林偉平 吳勇
[摘要]?目的 了解慢性腎臟病(CKD)病人凝血功能變化與炎癥內(nèi)皮因子及氧化應(yīng)激關(guān)系。
方法選取CKD病人110例,根據(jù)病人腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(GFR)分為1~5期,每期22例;根據(jù)病人纖維蛋白原(FIB)檢測(cè)結(jié)果分成非高凝組(FIB<4 g/L)和高凝組(FIB≥4 g/L),同時(shí)選取同期健康體檢者30例作為對(duì)照組。檢測(cè)各組血清血小板(PLT)、清蛋白(ALB)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、總膽固醇(TC)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、三酰甘油(TG)、Ca2+及肌酐(CR)水平;應(yīng)用全自動(dòng)血凝分析儀分別檢測(cè)各組血清凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、FIB、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)及血漿凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT),ELISA法檢測(cè)血清內(nèi)皮素-1(ET-1)、D二聚體(D-D)水平,硫代巴比妥酸法檢測(cè)丙二醛(MDA)水平,黃嘌呤氧化酶比色法檢測(cè)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。分析CKD病人凝血功能狀況及高凝狀況相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。
結(jié)果4、5期CDK病人血清FIB水平較對(duì)照組及1、2期病人明顯升高,血清D-D水平較對(duì)照組及1期病人明顯升高,TT、PT較對(duì)照組明顯延長(zhǎng),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=12.466~14.620,P<0.05)。高凝組病人血清MDA、TC、ET-1、CR、CRP水平及心血管病發(fā)生率均明顯高于非高凝組,SOD、ALB及Ca2+均明顯低于非高凝組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=10.189~14.083,χ2=10.694,P<0.05);兩組病人平均年齡、吸煙人數(shù)、TG、PLT、Hb含量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。Logistic回歸分析顯示,病人血清CRP與CR水平為出現(xiàn)高凝狀況獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。
結(jié)論CRP與血CR為引發(fā)CKD病人高凝狀況獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,病人高凝狀況和體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥狀況有緊密聯(lián)系。
[關(guān)鍵詞]?腎疾病;炎癥趨化因子類(lèi);血液凝固;氧化性應(yīng)激
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]?R692.9
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]?A
[文章編號(hào)]??2096-5532(2019)01-0099-04
ASSOCIATION OF COAGULATION FUNCTION CHANGES WITH INFLAMMATORY ENDOTHELIAL FACTORS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
LIN Weiping, WU Yong
(Renal Medicine, Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou 516000, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the association of coagulation function changes with inflammatory endothelial factors and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
MethodsA total of 110 patients with CKD were enrolled, and according to glomerular filtration rate, they were divided into stages 1-5, with 22 patients in each stage; according to fibrinogen (FIB), they were divided into non-hypercoagulation group (FIB <4 g/L) and hypercoagulation group (FIB ≥4 g/L). A total of 30 individuals who underwent physical examination were enrolled as control group. The serum levels of platelet (PLT), albumin (Alb), hemoglobin (Hb), total cholesterol (TC), C-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride (TG), calcium (Ca2+), and creatinine (CR) were measured; an automatic blood coagulation analyzer was used to measure serum thrombin time (TT), FIB, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma prothrombin time (PT); ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and D-dimer (D-D); the thiobarbituric acid method was used to measure the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and xanthine oxidase colorimetry was used to measure the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Coagulation function in CKD patients and risk factors for hypercoagulability were analyzed.
ResultsThe patients with stage 4/5 CDK had a significantly higher serum level of FIB than those with stage 1/2 CDK and the control group, a significantly higher serum level of D-D than those with stage 1 CDK and the control group, and significantly longer TT and PT than the control group (F=12.466-14.620,P<0.05). Compared with the non-hypercoagulation group, the hypercoagulation group had significantly higher serum levels of MDA, TC, ET-1, CR, and CRP, a significantly higher incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases, and significantly lower levels of SOD, Alb, and Ca2+ (t=10.189-14.083,χ2=10.694,P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the two groups in mean age, number of patients who smoked, and levels of TG, PLT, and Hb (P>0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that the serum levels of CRP and creatinine were independentrisk factors for hypercoagulability (P<0.05).
ConclusionSerum CRP and creatinine are independent risk factors for hypercoagulability in patients with CKD, and hypercoagulability is closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo.
[KEY WORDS]kidney diseases; chemokines; blood coagulation ; oxidative stress
慢性腎臟?。–KD)為臨床較為常見(jiàn)疾病,尤其是近年來(lái),伴隨高齡人群及糖尿病、高血壓病人不斷增多,CKD的發(fā)病率也逐年升高,對(duì)病人身心健康產(chǎn)生了嚴(yán)重影響,給社會(huì)和病人家庭帶來(lái)了沉重的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)[1-3]。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果顯示,CKD病人高凝狀況可能與多種致病因素有聯(lián)系,如尿激酶受體與纖維蛋白原(FIB)影響、腎臟血流量降低、凝血酶異常、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)狀態(tài)紊亂、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損及組織低氧缺血等[4-5]。高凝不但為CKD病人常見(jiàn)臨床表現(xiàn),對(duì)CKD并發(fā)癥也有重要影響,對(duì)病人預(yù)后不利。另外,病人機(jī)體內(nèi)脂代謝紊亂、氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥反應(yīng)等也與CKD發(fā)生有重要聯(lián)系[6-8]。因此,本文分析CKD病人凝血功能變化及其與炎癥內(nèi)皮因子及氧化應(yīng)激關(guān)系,為臨床病人治療提供依據(jù)。
1?資料與方法
1.1?一般資料
選取2014年1月—2017年1月間在本院接受治療
CKD病人110例,男77例,女33例;年齡32~64歲,平均(49.51±5.34)歲。入選條件:病理或者臨床檢測(cè)符合2006年美國(guó)《CKD和透析臨床實(shí)踐指南》[9]關(guān)于CKD診斷準(zhǔn)則。排除條件:①凝血因子缺乏性疾病者;②正在服用糖皮質(zhì)激素CKD病人及原發(fā)性腎病綜合征者;③血小板異常性疾病者;④近1周內(nèi)服用抗凝及抗血小板聚集等影響凝血或纖溶系統(tǒng)藥物者;⑤近1個(gè)月有手術(shù)及創(chuàng)傷史者;⑥急、慢性病原性感染疾病者。根據(jù)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(GFR)分為5期(GFR<15 mL/min)、4期(GFR 15~29 mL/min)、3期(GFR 30~59 mL/min)、2期(GFR 60~89 mL/min)、1期(GFR≥90 mL/min),每期各22例;根據(jù)病人FIB檢測(cè)結(jié)果分為高凝組(FIB≥4 g/L)與非高凝組(FIB<4 g/L)。同時(shí)選取同一時(shí)期在本院進(jìn)行健康體檢者30例作為對(duì)照組,其中男16例,女14例;年齡32~61歲,平均(47.18±7.69)歲。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),病人及家屬知情并同意。CKD 1~5期病人除年齡外,其他臨床資料比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
1.2?研究方法
收集受檢者清晨空腹靜脈血5 mL,檢測(cè)血清血小板(PLT)、清蛋白(ALB)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、總膽固醇(TC)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、三酰甘油(TG)、Ca2+及肌酐(CR)水平;應(yīng)用全自動(dòng)血凝分析儀分別檢測(cè)血清凝血酶時(shí)間 (TT)、FIB、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)及血漿凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT),ELISA法檢測(cè)血清內(nèi)皮素-1(ET-1)、D二聚體(D-D)水平,硫代巴比妥酸法檢測(cè)丙二醛(MDA)水平,黃嘌呤氧化酶比色法檢測(cè)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。
1.3?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以[AKx-D]±s形式表示,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用單因素方差分析與獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)分析;應(yīng)用Logistic回歸模型分析有差異的因素。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2?結(jié)??果
2.1?各組凝血功能比較
本文4、5期CDK病人血清FIB水平較對(duì)照組及1、2期病人升高,血清D-D水平較對(duì)照組及1期病人升高,TT、PT較對(duì)照組延長(zhǎng),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=12.466~14.620,P<0.05);其他指標(biāo)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2?不同F(xiàn)IB水平組相關(guān)影響因素比較
高凝組病人血清MDA、TC、ET-1、CR、CRP水平及心血管病發(fā)生率均高于非高凝組,SOD、ALB及Ca2+均低于非高凝組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=10.189~14.083,χ2=10.694,P<0.05);兩組病人平均年齡、吸煙人數(shù)、TG、PLT、Hb含量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.3?CDK病人血清FIB與其他指標(biāo)相關(guān)關(guān)系
Pearson相關(guān)分析顯示,CDK病人FIB水平和血清MDA、CR、ET-1及CRP均有正相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.258~0.280,P<0.05);病人FIB水平和血清SOD、Ca2+、ALB均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.287、-0.279、-0.382,P<0.05)。
2.4?CDK凝血功能異常指標(biāo)Logistic回歸分析
將單因素分析中不同F(xiàn)IB水平CDK病人組間對(duì)比有差異因素納入回歸分析,應(yīng)用后退法進(jìn)行變量的篩選,將無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的自變量剔除方程外。Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,CDK病人血清CRP與CR水平為出現(xiàn)高凝狀況獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3?討??論
FIB對(duì)機(jī)體凝血有重要影響,還會(huì)影響PLT積聚,增加血液黏度,使病人發(fā)生腎血管與心腦血管疾病的概率增大[10-13]。D-D為交聯(lián)纖維蛋白降解產(chǎn)物,它和FIB為機(jī)體血栓與纖溶系統(tǒng)活性發(fā)生改變標(biāo)志物,能夠反映機(jī)體纖溶與凝血過(guò)程改變[14-16]。APTT與PT可以反映內(nèi)源性與外源性凝血因素狀態(tài),APTT與PT縮短說(shuō)明病人體內(nèi)FIB增大或者出現(xiàn)了異常抗凝物質(zhì)或者凝血功能亢進(jìn)[17-21]。本文研究結(jié)果顯示,4、5期CDK病人血清FIB水平較對(duì)照組及1、2期病人升高,血清D-D水平較對(duì)照組及1期病人升高,TT、PT較對(duì)照組延長(zhǎng),說(shuō)明CKD病人體內(nèi)有高凝狀況存在,其機(jī)制比較復(fù)雜,可能與纖溶及凝血功能紊亂有聯(lián)系。
本文研究結(jié)果顯示,高凝組血清Ca2+、ALB水平較非高凝組低,CRP水平較非高凝組高。人體凝血系統(tǒng)中Ca2+作用很重要,血液內(nèi)凝血因子激活時(shí),Ca2+可促進(jìn)凝血酶原變成凝血酶,F(xiàn)IB變成可溶性纖維蛋白,產(chǎn)生網(wǎng)狀纖維蛋白多聚體[22-25]。本文CKD病人在高凝狀況下Ca2+水平較低,與FIB呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,這可能與病人高凝狀況,凝血系統(tǒng)被激活后消耗Ca2+有關(guān)。相關(guān)研究顯示,炎性因子異常伴隨原發(fā)和繼發(fā)性腎臟疾病發(fā)生與進(jìn)展過(guò)程[26]。慢性腎功能不全時(shí)機(jī)體炎癥狀態(tài)激活大量的炎性細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF-β)、TNF-α、IL-6等炎性遞質(zhì)與細(xì)胞因子,炎癥遞質(zhì)可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)單核-巨噬細(xì)胞表達(dá)組織因子、活化補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)等一系列作用影響凝血系統(tǒng)[27-30]。另外,本文Logistic回歸分析顯示,CKD病人血清CRP與CR水平為高凝狀況獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,CKD病人FIB與CRP水平升高與機(jī)體GFR降低、血清CR水平升高有緊密聯(lián)系。CKD病人血清內(nèi)FIB水平過(guò)高會(huì)加速腎小球內(nèi)微血栓產(chǎn)生,同時(shí)參與到動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生和進(jìn)展中,說(shuō)明沉積纖維蛋白為機(jī)體腎臟纖溶、凝血不正常產(chǎn)物,在血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活化損害影響下,有促炎癥作用。凝血活化所產(chǎn)生纖維蛋白不但會(huì)阻塞血管導(dǎo)致病人腎臟缺血性變化與微循環(huán)障礙,還能夠作為一種致炎因子使腎組織炎癥反應(yīng)加重,加速腎臟病情進(jìn)展。
綜上所述,血清CRP與CR為引發(fā)CKD病人高凝狀況獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,CKD病人高凝狀況和體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥狀況有緊密聯(lián)系。
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