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首發(fā)精神分裂癥患者歸因方式與精神癥狀的關(guān)系

2019-08-07 09:06李慶偉曾海萍黃彩英
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2019年15期
關(guān)鍵詞:歸因精神分裂癥

李慶偉 曾海萍 黃彩英

【摘要】 目的:探討首發(fā)精神分裂癥患者歸因方式的特點(diǎn)及其急性期與精神癥狀的關(guān)系。方法:采用陽性與陰性癥狀量表(PANSS)及內(nèi)在、他人、環(huán)境歸因問卷(IPSAQ)對(duì)50例首發(fā)精神分裂癥患者(病例組)在入院時(shí)、第4周及第8周進(jìn)行精神癥狀與歸因方式的重復(fù)測(cè)評(píng),并分析入院時(shí)(急性期)歸因方式與精神癥狀的相關(guān)性及其與49例健康對(duì)照(對(duì)照組)歸因方式的差異。結(jié)果:Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)顯示病例組急性期負(fù)性事件外部他人歸因分?jǐn)?shù)顯著高于對(duì)照組(U=827.00,P<0.05)。Spearman相關(guān)分析顯示陽性癥狀評(píng)分與負(fù)性事件內(nèi)歸因分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)(r=0.336,P<0.05),與負(fù)性事件外部他人歸因呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.379,P<0.01);PANSS總分與負(fù)性事件內(nèi)歸因分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)(r=0.297,P<0.05),與EB呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.297,P<0.05)。Friedman檢驗(yàn)顯示歸因維度負(fù)性外部他人歸因分?jǐn)?shù)、EB隨著治療時(shí)間上升,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=7.195、9.556,P<0.05)。結(jié)論:精神分裂癥患者較健康人群有更高的負(fù)性事件外部他人歸因傾向,精神癥狀越嚴(yán)重,其“自我責(zé)備”的傾向越明顯,提示患者的歸因方式具有一定的特質(zhì)性及狀態(tài)性。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 首發(fā); 精神分裂癥; 歸因; 精神癥狀

【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the attribution characteristics of first episode schizophrenia patients at different stages and the relationship between attribution style and psychiatric symptoms.Method:The first episode schizophrenia patients(n=50)were assessed repeatedly with the positive negative symptoms scale(PANSS)and the internal personal and situational attributions questionnaire(IPSAQ)at admission,the fourth and eighth week of treatment respectively.The relationship between attribution style and psychiatric symptoms and the difference between attribution style and normal control group(n=49)were analyzed using the baseline scores at admission.Result:Mann-Whitney U test indicates that at admission with active symptoms,the external attribution score of negative events in the patients group was significantly higher than that in the control group(U=827.00,P<0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that positive symptom score was positively correlated with internal attribution score of negative events(r=0.336,P<0.05),negatively correlated with personal attribution score of negative event(r=-0.379,P<0.01).Total PANSS score was positively correlated with internal attribution score of negative event(r=0.297,P<0.05),negatively correlated with external bias(EB)(r=-0.297,P<0.05).Friedman test showed that personal attribution score of negative event,EB score increased with time(字2=7.195,9.556,P<0.05).Conclusion:Schizophrenia patients have a higher tendency of personal attribution of negative events than normal people.The more serious the mental symptoms is,the more obvious the tendency of self-blame is.It suggests that the attribution style of schizophrenia patients has the characteristic of trait and state at a same time.

【Key words】 First episode; Schizophrenia; Attribution; Psychiatric symptomsFirst-authors address:Zhongshan Third Peoples Hospital,Zhongshan 528451,China

2.3 病例組急性期IPSAQ問卷評(píng)分與PANSS量表評(píng)分間的相關(guān)分析 PANSS量表中陽性癥狀總分與負(fù)性事件內(nèi)歸因分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān),與負(fù)性事件外部他人歸因均呈負(fù)相關(guān);陰性癥狀總分與負(fù)性外部環(huán)境歸因呈負(fù)相關(guān),與PB呈正相關(guān);一般精神病量表總分與EB呈負(fù)相關(guān);PANSS總分與負(fù)性事件內(nèi)歸因分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān),與EB呈負(fù)相關(guān)。見表2。

2.4 病例組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)PANSS量表、IPSAQ問卷評(píng)分比較 病例組在急性期、治療第4周和第8周分別接受了PANSS量表評(píng)定與IPSAQ問卷自評(píng),共22例患者完成了評(píng)估。采用單因素重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析對(duì)PANSS量表分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示PANSS總分、陽性癥狀評(píng)分、一般精神病理量表評(píng)分在8周內(nèi)均有明顯下降,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);陰性癥狀評(píng)分有下降,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。采用Friedman檢驗(yàn)對(duì)IPSAQ問卷評(píng)分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示負(fù)性外部他人歸因分?jǐn)?shù)(NP)、EB隨著時(shí)間推移上升,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。

3 討論

有關(guān)精神分裂癥患者歸因特點(diǎn)的早期研究中,Kaney等[2]與Kinderman等[13]學(xué)者的研究指出伴有被害妄想的精神障礙患者或精神分裂癥患者較正常人有更明顯的自利歸因偏差與外部他人歸因偏差,這得到后續(xù)部分研究的支持,并有學(xué)者認(rèn)為以上歸因過程影響了被害妄想的產(chǎn)生,當(dāng)患者將正性事件的出現(xiàn)歸因于自己,負(fù)性事件歸因于他人時(shí),有利于維持患者積極的自我概念。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),首發(fā)精神分裂癥患者在急性期EB與PB與正常人群相比未見明顯差異,與Kaney等[2]與Kinderman等[13]學(xué)者的結(jié)果不一致,與Moritz等[7]和Martin等[14]學(xué)者的研究部分一致,即精神分裂癥患者的自利歸因偏差及外部他人歸因偏差與正常人群無異。值得注意的是,以上研究均存在樣本量較小的問題,結(jié)果需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。從目前的研究結(jié)果來看,EB、PB分?jǐn)?shù)尚不能完全解釋被害妄想或其他陽性癥狀發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制。

進(jìn)一步相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),精神病性癥狀尤其是陽性癥狀越嚴(yán)重的患者越傾向于負(fù)性事件歸因于自己,自利歸因偏差降低,這與Mizrahi等[5]與Mehl等[6]學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果部分一致,即患者存在一定的“自我責(zé)備”傾向。本研究中所收集的縱向數(shù)據(jù)也一定程度上驗(yàn)證了患者在癥狀活躍期歸因方式與癥狀的相關(guān)性,經(jīng)過8周的抗精神病藥物治療,患者的PANSS總分、陽性癥狀分以及一般精神病理分均明顯下降,提示病情明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。與此同時(shí),患者自利歸因傾向增加,更傾向于將正性事件進(jìn)行內(nèi)歸因,負(fù)性事件進(jìn)行外部歸因,這可能與精神分裂癥患者更容易將社會(huì)缺陷歸咎于自己、自尊水平低、病恥感等有關(guān)[15],隨著病情的緩解,自我責(zé)備相應(yīng)減輕。

綜合以上橫向與縱向的研究結(jié)果,精神分裂癥患者的歸因方式具有一定的狀態(tài)性,即隨癥狀的嚴(yán)重性變化而變化。與此同時(shí),無論在癥狀活躍期還是緩解期,與正常人群相比,患者更容易將負(fù)面事件歸因于他人,提示患者的歸因方式具有一定的特質(zhì)性,An等[16]學(xué)者的研究支持了這一觀點(diǎn)。Berry等[17]認(rèn)為“責(zé)備他人”的歸因方式可能會(huì)強(qiáng)化偏執(zhí)性的思維,增大個(gè)體未來妄想發(fā)作的易感性。因此,除了關(guān)注患者急性期歸因方式的干預(yù),在前驅(qū)期及緩解期仍需持續(xù)評(píng)估歸因方式及其對(duì)社會(huì)功能的影響,預(yù)防病情加重或復(fù)發(fā)。

本研究的不足之處包括首發(fā)精神分裂癥患者樣本量偏少;納入研究患者的治療情況以及臨床分型未做嚴(yán)格控制;在追蹤研究中,有部分患者脫落,可能與治療依從性或家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)條件有關(guān),以上因素均可能對(duì)研究結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響。后續(xù)研究可擴(kuò)大樣本量,提高病例的同質(zhì)性,進(jìn)一步納入非首發(fā)精神疾病患者,探討不同病程、不同復(fù)發(fā)次數(shù)對(duì)歸因特點(diǎn)以及社會(huì)功能的影響,為更全面地對(duì)患者的認(rèn)知干預(yù)提供依據(jù)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[2] Kaney S,Bentall R P.Persecutory delusions and attributional style[J].The British Journal of Medical Psychology,1989,62(Pt 2):191-198.

[3] Langdon R,Corner T,Mclaren J,et al.Externalizing and personalizing biases in persecutory delusions:The relationship with poor insight and theory-of-mind[J].Behaviour Research and Therapy,2006,44(5):699-713.

[4] Bliksted V,F(xiàn)agerlund B,Weed E,et al.Social cognition and neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenia[J].Schizophrenia Research,2014,153(1-3):9-17.

[5] Mizrahi R,Addington J,Remington G,et al.Attribution style as a factor in psychosis and symptom resolution[J].Schizophrenia Research,2008,104(1-3):220-227.

[6] Mehl S,Landsberg M W,Schmidt A C,et al.Why Do Bad Things Happen to Me?Attributional Style,Depressed Mood,and Persecutory Delusions in Patients With Schizophrenia[J].Schizophrenia Bulletin,2014,40(6):1338-1346.

[7] Moritz S,Woodward T S,Burlon M,et al.Attributional Style in Schizophrenia:Evidence for a Decreased Sense of Self-Causation in Currently Paranoid Patients[J].Cognitive Therapy and Research,2007,31(3):371-383.

[8] Henderson A R.The impact of social cognition training on recovery from psychosis[J].Current Opinion in Psychiatry,2013,26(5):429-432.

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[10] Kinderman P,Bentall R P.A new measure of causal locus:the internal,personal and situational attributions questionnaire[J].Personality and Individual Differences,1996,20(2):261-264.

[11] Gao B,Wang Y,Zhu Y,et al.A psychometric investigation of the Chinese version of the Internal,Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire(C-IPSAQ)[J].Translational Psychiatry,2018,8(1):256.

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[13] Kinderman P,Bentall R P.Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions:evidence for a model of paranoid ideation[J].J Abnorm Psychol,1996,105(1):106-113.

[14] Martin J A,Penn D L.Attributional Style in Schizophrenia:An Investigation in Outpatients With and Without Persecutory Delusions[J].Schizophrenia Bulletin,2002,28(1):131-141.

[15]董佳,周郁秋,孫玉靜.青年精神分裂癥病人病恥感與自尊、心理彈性相關(guān)性及其影響因素[J].護(hù)理研究,2018,32(20):3189-3192.

[16] An S K,Kang J I,Park J Y,et al.Attribution bias in ultra-high risk for psychosis and first-episode schizophrenia[J].Schizophrenia Research,2010,118(1-3):54-61.

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(收稿日期:2019-03-19) (本文編輯:程旭然)

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