王海語 孫玲玲 李萍 劉雯 張忠廣
[摘要]?目的?探討EB病毒(EBV)編碼基因變異與血液腫瘤的關(guān)系。
方法選取山東地區(qū)白血病病人186例和骨髓增生異常綜合征(MDS)病人77例作為研究對象,采用巢式PCR技術(shù)分析EBV 1/2分型,PCR結(jié)合限制性酶切技術(shù)分析EBV F/f分型,巢式PCR和DNA測序檢測EBV編碼小RNA(EBERs,包括EBER1和EBER2)基因的變異情況。
結(jié)果白血病和MDS病人1型EBV的檢出率分別為77.3%(51/66)和89.3%(25/28),2型EBV檢出率分別為7.6%(5/66)和7.1%(2/28),同時攜帶1型和2型兩種基因型檢出率分別為15.1%(10/66)和3.6%(1/28);F型EBV在白血病和MDS中的檢出率分別為98.6%(68/69)和91.7%(22/24),f型EBV在白血病和MDS中的檢出率分別為1.4%(1/69)和8.3%(2/24)。白血病和MDS中1/2分型、F/f分型的分布比較,差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。白血病和MDS中EBERs的主要基因型為EB-6m型,分別為85.0%(34/40)和75.0%(15/20),差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。
結(jié)論山東地區(qū)白血病和MDS的EBV基因型以1型和F型為主,EBERs的優(yōu)勢基因型為EB-6m,EB-6m型EBERs可能與白血病發(fā)生相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]?皰疹病毒4型,人;白血病;骨髓增生異常綜合征;多態(tài)性,單核苷酸
[中圖分類號]?R733.7
[文獻標志碼]?A
[文章編號]??2096-5532(2019)01-0050-05
AN ANALYSIS OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-ENCODED GENE VARIATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES IN SHANDONG, CHINA
WANG Haiyu, SUN Lingling, LI Ping, LIU Wen, ZHANG Zhongguang
(Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266021, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the association between hematologic malignancies and the genotypes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded genes.
MethodsA total of 186 patients with leukemia and 77 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in Shandong, China were selected as subjects. EBV 1/2 type was analyzed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while EBV F/f type was analyzed by PCR combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism. And the genotypes of EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs, including EBER1 and EBER2) were analyzed by nested PCR and DNA sequencing.
Results
In the patients with leukemia and MDS, the detection rates of EBV type 1 were 77.3% (51/66) and 89.3% (25/28), respectively; the detection rates of EBV type 2 were 7.6% (5/66) and 7.1% (2/28), respectively; the detection rates of both EBV type 1 and 2 were 15.1% (10/66) and 3.6% (1/28), respectively; the detection rates of EBV type F were 98.6% (68/69) and 91.7% (22/24), respectively; the detection rates of EBV type f were 1.4% (1/69) and 8.3% (2/24), respectively. There were no significant differences in the distributions of EBV type 1/2 and EBV type F/f between leukemia and MDS (P>0.05). The dominant genotype of EBERs was EB-6m, and there was no significant difference in the distribution of EB-6m between leukemia and MDS (85.0% (34/40) vs 75.0% (15/20), P>0.05).
ConclusionType 1 and type F are the main EBV genotypes in patients with leukemia and those with MDS in Shandong. The dominant genotype of EBERs is EB-6m, which may be associated with leukemia.
[KEY WORDS]herpesvirus 4, human; leukemi; myelodysplastic syndromes; polymorphism, single nucleotide
EB病毒(EBV)是重要的DNA腫瘤病毒,與鼻咽癌、胃癌和霍奇金淋巴瘤等多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[1-5]。近年來,有學(xué)者對EBV感染與白血病的關(guān)系進行了研究,結(jié)果顯示EBV獨特的表達模式是B細胞特殊分化窗口的標志,可導(dǎo)致慢性白血病[6]。ATEYAH等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),感染EBV的B細胞急性淋巴細胞白血病病人的CD4、CD25High+、Foxp3+、Treg因子的表達明顯增加。GUAN等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EBV感染與急性白血病的發(fā)生有關(guān)。然而,關(guān)于EBV在血液腫瘤中的潛在作用目前仍不清楚。EBV基因型存在變異,有關(guān)EBV基因多態(tài)性的研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了多種EBV亞型,但EBV編碼基因變異與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系仍沒有明確。根據(jù)EBV核抗原2和3的序列差異(分別為EBNA-2和
EBNA-3)可以將EBV分為基因型1和2(又稱a和b);根據(jù)BamHⅠ F片段缺乏或出現(xiàn)BamHⅠ識別位點,采用PCR結(jié)合限制性片段長度多態(tài)性(PCR-RFLP)分析技術(shù)可以區(qū)分F/f變異[9-12]。EBV編碼小RNA(EBERs)是所有EBV潛伏類型表達最為豐富的mRNA,在每個細胞中的拷貝數(shù)為106~107拷貝,因此EBERs已經(jīng)成為EBV潛伏感染的標志物[13-14]。以往有研究表明,某些EBV基因變異型可能與某些腫瘤的發(fā)病機制有關(guān)[12,15],如f型EBV和EB-8m型EBERs被認為與鼻咽癌尤其是高發(fā)區(qū)鼻咽癌相關(guān)[16-17]。我們曾對山東地區(qū)胃癌、鼻咽癌、淋巴瘤及健康人群中多個EBV編碼基因的多態(tài)性進行了研究[16-18],但尚不清楚EBV編碼基因在惡性血液病中的變異情況及其生物學(xué)意義。本研究檢測白血病和骨髓增生異常綜合征(MDS)病人中EBV 1/2分型、F/f分型以及EBERs基因多態(tài)性,探討其與血液腫瘤的關(guān)系。
1?材料與方法
1.1?標本采集
2017年6月—2018年1月,收集青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院住院及門診白血病病人186例,其中急性白血?。ˋL)病人125例,慢性白血?。–L)病人61例;MDS病人77例。取病人外周血標本4 mL, EDTA抗凝,1 200 r/min離心10 min,吸取中間白細胞層,采用蛋白酶K消化法和酚氯仿法提取細胞DNA。
1.2EBV基因型1/2和F/f的分型方法
采用巢式PCR方法,根據(jù)EBNA-2編碼序列差異,對EBV基因型1/2進行分析[19]。根據(jù)BamHⅠF片段缺乏或出現(xiàn)BamHⅠ識別位點,采用PCR-RFLP技術(shù)分析EBV分離毒株F/f基因型[20]。PCR引物序列和相應(yīng)擴增產(chǎn)物大小見表1。
1.3?EBERs基因擴增
采用巢式PCR擴增EBERs基因(nt6629~nt7128),外側(cè)PCR反應(yīng)體系為10×Buffer 2.0 μL,dNTPs濃度0.2 mmol/L,高保真Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U,上下游引物各0.4 μmol/L,以及DNA模板100 ng。循環(huán)條件為:94 ℃預(yù)變性5 min;然后94 ℃變性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸2 min,共擴增35個循環(huán);最后72 ℃延伸10 min。取外側(cè)引物PCR產(chǎn)物2 μL為內(nèi)側(cè)引物PCR的模板,其反應(yīng)體系和循環(huán)條件同上。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)12 g/L瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分析。陽性產(chǎn)物送北京華大基因公司進行全長測序,測序后將序列與EBV原型B95-8(GenBank:v01555.2)進行比較。
1.4?統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 15.0統(tǒng)計軟件(SPSS,Chicago,IL)進行分析,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用 χ2檢驗及精確概率法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2?結(jié)??果
2.1?白血病和MDS病人EBV檢出情況
本文186例白血病標本中有69例(37.1%)、77例MDS中有28例(36.4%)檢測到EBV DNA,兩組間EBV檢出率比較差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。
2.2?EBV基因分型
對檢測到EBV DNA標本進行擴增,69例白血病標本3例擴增失敗,另外66例樣本中有51例
(77.3%)、28例MDS樣本中有25例(89.3%)檢出1型EBV;66例白血病標本中5例(7.6%)、28例MDS標本中2例(7.1%)檢出2型EBV。其中10例白血病標本(15.1%)和1例MDS(3.6%)同時攜帶1型和2型兩種基因型。見表2。本文69例EBV陽性白血病標本分別有68例(98.6%)和1例(1.8%)為F型和f型,24例MDS標本中基因型F和f分別為22例(91.7%)和2例(8.3%)。見表2。表2中同時列出了相關(guān)文獻檢測到的同一地區(qū)健康人群中EBV 1/2分型和F/f分型的結(jié)果[16,18]。白血病、MDS以及健康人群中1/2分型的分布差異無顯著性(P>0.05),F(xiàn)/f分型的分布差異亦無顯著性(χ2=3.030,P>0.05)。
2.3?EBERs基因的序列變異
本文40例白血病和20例MDS標本EBERs基因相應(yīng)片段擴增成功,其變異情況見圖1。根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻分類方法[18],檢測到兩種EBERs基因型:EB-6m和B95-8。11例標本為B95-8型序列,包括6例(15.0%)白血病標本和5例(25.0%)MDS標本,B95-8型序列與EBV標準株序列相同或僅出現(xiàn)散在無規(guī)律突變,見圖1。49例標本為EB-6m型,包括34例(85.0%)白血病和15例(75.0%)MDS標本,見表2。與B95-8比較,EB-6m具有6處共有突變,除1處(7123nt A→G)位于EBER2基因,其余5處均位于EBER1和EBER2基因之間161 bp(nt6796~6955)間隔序列中,分別為6808nt T→A、6884nt G→A、6886nt T→G、6911nt A→G和6944nt G→A。其中1例MDS標本中EB-6m亞型只有5個共有突變序列(6808 nt、6884 nt、6911 nt、6944 nt和7123 nt)。除共有突變外,部分樣本還出現(xiàn)其他位點的散在突變(圖1)。EBERs變異類型在白血病和MDS中分布差異無顯著性(P>0.05),但白血病、MDS與以往同一地區(qū)健康人群之間的EBERs基因變異類型的分布不同,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=5.455、8.706,P<0.01)。
圖中第2行數(shù)字對應(yīng)于核苷酸位點,B95-8核苷酸序列在第2行下面。第1列為標本類型,第2列為不同的基因亞型;圖中第3列把相同序列的標本合并,以1例標本為其代表株,標本編號后括號內(nèi)數(shù)字為該相同序列的標本數(shù)。圖中大寫字母表示核苷酸。
3?討??論
EBV可能在白血病和MDS發(fā)病中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[21-23]。本文的研究結(jié)果顯示,186例白血病樣本中有69例(37.1%)、77例MDS樣本中有28例(36.4%)為EBV陽性標本。白血病和MDS病人中EBV檢出率高于健康對照組(5.4%,2/37)[8]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,白血病和MDS中1型EBV檢出率分別為77.3%(51/66)和89.3%(25/28),F(xiàn)型EBV在白血病和MDS中的檢出率分別為98.6%(68/69)和91.7%(22/24),提示山東地區(qū)白血病和MDS均以1型和F型EBV為主,這與以往該地區(qū)鼻咽癌、胃癌、淋巴瘤和健康人群的研究結(jié)果一致,也與世界其他多數(shù)地域的研究結(jié)果一致[17-18]。以往研究顯示,1型EBV是大多數(shù)地區(qū)的優(yōu)勢毒株,而2型EBV僅在中非和新幾內(nèi)亞占主導(dǎo)地位[24-25];F型EBV是除我國南方地區(qū)鼻咽癌高發(fā)區(qū)以外地域的主要基因型,f型EBV僅在我國南方鼻咽癌高發(fā)區(qū)較為多見,而且其在高發(fā)區(qū)鼻咽癌中的檢出率高于非鼻咽癌人群,被認為與高發(fā)區(qū)鼻咽癌相關(guān)[18]。
以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種EBERs基因型:EB-6m、EB-8m、EB-10m和B95-8,山東地區(qū)EBV相關(guān)胃癌、鼻咽癌、淋巴瘤和健康人群以及廣東地區(qū)健康人群均以EB-6m變異型為主,而EB-8m變異型僅為中國南方鼻咽癌的主要變異型,且其檢出率高于健康人群,可能與鼻咽癌尤其是高發(fā)區(qū)鼻咽癌發(fā)生相關(guān)[16-18]。已有研究顯示,美國的16例霍奇金病有13例(81.3%)EBERs基因型為EB-6m[26],3例EBERs基因型為B95-8;24例移植后淋巴增殖性疾病有19例(79.2%)EBERs基因型為EB-6m[27],5例EBERs基因型為B95-8;德國的41例良性和惡性疾病中有31例(75.6%)EBERs基因型為EB-6m,10例EBERs基因型為B95-8[28];意大利的15例人類免疫缺陷病毒感染的病人有14例(93.3%)EBERs基因型為EB-6m,1例EBERs基因型為B95-8,11例健康人群有7例(63.6%)EBERs基因型為EB-6m,4例EBERs基因型為B95-8[29];南非21例鼻咽癌有18例(85.7%)EBERs基因型為EB-6m,3例EBERs基因型為B95-8[30]。由上述數(shù)據(jù)可見,EBERs變異除與地理分布有關(guān)外,可能還具有疾病關(guān)聯(lián)性。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,EBERs基因EB-6m亞型是白血病和MDS中最常見的類型,而未發(fā)現(xiàn)EB-8m和EB-10 m亞型;白血病和MDS中EBERs基因型EB-6m檢出率分別為85.0%(34/40)和75.0%(15/20),低于健康人群(96.7%,89/92),本文結(jié)果與以往其他人群中的研究結(jié)果相一致[16-17]。因此,EBERs變異在白血病和MDS發(fā)病中的作用可能與其他EBV相關(guān)腫瘤相同,EB-6m型EBERs可能與白血病及MDS的發(fā)生相關(guān),但這需要來自更多地域人群的相關(guān)研究加以證實。EBERs是非編碼RNA,EBERs可通過促進細胞生長和調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能而參與鼻咽癌和Burkitt淋巴瘤等腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[31]。同時,EBV編碼的小RNA(EBERs)可以誘導(dǎo)自分泌生長因子的表達,維持Burkitt淋巴瘤細胞的惡性表型,表明EBERs在腫瘤發(fā)生中有潛在作用[32]。近年來,EBV陽性淋巴瘤、胃癌及鼻咽癌細胞系中EBERs在細胞轉(zhuǎn)化中的作用已經(jīng)被證實[31]。白血病和MDS的發(fā)生可能與EBERs在參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)中某些特異蛋白的表達有關(guān)。因此,有必要對EB-6m變異型EBERs及含EB-6m變異型EBERs的EBV毒株進行功能學(xué)研究,探討該變異對致癌潛能以及免疫調(diào)節(jié)的影響,這對最終闡明EBERs基因變異在白血病和MDS發(fā)生中的作用具有重要意義。
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