蘇磊
【摘 要】 ?目的 : 探討分泌性中耳炎患者鼓膜切開(kāi)伴置管術(shù)圍術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)的臨床效果。方法 : 選取2016年1月至2019年7月本院五官科42例行鼓膜切開(kāi)伴置管術(shù)的分泌性中耳炎患者,根據(jù)手術(shù)安排隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(n=20)和觀察組(n=22)。對(duì)照組圍術(shù)期接受常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組實(shí)施圍術(shù)期心理評(píng)估、情緒干預(yù)、飲食護(hù)理、體位護(hù)理、健康教育等全方位綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)。對(duì)比兩組患者手術(shù)效果、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況和負(fù)性情緒狀態(tài)調(diào)整。結(jié)果 : 觀察組治愈17例,有效4例,無(wú)效1例,總有效率為95.5%;對(duì)照組治愈12例,有效6例,無(wú)效2例,總有效率為90.0%,觀察組手術(shù)效果明顯好于對(duì)照組;兩組患者術(shù)后氣導(dǎo)聽(tīng)閾值及氣骨導(dǎo)差值相比術(shù)前均有明顯改善,但是觀察組改善程度明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組;觀察組術(shù)后發(fā)生鼓膜反應(yīng)2例,鼓室積血1例,對(duì)照組發(fā)生鼓膜反應(yīng)5例,鼓室積血2例,切口感染1例,觀察組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組;觀察組術(shù)后焦慮、抑郁評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 : 對(duì)接受鼓膜切開(kāi)伴置管術(shù)的分泌性中耳炎患者實(shí)施圍術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù),術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯降低,促進(jìn)患者聽(tīng)力改善和自我情緒調(diào)整,確保手術(shù)治療效果。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 ?分泌性中耳炎;鼓膜切開(kāi);置管術(shù);綜合護(hù)理干預(yù);聽(tīng)力改善
Observation on the effect of perioperative comprehensive nursing intervention on tympanostomy with otitis media with otitis media
Su Lei
Department of ENT, Jiawang District People's Hospital, Xuzhou City, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221011
[Abstract] ?Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of perioperative comprehensive nursing intervention for tympanotomy with catheterization in patients with secretory otitis media. Methods: From January 2016 to July 2019, 42 patients with otitis media with tympanostomy with tympanostomy were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into control group (n=20) and observation group according to the operation schedule (n=22). The control group received routine nursing during the perioperative period, and the observation group performed comprehensive comprehensive nursing interventions such as perioperative psychological assessment, emotional intervention, diet nursing, posture nursing, and health education. The surgical outcome, postoperative complications and negative emotional state adjustment were compared between the two groups. Results: In the observation group, 17 cases were cured, 4 cases were effective, 1 case was ineffective, and the total effective rate was 95.5%. The control group was cured in 12 cases, effective in 6 cases, and ineffective in 2 cases. The total effective rate was 90.0%. The observation group was better than the control group. The postoperative air-induced hearing threshold and the air-bone conduction difference were significantly improved in the two groups, but the improvement in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group. In the observation group, 2 cases of tympanic membrane reaction occurred after operation, and tympanic blood 1 For example, in the control group, there were 5 cases of tympanic membrane reaction, 2 cases of tympanic blood, and 1 case of wound infection. The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The postoperative anxiety and depression scores of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Perioperative comprehensive nursing intervention for patients with secretory otitis media undergoing tympanotomy with catheterization is performed. The postoperative complication rate is significantly reduced, and the patient's hearing improvement and self-emotion adjustment are promoted to ensure the surgical treatment effect.
[Key words] Secretory otitis media; Tympanic membrane incision; Catheterization; Comprehensive nursing intervention; Hearing improvement
分泌性中耳炎(secretory otitis media)是以傳導(dǎo)性聾及鼓室積液為主要特征的中耳非化膿性炎性疾病,中耳積液可為漿液性分泌液或漿液性漏出液或滲出液,亦可為黏液。表現(xiàn)為一定程度的外耳道長(zhǎng)期或短期流膿,伴發(fā)耳鳴、眩暈、聽(tīng)力下降等臨床癥狀。冬春季多發(fā),是小兒及成人常見(jiàn)的聽(tīng)力下降原因之一,嚴(yán)重影響患者睡眠和生活[1-2]。手術(shù)治療可及時(shí)排出中耳積液,改善咽鼓管通氣功能,是目前臨床采取的主要措施,但手術(shù)畢竟具有一定的創(chuàng)傷性,也增加了患者痛苦。因此,術(shù)前應(yīng)評(píng)估患者病情和心理狀態(tài),圍術(shù)期應(yīng)采取全面、科學(xué)的綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)措施,以降低手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,確保手術(shù)治療效果[3]。本文選取2016年1月至2019年7月本院五官科行鼓膜切開(kāi)伴置管術(shù)的分泌性中耳炎患者作為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)其中實(shí)施圍術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)患者中手術(shù)效果、術(shù)后康復(fù)及聽(tīng)力恢復(fù)和心理調(diào)整情況進(jìn)行研究和報(bào)道。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016年1月至2019年7月本院五官科42例符合分泌性中耳炎臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并符合鼓膜切開(kāi)伴置管術(shù)手術(shù)指征的患者作為研究對(duì)象,診斷符合《分泌性中耳炎診斷及治療》中臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],排除嚴(yán)重心臟病、血液病,以及合并高血壓、糖尿病、意識(shí)障礙及全身器質(zhì)性病變患者,根據(jù)手術(shù)安排隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(n=20)和觀察組(n=22)。其中,對(duì)照組男11例,女9例,年齡22~60歲,平均年齡(38.26±5.32)歲;病程1~7個(gè)月,平均病程(3.12±0.61)個(gè)月;其中,左側(cè)11例,右側(cè)6例,雙側(cè)3例。觀察組男12例,女10例,年齡21~59歲,平均年齡(37.46±5.87)歲;病程1~8個(gè)月,平均病程(3.23±0.52)個(gè)月;其中,左側(cè)10例,右側(cè)8例,雙側(cè)4例。兩組患者一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,有可比性(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
兩組患者均經(jīng)充分術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備后行鼓膜切開(kāi)+鼓室置管術(shù),患者取平臥位頭偏健側(cè),患耳向上,碘伏消毒耳道,耳部局麻成功后顯微鏡下于鼓膜的前下方切開(kāi),用吸引器吸出分泌物,將引流材料啞鈴狀管置于鼓膜,沖洗術(shù)腔,檢查無(wú)活動(dòng)性出血后術(shù)畢[5]。
1.2.1 對(duì)照組 實(shí)施常規(guī)護(hù)理,患者術(shù)后加強(qiáng)通氣引流管護(hù)理,注意預(yù)防感染,飲食注意清淡,避免辛辣刺激性食物。不要自行掏挖耳道,注意保持外耳道清潔干燥,避免重體力勞動(dòng),避免劇烈活動(dòng)、用力甩頭動(dòng)作,以防硅膠管脫出或阻塞[6]。
1.2.2 觀察組 實(shí)施圍術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù)措施:1)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備健康宣教:協(xié)助患者做好術(shù)前用物準(zhǔn)備,評(píng)估患者心理狀態(tài),針對(duì)患者文化程度和理解能力不同給予健康宣教,講解手術(shù)治療原理、流程和注意事項(xiàng),對(duì)焦慮情緒患者進(jìn)行安撫,消除患者顧慮。2)術(shù)中護(hù)理:調(diào)節(jié)適宜的室溫,調(diào)節(jié)好纖維內(nèi)鏡燈光,協(xié)助患者平臥頭偏側(cè),患耳向上,做好固定并協(xié)助手術(shù)醫(yī)師做好消毒工作,嚴(yán)格無(wú)菌操作,防止交叉感染。配合醫(yī)師手術(shù)的同時(shí),注意觀察患者面色和表情,保持語(yǔ)言溝通,態(tài)度和藹,安慰和鼓勵(lì)患者,詢問(wèn)患者是否有眩暈、畏寒、惡心、嘔吐等不適感覺(jué),分散其注意力以減輕疼痛[7]。3)術(shù)后管理:①飲食護(hù)理指導(dǎo):指導(dǎo)患者術(shù)后合理膳食,術(shù)后流質(zhì)飲食,多吃新鮮蔬菜、水果,禁吃辛辣、煙、酒、油膩和刺激性食品,以防內(nèi)火上炎影響傷口愈合。②教育患者術(shù)后1周 內(nèi)不要洗頭,保持耳部清潔干燥,為良好恢復(fù)創(chuàng)造條件。注? 意保暖,預(yù)防感冒,咳嗽或者打噴嚏時(shí)注意控制力道。1周后洗頭洗澡時(shí),用干棉球塞住耳孔,避免進(jìn)水而引起感染。4)健康宣教:患者出院后注意休息,避免感冒,保持外耳道清潔干燥,不可隨意滴藥,禁止游泳,避免耳內(nèi)進(jìn)水,減少感染機(jī)會(huì)[8]。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1)患者術(shù)后聽(tīng)力恢復(fù)治愈診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為患者癥狀明顯改善或者消失,純音測(cè)聽(tīng)氣導(dǎo)閾值達(dá)到20dB以上的下降程度,有效診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為癥狀有所改善,純音測(cè)聽(tīng)氣導(dǎo)閾值達(dá)到10~20dB的下降程度,無(wú)效診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)我癥狀無(wú)明顯改善,術(shù)后恢復(fù)不理想,氣導(dǎo)閾值下降程度<10dB。總有效率=(治愈+有效)/總?cè)藬?shù)×100%[9]。2)根據(jù)病程記錄和護(hù)理記錄分析對(duì)兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,如鼓膜反應(yīng)眩暈、鼓室積血硬化、感染以及鼓膜穿孔不愈等。3)對(duì)患者的焦慮、抑郁情況分析采用焦慮和抑郁自評(píng)量表(SAS、SDS),兩個(gè)量表總分均為80分,得分越高說(shuō)明患者焦慮、抑郁情緒越嚴(yán)重[10]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2及秩和檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 手術(shù)治療效果和并發(fā)癥比較
觀察組治愈17例,有效4例,無(wú)效1例,總有效率為95.5%;對(duì)照組治愈12例,有效6例,無(wú)效2例,總有效率為90.0%;觀察組手術(shù)效果明顯好于對(duì)照組 ;觀察組術(shù)后發(fā)生鼓膜反應(yīng)2例,鼓室積血1例,對(duì)照組發(fā)生鼓膜反應(yīng)5例,鼓室積血2例,切口感染1例,觀察組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組;觀察組術(shù)后焦慮、抑郁評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 術(shù)后聽(tīng)力恢復(fù)程度比較
兩組患者術(shù)后氣導(dǎo)聽(tīng)閾值及氣骨導(dǎo)差值相比術(shù)前均有明顯改善,但是觀察組改善程度明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 術(shù)后情緒狀態(tài)比較
觀察組術(shù)后焦慮、抑郁評(píng)分均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
分泌性中耳炎是由于咽鼓管功能不良、感染或免疫反應(yīng)引起,以鼓室積液及聽(tīng)力下降為主要特征的中耳非化膿性炎性疾病。常用手術(shù)方式有:鼓膜穿刺、鼓膜切開(kāi)、鼓膜切開(kāi)置管術(shù)3種,本院開(kāi)展的鼓膜切開(kāi)伴置管術(shù)是在視野清晰的纖維耳鏡下進(jìn)行, 具有鼓膜定位準(zhǔn)確、立體感強(qiáng)、損傷小、操作靈活、簡(jiǎn)單方便、易掌握、痛苦小的優(yōu)點(diǎn),手術(shù)能有效吸凈積液和膠狀物并穩(wěn)妥放置硅膠通氣管,術(shù)后效果好,并發(fā)癥和后遺癥發(fā)生率小,可明顯減輕患者痛苦[11]。
分泌性中耳炎患者耳悶脹感、聽(tīng)力嚴(yán)重下降的臨床癥狀嚴(yán)重影響患者身心健康,導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)患者心情抑郁、失眠,因此需要及早的進(jìn)行治療并給予全方位的評(píng)估和護(hù)理干預(yù)[12]。本研究所采取的圍術(shù)期綜合護(hù)理干預(yù),是從患者入院時(shí)給予病情和心理狀態(tài)等各個(gè)層面綜合開(kāi)展,制定針對(duì)性的干預(yù)計(jì)劃。通過(guò)術(shù)前宣教、情緒疏導(dǎo),患者對(duì)手術(shù)原理、流程有明確的了解,恐懼感明顯減輕,術(shù)中能幫助患者保持正確體位,通過(guò)密切觀察和隨時(shí)的情感安慰、鼓勵(lì)和溝通,減輕患者痛苦和不適,確保手術(shù)順利完成。術(shù)后指導(dǎo)患者選擇合理飲食,并具體指導(dǎo)術(shù)后康復(fù)相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng),促進(jìn)了患者康復(fù)進(jìn)程,也體現(xiàn)了優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理服務(wù)的全面、深入和細(xì)致的人性化關(guān)懷優(yōu)勢(shì),使患者以良好的生理和心理狀態(tài)度過(guò)圍術(shù)期,確保手術(shù)治療的整體醫(yī)療服務(wù)質(zhì)量。
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