何夢(mèng)蓉 楊羽芳 吳葉芬 季衛(wèi)平 王波
[摘要] 目的 探討老年股骨頸骨折患者人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理對(duì)策及對(duì)預(yù)后的改善效果。 方法 選取2016年11月~2018年2月在我院行人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療的96例老年股骨頸骨折患者,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(n=48)和實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=48)。對(duì)照組患者圍手術(shù)期實(shí)施常規(guī)護(hù)理,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者圍手術(shù)期實(shí)施綜合護(hù)理干預(yù),比較兩組患者臨床指標(biāo)、髖關(guān)節(jié)功能及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。 結(jié)果 實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月的Harris評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為6.3%,對(duì)照組患者為25.0%,實(shí)驗(yàn)組低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 老年股骨頸骨折患者人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)圍手術(shù)期中實(shí)施綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)的效果更加確切,可加快患者術(shù)后康復(fù),改善髖關(guān)節(jié)功能,減少并發(fā)癥,臨床應(yīng)用與借鑒價(jià)值極高。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 股骨頸骨折;人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理;預(yù)后
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R473.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)20-0150-03
Perioperative nursing strategy and its improvement effect on prognosis in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture undergoing artificial hip replacement
HE Mengrong YANG Yufang WU Yefen JI Weiping WANG Bo
Department of Orthopaedics, Lishui People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Lishui 323000, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the perioperative nursing strategy and its improvement effect on prognosis in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture undergoing artificial hip replacement. Methods 96 patients with femoral neck fractures who underwent artificial hip replacement in our hospital from November 2016 to February 2018 were randomly divided into control group(n=48) and experimental group(n=48). The patients in the control group underwent routine nursing during the perioperative period.The patients in the experimental group underwent comprehensive nursing intervention during the perioperative period. The clinical indicators, hip function and complication rate between the two groups were compared. Results The time of getting out of bed, duration of pain, and length of hospital stay in the experimental group were shorter than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The Harris scores of the experimental group at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery were higher than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the experimental group was 6.3%, which was lower than that in the control group(25.0%), and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The implementation of comprehensive nursing intervention in the perioperative period of artificial hip replacement in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture is more effective. It can speed up postoperative rehabilitation, improve hip function and reduce complications. The clinical application and reference value is extremely high.
[Key words] Femoral neck fracture; Artificial hip replacement; Perioperative nursing; Prognosis
隨著社會(huì)人口老齡化問(wèn)題的不斷加劇,骨質(zhì)疏松情況越來(lái)越普遍,易引發(fā)骨折,致使關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限,進(jìn)而影響了日常生活與工作[1-2]。臨床上,老年股骨頸骨折患者常采用人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)進(jìn)行治療,可有效減輕患者疼痛程度,恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)功能[3-4]。然而老年患者年齡較大,致使手術(shù)并發(fā)癥較多,影響了患者預(yù)后。為此,在手術(shù)治療中,一定要加強(qiáng)圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理的實(shí)施,促進(jìn)患者早日康復(fù),減少并發(fā)癥[5]。本文現(xiàn)對(duì)2016年11月~2018年2月在我院行人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療的96例老年股骨頸骨折患者予以分組研究,分析圍手術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)的實(shí)施效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
隨機(jī)選擇2016年11月~2018年2月在我院行人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療的96例老年股骨頸骨折患者予以分組研究,即對(duì)照組(n=48)和實(shí)驗(yàn)組(n=48)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:經(jīng)影像學(xué)確診為單側(cè)股骨頸骨折;年齡≥60歲;擇期行人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);骨折前肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)功能正常;自愿參加研究,簽署了知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎等組織疾病;病理性骨折;伴有惡性腫瘤、凝血功能障礙;伴有精神類(lèi)疾病及溝通障礙;臨床資料不完整。對(duì)照組中,女21例,男27例;年齡61~84歲,平均(69.9±6.2)歲;致傷原因:交通事故傷24例,摔傷14例,股骨頭無(wú)菌性壞死5例,類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性髖關(guān)節(jié)炎5例;合并癥:糖尿病10例,高血壓7例,慢性支氣管炎3例,慢性腎功能不全2例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,女22例,男26例;年齡62~84歲,平均(69.2±6.3)歲;致傷原因:交通事故傷22例,摔傷17例,股骨頭無(wú)菌性壞死5例,類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性髖關(guān)節(jié)炎4例;合并癥:糖尿病11例,高血壓7例,慢性支氣管炎2例,慢性腎功能不全1例。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組患者圍手術(shù)期實(shí)施常規(guī)護(hù)理,即遵照骨科一般護(hù)理展開(kāi)操作,貫徹落實(shí)手術(shù)有關(guān)準(zhǔn)備工作,并在術(shù)后嚴(yán)密觀察患者病情變化,給予常規(guī)護(hù)理及宣教。
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者圍手術(shù)期實(shí)施綜合護(hù)理干預(yù),內(nèi)容如下:(1)心理護(hù)理。護(hù)理人員應(yīng)主動(dòng)和患者溝通,了解患者顧慮,評(píng)估患者心理狀態(tài),從而給予針對(duì)性疏導(dǎo),幫助患者樹(shù)立治療信心,提高患者配合積極性[7]。(2)術(shù)前護(hù)理。護(hù)理人員應(yīng)協(xié)助患者完成各項(xiàng)檢查,并了解患者病史,指導(dǎo)患者食用營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的食物,確保排便順暢,遵守少食多餐的原則。同時(shí),指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行床上排便訓(xùn)練,若留置導(dǎo)尿管,時(shí)間不可超過(guò)3 d;若患者疼痛劇烈,應(yīng)予以牽引或者藥物止痛[8]。(3)術(shù)中護(hù)理?;颊哌M(jìn)入手術(shù)室后,護(hù)理人員應(yīng)詳細(xì)核對(duì)其資料,建立靜脈通道,連接有關(guān)儀器,做好手術(shù)準(zhǔn)備工作。在手術(shù)操作中,嚴(yán)密觀察患者生命體征變化,一旦出現(xiàn)異常,馬上告知醫(yī)生,并協(xié)助其展開(kāi)恰當(dāng)處理。同時(shí),術(shù)中嚴(yán)格遵循無(wú)菌原則,以免出現(xiàn)感染[9-10]。(4)術(shù)后護(hù)理。對(duì)患者生命體征變化予以嚴(yán)密觀察,并給予持續(xù)低流量吸氧干預(yù)。在患者意識(shí)清醒之后,叮囑患者家屬給予流質(zhì)食物,術(shù)后2 d可食用半流質(zhì)食物,當(dāng)胃腸功能恢復(fù)正常后,可食用普通食物。協(xié)助患者定時(shí)翻身,有效預(yù)防壓瘡,并促進(jìn)患者排痰;觀察患者患肢恢復(fù)狀況,同時(shí)給予抗生素預(yù)防感染[11]。此外,根據(jù)患者的實(shí)際情況,制定合理、科學(xué)康復(fù)鍛煉方案,逐漸恢復(fù)患者關(guān)節(jié)功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)早日康復(fù)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
比較兩組患者臨床指標(biāo)、髖關(guān)節(jié)功能及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。(1)臨床指標(biāo):下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間。(2)采用Harris評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)患者髖關(guān)節(jié)功能予以評(píng)定,主要包括疼痛、畸形、行走距離、行走輔助、日?;顒?dòng)、步態(tài)等,分值0~100分,評(píng)分越高,髖關(guān)節(jié)功能越好。(3)并發(fā)癥:壓瘡、下肢靜脈血栓、尿潴留。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
將兩組臨床數(shù)據(jù)輸入SPSS20.0軟件中分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組內(nèi)不同時(shí)點(diǎn)計(jì)量資料比較采用方差分析,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者臨床指標(biāo)比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后Harris評(píng)分比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月的Harris評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為6.3%,對(duì)照組患者為25.0%,實(shí)驗(yàn)組低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)主要就是利用生物相容性與機(jī)械性好的材料制成假體,經(jīng)由手術(shù)置換治療破壞的關(guān)節(jié)面,在各種髖關(guān)節(jié)治療中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,有效減輕了患者痛苦,確保了關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性[12]。有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[13-14]發(fā)現(xiàn),老年股骨頸骨折患者早期行人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的效果更加確切,加之圍手術(shù)期護(hù)理干預(yù)的實(shí)施,能夠有效恢復(fù)患者肢體功能,提高患者生活質(zhì)量,減少患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,臨床實(shí)踐價(jià)值極高。
在人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)圍手術(shù)期中實(shí)施綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)時(shí),通過(guò)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,可讓患者積極面對(duì)治療,主動(dòng)配合臨床醫(yī)生;通過(guò)術(shù)中生命體征觀察,可及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)患者異常情況,并告知手術(shù)醫(yī)生,進(jìn)而協(xié)助醫(yī)生進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)處理,確保手術(shù)順利完成[15-16];通過(guò)術(shù)后生命體征監(jiān)測(cè),可及時(shí)了解患者病情變化,同時(shí)指導(dǎo)患者合理飲食,制定切實(shí)可行的康復(fù)鍛煉方案,以此增強(qiáng)患者關(guān)節(jié)功能,加快患者康復(fù),并降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,提高手術(shù)安全性,改善患者預(yù)后[17-18]。本研究顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者術(shù)后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月的Harris評(píng)分均高于對(duì)照組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。由此說(shuō)明,通過(guò)圍手術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)的實(shí)施,能夠顯著加快患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),改善患者髖關(guān)節(jié)功能,臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值非常高,與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[19]基本一致:B組下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、疼痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間分別為(11.89±1.91)d、(3.13±0.94)d、(19.33±1.93)d,均短于A組的(16.84±2.71)d、(4.45±1.40)d、(24.09±2.56)d,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;觀察組術(shù)后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月Harris評(píng)分分別為(63.56±3.71)分、(74.56±4.56)分、(85.45±3.42)分,均高于對(duì)照組的(45.67±3.46)分、(58.56±3.69)分、(71.34±4.53)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。除此之外,本研究提示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。由此可以看出,相較于常規(guī)護(hù)理而言,綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)措施的實(shí)施更加可靠、安全,能夠顯著降低患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,是一種值得在臨床中應(yīng)用與推廣的護(hù)理方式,與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[20]十分接近,B組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為2.22%,A組為20.45%,B組低于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。分析其原因可能為:綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)措施更加系統(tǒng)、全面、細(xì)致,能夠根據(jù)患者的需求,給予恰當(dāng)?shù)淖o(hù)理服務(wù),有效減少危險(xiǎn)因素,預(yù)防并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,從而取得了良好的臨床效果。
綜上所述,老年股骨頸骨折患者人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)圍手術(shù)期中實(shí)施綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)的效果更加確切,可加快患者術(shù)后康復(fù),改善髖關(guān)節(jié)功能,減少并發(fā)癥,臨床應(yīng)用與借鑒價(jià)值極高。
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