王柳欣 張彩順 袁駿華 劉媛 宋莉敏 董靜
[摘要]?目的?觀察腦橋外側(cè)臂旁核(LPBN)注射Nesfatin-1對(duì)正常大鼠低糖血癥反向調(diào)節(jié)影響,探究其調(diào)節(jié)血糖機(jī)制。
方法采用免疫熒光技術(shù),觀察低糖血癥條件下大鼠LPBN中Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元與c-fos免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元的共表達(dá)情況;大鼠用胰島素(10或15 U/kg)誘導(dǎo)低糖血癥后單側(cè)LPBN注射Nesfatin-1(50 pmol、0.5 μL),觀察Nesfatin-1對(duì)低糖血癥狀態(tài)下大鼠血糖影響。
結(jié)果胰島素組大鼠LPBN ?Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元與c-fos免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元共表達(dá)明顯高于對(duì)照組(t=3.044,P<0.05)。LPBN給藥后90、120 min時(shí),低劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組血糖水平明顯高于低劑量胰島素+生理鹽水組(t=2.433、3.045,P<0.05);LPBN給藥后30、60 min時(shí),高劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組血糖水平明顯高于高劑量胰島素+生理鹽水組(t=2.967、3.546,P<0.05);LPBN給藥后30 min時(shí),高劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組血糖水平明顯高于低劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組(t=4.363,P<0.01)。
結(jié)論LPBN注射 Nesfatin-1可以增強(qiáng)低糖血癥反向調(diào)節(jié)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]?臂旁核;Nesfatin-1;低糖血癥癥;反向調(diào)節(jié);大鼠,Wistar
[中圖分類號(hào)]?R338.2
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]?A
[文章編號(hào)]??2096-5532(2019)01-0040-04
EFFECT OF NESFATIN-1 INJECTION IN THE LATERAL PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS ON REVERSE REGULATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA IN RATS
WANG Liuxin, ZHANG Caishun, YUAN Junhua, LIU Yuan, SONG Limin, DONG Jing
(Special Medicine Department, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Nesfatin-1 injection in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) on reverse regulation of hypoglycemia in normal rats and to investigate the mechanism for blood glucose regulation.
MethodsThe coexpression of Nesfatin-1-positive neurons and c-fos-immunopositive neurons in the LPBN of rats was evaluated under hypoglycemic condition using immunofluorescence technique; after successful induction of hypoglycemia by insulin (10 or 15 U/kg), Nesfatin-1 (50 pmol, 0.5 μL) was injected into the unilateral LPBN of the rats to observe the effect of Nesfatin-1 on the blood glucose level of rats under hypoglycemic condition.
ResultsThe insulin group had significantly increased coexpression of Nesfatin-1-positive neurons and c-fos-immunopositive neurons in the LPBN of the rats compared with the control group (t=3.044,P<0.05). At 90 and 120 min after administration in the LPNB, the low-dose insulin+Nesfatin-1 group had a significantly increased blood glucose level than the low-dose insulin+normal saline group (t=2.433 and 3.045, respectively, both P<0.05); at 30 and 60 min after administration in the LPNB, the high-dose insulin+Nesfatin-1 group had a significantly increased blood glucose level than the high-dose insulin+normal saline group (t=2.967 and 3.546, respectively, both P<0.05); at 30 min after administration in the LPNB, the high-dose insulin+Nesfatin-1 group had a significantly increased blood glucose level than the low-dose insulin+Nesfatin-1 group (t=4.363,P<0.01).
ConclusionInjection of Nesfatin-1 in the LPBN can improve the reverse regulation of hypoglycemia.
[KEY WORDS]parabrachial nucleus; Nesfatin-1; hypoglycemia; counter regulatory; rats, Wistar
Nesfatin-1是由日本群馬大學(xué)OH等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種腦腸肽。作為一種厭食肽,Nestatin-1在大鼠的攝食和能量代謝中發(fā)揮重要作用[2],并且Nesfatin-1參與調(diào)節(jié)糖代謝[3-5]。既往研究表明,除廣泛分布于外周外,Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元還分布于室旁核(PVN)、視上核(SON)、弓狀核(ARC)、腹內(nèi)側(cè)核(VMH)、下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)(LHA)、 迷走神經(jīng)復(fù)合體(DVC)、孤束核(NTS)等多個(gè)中樞核團(tuán)[6-7]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小鼠和大鼠的外側(cè)臂旁核(LPBN)中也有Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元的分布[8-9]。有Meta分析結(jié)果表明,隨著糖尿病進(jìn)展,血漿中Nesfatin-1表達(dá)水平下降。這與糖尿病病人低糖血癥反向調(diào)節(jié)(CRR)受損的發(fā)病過(guò)程相一致,提示Nesfatin-1的減少可能為CRR受損的機(jī)制之一[10]。BONNET等[11]研究證實(shí),在胰島素和2-脫氧-D-葡萄糖(2-DG)誘導(dǎo)的低糖血癥模型鼠中,PVN、迷走神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)背核(DMN)和NTS等核團(tuán)中Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元被激活。新近研究表明,在胰島素和2-DG 誘導(dǎo)的低糖血癥模型鼠中,LPBN中CCK神經(jīng)元被激活,并投射到下丘腦VMH,通過(guò)類固醇生成因子-1神經(jīng)元發(fā)揮作用,證實(shí)LPBN在CRR中扮演重要角色[12]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室已經(jīng)證實(shí)LPBN注射Nesfatin-1可以抑制大鼠夜間攝食[13],但Nesfatin-1能否作用于LPBN并參與CRR還不清楚。本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在探究LPBN注射Nesfatin-1對(duì)大鼠CRR的影響。
1?材料與方法
1.1?實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物?成年雄性Wistar大鼠40只,體質(zhì)量270~310 g,購(gòu)于青島市藥品檢驗(yàn)所。所有大鼠飼養(yǎng)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化動(dòng)物房(溫度為(23±2)℃,7:00~19:00光照環(huán)境),自由飲水和進(jìn)食。適應(yīng)環(huán)境1周后開(kāi)始實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.1.2藥品及試劑?Nesfatin-1與Nesfatin-1一抗(兔來(lái)源)均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Phoenix公司,山羊抗兔二抗IgG購(gòu)于北京中杉金橋公司,綿羊來(lái)源c-fos一抗購(gòu)于美國(guó)Millipore公司,驢抗綿羊二抗購(gòu)于R&D公司,門(mén)冬胰島素注射液(筆芯)為諾瑞諾德公司產(chǎn)品,生理鹽水(NS)購(gòu)于青島大學(xué)校醫(yī)院,水合氯醛為天津市瑞金特化學(xué)品有限公司產(chǎn)品。
1.2?實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元與c-fos免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元共表達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)?取8只大鼠,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和胰島素組,每組4只。于實(shí)驗(yàn)前1 d的21:00開(kāi)始禁食,允許自由飲水。實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)天9:00開(kāi)始腹腔給藥,胰島素組用胰島素筆腹腔注射胰島素(10 U/kg),對(duì)照組腹腔注射NS。分別于給藥0、30、60、90、120 min時(shí)檢測(cè)血糖水平。給藥2 h后腹腔注射80 g/L水合氯醛麻醉,10 min后行心臟灌注術(shù),迅速斷頭取腦組織,將其置于40 g/L多聚甲醛溶液中4 ℃冰箱固定24 h,用300 g/L蔗糖溶液4 ℃脫水24 h。切取LPBN的腦組織行冷凍切片,切片厚度為10~15 μm,將切片置于載玻片上。切好的腦片于60 ℃烤箱烤片4 h后,浸泡于PBST溶液中,20 min后置于修復(fù)液內(nèi),應(yīng)用微波爐95 ℃中火修復(fù)抗原10 min,待自然冷卻后以PBST溶液沖洗3次,小牛血清封閉液室溫封閉2 h,Nesfatin-1抗體(兔抗大鼠,1∶500)與c-fos抗體(綿羊抗大鼠,1∶250)4 ℃孵育腦片72 h,用PBST溶液沖洗3次,Nesfatin-1二抗(山羊抗兔,1∶100,綠色熒光)與c-fos二抗(驢抗綿羊,1∶200,紅色熒光)室溫孵育2 h,以PBST溶液洗片后,用封片液(PBST∶甘油=1∶1)封片固定腦片。在熒光顯微鏡下觀察Nesfatin-1及c-fos的表達(dá),應(yīng)用Image Pro Plus軟件對(duì)視野內(nèi)所有陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。
1.2.2LPBN注射Nesfatin-1對(duì)血糖影響實(shí)驗(yàn)?取剩余32只大鼠,腹腔注射80 g/L水合氯醛0.4 g/kg麻醉大鼠,將其固定于立體定位儀上[14],并參照坐標(biāo)將留置套管埋入LPBN[15-16]。大鼠LPBN埋管后休息1周開(kāi)始實(shí)驗(yàn)。將大鼠隨機(jī)分為低劑量胰島素+NS組(A組,n=6)、低劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組(B組,n=6)、高劑量胰島素+NS組(C組,n=10)和高劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組(D組,n=10)。所有大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)前1 d的21:00開(kāi)始禁食,實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)天8:50腹腔注射胰島素(10或15 U/kg)或NS后,9:00分別在LPBN緩慢注射 Nesfatin-1(50 pmol)和NS 0.5 μL(劑量參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[14,17-18]),停留2 min后拔針(注射針比外管長(zhǎng)0.8 mm)。用采血針經(jīng)尾靜脈采血,檢測(cè)LPBN給藥后0、30、60、90、120 min時(shí)的血糖。實(shí)驗(yàn)后的大鼠經(jīng)埋管LPBN注射滂胺天藍(lán)2 μL,取腦組織制備15 μm 厚的冷凍切片。在光鏡下觀察滂胺天藍(lán)注射標(biāo)記點(diǎn)的位置,定位準(zhǔn)確的樣本納入統(tǒng)計(jì)。
1.3?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,所得計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以[AKx-D]±s形式表示,采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2?結(jié)??果
2.1低糖血癥對(duì)LPBN中Nesfatin-1與c-fos共表達(dá)的影響
與對(duì)照組相比較,胰島素組大鼠腹腔注射胰島素后15、30、60、90、120 min時(shí)的血糖水平明顯降低(t=8.450~16.130,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。胰島素組大鼠LPBN的Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元與c-fos免疫陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元共表達(dá)明顯高于對(duì)照組(10.4±1.7 vs 6.9±3.2;t=3.044,P<0.05)。
2.2LPBN注射Nesfatin-1對(duì)低糖血癥的影響
LPBN給藥后90、120 min時(shí),低劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組血糖水平明顯高于低劑量胰島素+NS組(t=2.433、3.045,P<0.05);LPBN給藥后30、60 min時(shí),高劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組血糖水平明顯高于高劑量胰島素+NS組(t=2.967、3.546,P<0.05);LPBN給藥后30 min時(shí),高劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組大鼠血糖水平明顯高于低劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組(t=4.363,P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
3?討??論
位于腦橋的LPBN是連接前腦(下丘腦)和后腦(腦干)的中繼核團(tuán),主要負(fù)責(zé)能量平衡相關(guān)信號(hào)的上傳下達(dá)[19-20]。健康群體低糖血癥時(shí),可以通過(guò)神經(jīng)-體液機(jī)制激活CRR,維持糖代謝的穩(wěn)態(tài):一方面通過(guò)刺激交感神經(jīng)[21],產(chǎn)生覺(jué)醒、饑餓、心悸、震顫、出汗等癥狀;另一方面可通過(guò)增加血漿中升糖激素(胰高血糖素、皮質(zhì)醇和腎上腺素)的水平和減少胰島素的分泌,增加肝臟的糖原分解和糖異生,共同維持血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)[22]。然而這些生理調(diào)節(jié)在1型糖尿病病人中常常減弱或消失[23]。而嚴(yán)重低糖血癥可以導(dǎo)致腦細(xì)胞不可逆性損害、心律失常、急性心肌梗死甚至死亡[24]。因此,預(yù)防低糖血癥的發(fā)生成為糖尿病病人治療過(guò)程中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。
腦橋LPBN已被證實(shí)參與CRR調(diào)節(jié),并且無(wú)論是外周低糖血癥還是中樞低糖血癥均可激活下丘腦Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元[11]。但是Nesfatin-1能否作用于LPBN增強(qiáng)CRR的研究仍為空白。本實(shí)驗(yàn)主要探究了LPBN中Nesfatin-1對(duì)于CRR的作用,結(jié)果顯示,低糖血癥可激活LPBN中Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元,提示在LPBN中Nesfatin-1可以參與CRR,并且LPBN注射Nesfatin-1可明顯改善腹腔注射不同劑量胰島素所致低糖血癥狀態(tài),但是Nesfatin-1并不能完全逆轉(zhuǎn)高劑量胰島素(15 U/kg)所
致嚴(yán)重低糖血癥?,F(xiàn)普遍認(rèn)為,葡萄糖敏感性神經(jīng)
元在CRR中起關(guān)鍵作用[25]。該類神經(jīng)元能夠感受細(xì)胞外葡萄糖濃度的波動(dòng),依據(jù)其對(duì)不同濃度葡萄糖的反應(yīng)性可分為葡萄糖興奮性神經(jīng)元(GE神經(jīng)元)和葡萄糖抑制性神經(jīng)元(GI神經(jīng)元)[26]。GI神經(jīng)元是感受低糖血癥狀態(tài)重要神經(jīng)元,在葡萄糖缺乏時(shí)其放電頻率增加,下丘腦和腦干等的多個(gè)腦區(qū)(如PVN、ARC、VMH、DVC及LPBN)內(nèi)的GI神經(jīng)元均可直接感受低糖血癥刺激[12,14,17]。新近研究顯示,通過(guò)改善VMH中GI神經(jīng)元對(duì)低糖血癥的敏感性,可改善CRR[27],提示改善GI神經(jīng)元對(duì)低糖血癥敏感性是防治CRR受損的重要機(jī)制之一。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中LPBN注射Nesfatin-1后30 min,高劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組血糖水平明顯高于低劑量胰島素+Nesfatin-1組,而其他時(shí)點(diǎn)兩組比較差異無(wú)顯著性。這可能是由于腹腔注射高劑量胰島素后,血糖迅速下降,GI神經(jīng)元及時(shí)接收到血糖降低的信號(hào)使血糖水平升高,但是在腹腔注射胰島素90 min以后,胰島素持續(xù)發(fā)揮降血糖作用并且該作用強(qiáng)于Nesfatin-1升血糖的作用;而腹腔注射低劑量胰島素時(shí),只有血糖持續(xù)降低到一定水平(本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示是在90 min時(shí))Nesfatin-1才發(fā)揮作用。本課題組前期實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,PVN、LHA、VMH和DVC微量注射Nesfatin-1可顯著提高GI神經(jīng)元的興奮性[14,17]。2014年,GARFIELD等[12]證實(shí)LPBN中的CCK神經(jīng)元參與CRR。本課題組最新研究表明,Nesfatin-1能夠提高LPBN中GI神經(jīng)元的放電頻率[13]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,低糖血癥可激活LPBN中的Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元。通過(guò)LPBN微量注射Nesfatin-1進(jìn)一步研究表明,Nesfatin-1可以增強(qiáng)CRR,但是Nesfatin-1并不能完全逆轉(zhuǎn)高劑量胰島素造成的嚴(yán)重低糖血癥狀態(tài)。鑒于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中葡萄糖敏感性神經(jīng)元與CRR的密切聯(lián)系,我們認(rèn)為Nesfatin-1可能通過(guò)影響LPBN中葡萄糖敏感性神經(jīng)元的興奮性增強(qiáng)CRR這一過(guò)程。由于本實(shí)驗(yàn)納入的大鼠數(shù)目較少,加之Nesfatin-1受體至今未明確,這在一定程度上限制了我們對(duì)Nesfatin-1參與CRR機(jī)制的探討。同時(shí),本實(shí)驗(yàn)也缺乏直接的電生理證據(jù)表明Nesfatin-1可以影響低糖血癥條件下LPBN中GI神經(jīng)元的放電頻率。
綜上所述,低糖血癥可激活LPBN中的Nesfatin-1陽(yáng)性神經(jīng)元,并且LPBN注射Nesfatin-1可以增強(qiáng)CRR,這可能是通過(guò)增強(qiáng)GI神經(jīng)元的敏感性
實(shí)現(xiàn)的。本文結(jié)果為進(jìn)一步探究LPBN中Nesfa-tin-1防治糖尿病病人低血糖癥等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥提供了一定的實(shí)驗(yàn)參考。
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