任俊偉,涂宇明,何艷秋
(1. 湖南師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院,長沙 410081; 2. 江西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)人文學(xué)院,南昌 330004)
“以意逆志”是孟子反駁咸丘蒙疑問提出的有關(guān)詩歌理解的主張,該主張的應(yīng)用并不囿于詩歌范疇,其范圍之廣足可覆蓋所有文字,其中自然囊括中醫(yī)文本。精準(zhǔn)把握文本語義為上乘中醫(yī)英譯的首要任務(wù),因此“以意逆志”對中醫(yī)英譯作用十分巨大。然而究竟何為“以意逆志”?究竟是“用自己切身的體會(huì)去推測作者的本意”[1],還是“以古人之意求古人之志”[2]?要弄清這個(gè)問題,首先要查其出處,探根尋源。
《孟子·萬章章句上》記載:“咸丘蒙曰:‘舜之不臣堯,則吾既得聞命矣。詩云:‘普天之下,莫非王土;率土之濱,莫非王臣?!醇葹樘熳右?,敢問瞽瞍之非臣,如何?’[1]” 對此孟子斷然否定之后,便提出個(gè)人理解詩歌的原則方法,即“以意逆志?!毕糖鹈芍畣柊l(fā)端于《詩經(jīng)·小雅·北山》中的“普天之下莫非王土;率土之濱,莫非王臣”[3],從字面來講,普天之下皆是王土;從陸地至海邊生活著的人,皆是王臣。然而現(xiàn)實(shí)中,舜雖貴為天子,不把堯視為臣子也就罷了,居然瞽瞍(舜之父)也例外,如此一來《詩經(jīng)》說法顯然有誤,咸丘蒙之問似乎無懈可擊。然而要真正理解這句引文,必對其出處進(jìn)行整體把握。實(shí)際上,抓住引文前句“王事靡盬,憂我父母”[3](整日忙于王事,無暇照看父母,心生憂慮),及下句“大夫不均,我從事獨(dú)賢”[3](朝廷分派任務(wù)不均,獨(dú)使我勞苦奔波),其意就非常明了:“普天之下,莫非王土”旨在言王之土地廣袤,事務(wù)繁多,獨(dú)我一人焉能承擔(dān)?“率土之濱,莫非王臣”旨在言王之臣子眾多,為何獨(dú)令我一人操勞國事?
顯然,《詩經(jīng)·小雅·北山》篇以抱怨朝廷分派任務(wù)不均為主,“普天之下,莫非王土;率土之濱,莫非王臣”,僅為其抱怨之情做鋪墊,絕非字面意思,而咸丘蒙斷章取義自然不得真意。因此,孟子所倡“以意逆志”即“以古人之意求古人之志”,而結(jié)合前文分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),探知“古人之意”尚需借助上下文語境。同理,中醫(yī)英譯過程中,要準(zhǔn)確理解原文仍需“以意逆志”,而其途徑依舊為語境。下文筆者將從上文語境、下文語境、文間語境入手,結(jié)合具體中醫(yī)英譯案例詳細(xì)闡釋“以意逆志”在中醫(yī)英譯中的作用。
有時(shí)要“以意逆志”,單把思路局限于特定范圍之內(nèi),往往于事無補(bǔ),須重讀前文,從相關(guān)聯(lián)系中獲取關(guān)鍵信息現(xiàn)作為判斷依據(jù),示例如下。
“經(jīng)脈大多循行于深部,絡(luò)脈循行于較淺的部位,有的絡(luò)脈還顯現(xiàn)于體表。正如《靈樞·經(jīng)脈》所說:‘經(jīng)脈十二者,伏行分肉之間,深而不見……諸脈之浮而常見者,皆絡(luò)脈也。’[4]”由于本段出現(xiàn)了《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》(以下簡稱《內(nèi)經(jīng)》)引文,又鑒于《內(nèi)經(jīng)》早有英譯,不少譯者不加甄別、無視語境直接采用,如此做法不免唐突。為了便于說明問題,筆者且將此處所引《靈樞·經(jīng)脈》句子補(bǔ)充完整:“經(jīng)脈十二者,伏行分肉之間,深而不見,其常見者,足太陰過于外踝之上,無所隱故也。諸脈之浮而常見者,皆絡(luò)脈也?!毕挛墓P者會(huì)給出吳連勝父子與李照國的譯文進(jìn)行對比分析。
吳連勝父子譯文: “The twelve channels lying concealed run deeply between the muscular layers which can hardly be seen; the Foot Taiyin Channel of Spleen can be seen often when it passes the upper part of the inner ankle without any covering. When the collateral branched off from the channel they can be seen on the surface of the body.[5]”
李照國譯文: “The twelve Channels run deep in the muscular interstice and therefore are invisible. [The exception is the Spleen Channel of ] Foot-Taiyin[which runs] through the superior aspect of the medial [where the skin is thin and therefore the Channel] is visible. All the floating parts of the Channels visible [to the naked eyes] are Collaterals.[6]”
不難發(fā)現(xiàn),由于足太陰脾經(jīng)為陰經(jīng),其循行過“內(nèi)踝”而非“外踝”,兩位譯家英譯時(shí)不約而同做“內(nèi)踝”處理,彰顯了一代翻譯大家認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的翻譯態(tài)度,值得肯定。引文第一句點(diǎn)出一個(gè)事實(shí),即十二條經(jīng)脈潛行人體深層,不為肉眼所見,但足太陰脾經(jīng)特殊,在經(jīng)過內(nèi)踝時(shí)暴露于外。足見前文“經(jīng)脈大多循行于深部”用詞之精準(zhǔn)。吳連勝父子采用了分號(hào),省去了銜接問題的考慮,但同時(shí)一定程度上弱化了兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系。李照國另起一句使用“exception”一詞,巧妙地將二者邏輯連接起來。第二句字面來講,但凡浮露于外為目所視皆為絡(luò)脈,李照國的譯文顯然采用直譯,但嚴(yán)格來講卻與前文產(chǎn)生邏輯矛盾,畢竟第一句已經(jīng)言明足太陰脾經(jīng)的特殊情況。無怪河北醫(yī)學(xué)院相關(guān)老師這樣翻譯:“其他各脈浮露表淺能夠看到的,都是絡(luò)脈”[7],而吳連勝父子譯成了“絡(luò)脈自經(jīng)分出,體表可見”,如此就成了所有絡(luò)脈肉眼可辨,顯然與前文“有的絡(luò)脈還顯現(xiàn)于體表”之意不符。筆者基于兩位譯家譯文得失,并結(jié)合本句的語境,冒昧給出個(gè)人譯文以供參考,譯文如下。
As is shown in “Twelve meridian vessels run through the deep muscles almost invisibly … vessels that are visible on the body surface are almost collaterals” fromJingMai(《經(jīng)脈》,Meridians)inLingShu(《靈樞》,SpiritualPivot), meridian vessels mostly go through the deep part of the body while collateral vessels the shallower, and even some of them are visible.
有時(shí)“以意逆志”絕非易事,即便聯(lián)系前文語境仍舊無濟(jì)于事,需要借助下文相關(guān)信息,經(jīng)過一番仔細(xì)斟酌,才能對作者真實(shí)表達(dá)意圖做出準(zhǔn)確判斷,其示例如下。
“聞診包括聽聲音和嗅氣味兩方面。聽聲音是指診察病人的聲音、語言、呼吸、咳嗽、嘔吐、呃逆、噯氣、太息、噴嚏、腸鳴等各種聲音。嗅氣味是指嗅病人體內(nèi)發(fā)出的各種氣味以及分泌物、排泄物和病室的氣味。
早在《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》時(shí)代就有聞診的記載,《素問·陰陽應(yīng)象大論篇》首次提出了五音、五聲應(yīng)五臟的理論,而《素問·脈要精微論篇》更以聲音、言語、呼吸等來判斷正氣盈虧和邪氣盛衰?!秱摗放c《金匱要略》也以病人的語言、呼吸、喘息、咳嗽、嘔吐、呃逆、呻吟等作為聞診的主要內(nèi)容。后世醫(yī)家更將口氣、鼻氣以至各種分泌物、排泄物等異常的氣味列入聞診范圍,其基本原理在于各種聲音和氣味都是在臟腑生理和病理活動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生的,所以能反映臟腑的生理和病理變化。[8]”
引文中“聞診”一共出現(xiàn)了4次,難道可以不分青紅皂白全部譯成“l(fā)istening and smelling examination”[9]?筆者認(rèn)為,第一個(gè)“聞診”,由于選段明確指出其“包括聽聲音和嗅氣味兩方面”,顯然是總括,譯成“l(fā)istening and smelling examination”沒有問題。而第2個(gè)“聞診”就值得商榷,要想弄清其真正內(nèi)涵,必須結(jié)合下文。本段旨在羅列與聞診相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)記載,據(jù)下文所提供的《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》中的佐證,“五音、五聲”以及“聲音、言語、呼吸等”皆靠聽來診斷,與嗅氣味無關(guān)。第3個(gè)“聞診”,依《傷寒論》與《金匱要略》所給的證據(jù),“病人的語言、呼吸、喘息、咳嗽、嘔吐、呃逆、呻吟等”依舊為聽診范圍,與嗅診無關(guān)。第4個(gè)“聞診”下文明確指出:“口氣、鼻氣以至各種分泌物、排泄物等異常的氣味”為后世醫(yī)家納入聞診范疇,而此等異常氣味只能靠嗅覺來診察,并以“更”(又之意)把“此聞診”與“彼聞診”區(qū)別開來。至此,后3個(gè)“聞診”之意明晰,即第2、3個(gè)“聞診”實(shí)為“聽診”,而第4個(gè)“聞診”與第1個(gè)同義。但英譯時(shí)考慮到譯文內(nèi)在邏輯的自然流動(dòng),又不能唐突譯為“l(fā)istening and smelling examination”,因此為做到承上啟下,筆者處理成“后世醫(yī)家又超出聽診范圍,診斷病人口氣、鼻氣及各種分泌物、排泄物等異常氣味。今日所言聞診之意成”,具體譯文如下。
Listening and smelling examination includes two parts-listening and smelling. Listening examination means to diagnose all kinds of sounds from patients, such as voice, speaking, breathing, coughing, vomiting, hiccup, belching, sighing, sneezing and borborygmus. Smelling examination means to diagnose odors of the patients themselves, their discharges and excreta, and the ward where they live.
Listening examination could find records inHuangDiNeiJing(《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》,YellowEmperor’sCanonofMedicine). The correspondence between five viscera and five scales as well as five voices is firstly brought forward inYinYangYinXiangDaLunPian(《陰陽應(yīng)象大論篇》,MajorDiscussionontheTheoryofYinandYangandtheCorrespondingRelationshipsamongAlltheThingsinNatureinSuWen(《素問》,PlainConversation). Besides, inMaiYaoJingWeiLunPian(《脈要精微論篇》,DiscussionontheEssentialsofPulse) inSuWenit is recorded to judge patients’ conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi through their voice, speaking, breathing and the like.
Zhang Zhongjing(張仲景), the great physician in Eastern Han Dynasty, in listening examination, mainly diagnosed patients’ speaking, breathing, panting, coughing, vomiting, hiccup, groaning and so on, which is recorded inShangHanLun(《傷寒論》,TreatiseonColdDamageDiseases)andJingGuiYaoLue(《金匱要略》,SynopsisofPrescriptionsoftheGoldenChamber). Doctors of later generations went beyond listening examination to examine all abnormal odors from mouth, nose, discharges and excreta of patients. Then comes listening and smelling examination of today. That is because all sounds and odors, generated in physiological and pathological activities of internal organs, can reflect their conditions.
有時(shí)要“以意逆志”,單是把注意力宥于原文上下語境,仍舊遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠,需要放開眼界,從其他相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中找到關(guān)鍵信息,作為參考憑借,才能明了其具體所指,示例如下。
“明朱權(quán)《活人心法》全書以養(yǎng)心為論,仿方藥形式開具調(diào)攝心理的處方,如‘保和湯’‘和氣丸’和‘六字法’等,其中‘保和湯’從30個(gè)方面進(jìn)行心理調(diào)攝,‘六字訣’方六字為‘忍’‘方便’和‘依本分’,實(shí)是‘保和湯’的簡化方,而‘和氣丸’更是簡為一‘忍’字, 言‘心上有刃君子以含容成德,川下有火小人以忿怒殞身’。[10]”
引文中涉及到朱權(quán)《活人心法》的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,要加深理解只能查閱原文。不難發(fā)現(xiàn),原作為“中和湯”而非“保和湯”;此外,要準(zhǔn)確把握“方便”“依本分”的意思,須緊密結(jié)合“中和湯”的原方:“行方便”[11]“守本分”[11],因此依照“忍受”“依本分”均為動(dòng)詞,“方便”理應(yīng)為動(dòng)詞“行方便”,英譯之時(shí)決不能譯為“convenience”,而應(yīng)譯為“offering convenience”,引文試譯如下。
HuoRenXinFa(《活人心法》,Life-savingEssentialRules) by Zhuquan(朱權(quán)) in Ming Dynasty(明朝) focuses on heart nourishment and makes prescriptions to regulate heart as doctors do for patients, such as Bao He Tang(保和湯, Inner-Peace-Keeping Decoction),He Qi Wan (和氣丸, Qi-Harmonizing Pills) and Liu Zi Fa(六字法, Six-Word Rule). Bao He Tang carries on heart regulation from 30 aspects; the prescription Liu Zi Jue(六字訣, Six-Word Maxim) with six words Ren(忍,tolerating), Fang Bian(方便,offering convenience) and Yi Ben Fen(依本分, remaining within one’s bounds),is in fact a simplified version of Bao He Tang; He Qi Wan is concluded by the word Ren(morphologically constituted by a blade over the heart) that tells well-cultured people are respected for their tolerance while ordinary people damages their health with great anger(this can be displayed by a Chinese character Zai,災(zāi), morphologically constituted by water over fire).
又如“水溝穴為督脈要穴,督脈起于胞中,向上行于后背正中,總司一身之陽氣,調(diào)節(jié)陽經(jīng)的氣血運(yùn)行,在急性期針刺時(shí)針感較強(qiáng),能達(dá)到很好的疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)之效”[12]。
依據(jù)《中醫(yī)大辭典》有4個(gè)意思,一是“子宮”[13],二是“胎盤”[13],三是“膀胱”[13],四是“眼瞼”[13]。而單從語境來看似乎并沒有合適的意項(xiàng),要弄清其具體所指必須結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)?!鹅`樞·五音五味》云:“沖脈、任脈皆起于胞中,上循背里,為經(jīng)絡(luò)之海?!睆埦霸涝凇额惤?jīng)》解釋道:“沖任為經(jīng)絡(luò)之海,其起脈之處,則在胞中而上行于背里。所謂胞者,子宮是也,此男女藏精之所,皆得稱為子宮;惟女子于此受孕,因名曰胞。然沖、任、督皆起于此,所為一源而三歧也。[14]”依據(jù)張之解釋,胞當(dāng)取“子宮”意,但絕不能像西太區(qū)直接英譯為“uterus”[9]。因?yàn)榇颂帯白訉m”為“男女藏精之所”,而“uterus”則為現(xiàn)代解剖意義上的“子宮”,乃為女性產(chǎn)生月經(jīng)與孕育胎兒之所。所以,筆者建議采用音意結(jié)合的譯法以保完全,即 Bao (胞, the place where human beings store essence)。譯文如下:
Shuigou(水溝穴) is an important acupoint in governor vessel which, originating from Bao (胞, the place where human beings store essence), and ascending to run across the spine, governs yang qi of the whole body and regulates circulation of qi and blood in yang meridians. When the disease becomes acute, acupuncturing this acupoint can get strong needle sensation and help effectively free the meridian and collateral vessels.
文章孤立來看,為上下連貫、內(nèi)外溝通之整體,而文章之間也存在千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系,中醫(yī)乃至世間所有文本可視為一個(gè)大整體。因此在英譯之前,要結(jié)合上下文甚至文間語境“以意逆志”,才能準(zhǔn)確把握文章意旨,也才能進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確英譯。