鐘瓊 金榮仲
【摘要】癌癥中能量代謝的普遍重編程是腫瘤研究的一個(gè)新興領(lǐng)域。在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中,異常脂質(zhì)合成代謝促進(jìn)相應(yīng)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)膜形成,能量?jī)?chǔ)存,信號(hào)分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生,以及在能量不足條件下通過(guò)脂肪酸氧化(FAO)產(chǎn)生ATP等能量分子。參與脂質(zhì)代謝的主要酶ATP-檸檬酸裂解酶(ACLY)、脂肪酸合酶(FASN)和脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白5(FABP5),都已被證明與乳腺癌臨床進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。這表明靶向脂質(zhì)代謝通路有望抑制乳腺癌進(jìn)展。在此,我們主要回顧乳腺癌中與脂質(zhì)代謝相關(guān)的分子標(biāo)記物。
【關(guān)鍵詞】脂質(zhì)代謝;分子標(biāo)記;乳腺癌;靶向治療
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】R271.1
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】2095-6851(2019)12-225-02
前言
脂代謝異常對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)展起著重要的作用, Martinez-Outschoorn[1]提出了一個(gè)“two-compartment energy model”描述脂肪細(xì)胞在腫瘤進(jìn)展中的代謝作用。乳腺中存在大量脂肪細(xì)胞,從而提供了充足的脂代謝產(chǎn)物,所以研究脂代謝異常對(duì)于乳腺癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展顯得尤為重要。在乳腺癌早期局部侵襲期間,脂肪細(xì)胞和乳腺癌細(xì)胞相互串?dāng)_[2],并且脂肪細(xì)胞被認(rèn)為是癌癥進(jìn)展中的必需基質(zhì)[3],其通過(guò)特有的脂質(zhì)代謝方式改變體外乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、遷移和侵襲[4],從而支持和促進(jìn)乳腺癌進(jìn)展。所以乳腺癌中脂代謝重編程已成為其能量代謝的標(biāo)志之一,其過(guò)程中涉及的重要蛋白被公認(rèn)為治療靶點(diǎn)。
1 ACLY
ACLY作為連接從頭脂肪生成,糖原異生和Krebs循環(huán)的樞紐[5],近年來(lái)許多研究表明ACLY在癌癥中的突出作用是由于其代謝活性異?;钴S和蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)失調(diào)[6,7]。與鄰近正常組織相比,ACLY高表達(dá)與晚期胃腺癌患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[8]。同時(shí),ACLY是細(xì)胞質(zhì)中細(xì)胞周期低分子量蛋白E(LMW-E)同種型的一種新型相互作用蛋白。ACLY是LMW-E介導(dǎo)的體外乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲以及體內(nèi)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)所必需的蛋白。LMW-E增加了ACLY的酶活性導(dǎo)致脂滴形成增加,為乳腺癌細(xì)胞提供必需的構(gòu)建模塊并促進(jìn)其快速進(jìn)展[9]。因此,對(duì)于具有高LMW-E表達(dá)的侵襲性乳腺癌,ACLY可能是一個(gè)潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)。
2 FASN
FASN驅(qū)動(dòng)內(nèi)源性脂肪生成并賦予癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和存活的優(yōu)勢(shì)[10]。HAO Q等人證實(shí)抑制FASN表達(dá)可以抑制肝癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移[11]。FASN介導(dǎo)的從頭脂質(zhì)生物合成與膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和侵襲密切相關(guān)[112]。Corominas-Faja B等人的研究表明非細(xì)胞毒性濃度的FASN抑制劑C75顯著降低MCF-7/HER2+細(xì)胞形成mammospheres的能力[13]。有報(bào)道表明乳腺癌患者在使用酪氨酸激酶受體抑制劑治療期間,腫瘤生長(zhǎng)被抑制,而撤除抑制劑后脂質(zhì)合成增加并增強(qiáng)TCA活性,導(dǎo)致腫瘤再生和轉(zhuǎn)移。FASN和其他脂肪生成酶可能作為用于具有高水平的腫瘤分子亞群的潛在診斷標(biāo)志物[14]。
3 FABP5
FABP5是細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)結(jié)合蛋白家族的成員,其結(jié)合長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸并將它們運(yùn)輸?shù)秸麄€(gè)細(xì)胞中。Shogo Senga等人發(fā)現(xiàn)在PC-3和MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中FABP5通過(guò)ROS和PKC激活NF-κB信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)炎癥和細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生,揭示FABP5高表達(dá)在脂質(zhì)代謝的改變中起關(guān)鍵作用,導(dǎo)致在高度侵襲性乳腺癌和前列腺癌的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[15]。同時(shí),Noy等人的研究證明FABP5通過(guò)靶向PPARβ介導(dǎo)小鼠乳腺癌模型和人乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中的視黃酸(RA)作用[16, 17]。FABP5是原癌基因c-Myc的主要靶標(biāo),并且FABP5高表達(dá)促進(jìn)乳腺癌進(jìn)展[18]。這些研究表明,F(xiàn)ABP5可能是乳腺癌的重要治療靶點(diǎn)。
4 結(jié)論
乳腺癌進(jìn)展中的脂質(zhì)代謝重編程不僅越來(lái)越得到重視,而且其功能和作用不斷得到闡釋。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)分子的基本脂質(zhì)酶,以及乳腺癌侵襲性進(jìn)展中的全脂代謝改變,從根本上擴(kuò)展了我們對(duì)脂質(zhì)代謝及其對(duì)乳腺癌成因的理解。在癌細(xì)胞中,脂肪酸循環(huán)產(chǎn)生大量代謝中間體,可用于合成代謝過(guò)程中的模塊構(gòu)建或作為細(xì)胞內(nèi)外信號(hào)分子激活致癌級(jí)聯(lián),最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤惡性進(jìn)展。因此,抑制癌細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)代謝的必需酶可能直接改變酶代謝物水平,并阻斷相應(yīng)的代謝途徑以抑制轉(zhuǎn)移。因此靶向脂質(zhì)代謝可能是治療乳腺癌進(jìn)展的有效策略。
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