǔ)。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青