鄭寶華 吳冬華 李喜
【摘要】 目的:探討血漿D-二聚體水平對重度急性胰腺炎的診斷,及其與患者的總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡的關(guān)系。方法:收集2014年3月-2019年4月就診于福安市中醫(yī)院的急性胰腺炎患者125例,檢查患者血漿D-二聚體水平,記錄患者總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡情況,分析血漿D-二聚體水平與急性胰腺炎嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系,及其與急性胰腺炎總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率的關(guān)系。結(jié)果:急性胰腺炎患者的血漿D-二聚體水平顯著高于健康對照組(t=6.005,P<0.001);輕度急性胰腺炎、中重度急性胰腺炎和重度急性胰腺炎患者的血漿D-二聚體水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=19.317,P<0.001),血漿D-二聚體水平對重度急性胰腺炎具有較高的診斷效能,ROC曲線下面積為0.783,約登指數(shù)1.430,最佳診斷臨界值0.83 mg/L,特異度0.742,敏感度0.688;輕度急性胰腺炎的總住院日明顯短于中重度急性胰腺炎,中重度急性胰腺炎又短于重度急性胰腺炎(F=423.15,P<0.001);輕度急性胰腺炎都未經(jīng)ICU住院治療,中重度急性胰腺炎ICU住院日短于重度急性胰腺炎(F=594.14,P<0.001);輕度急性胰腺炎和中重度胰腺炎未發(fā)現(xiàn)死亡患者,重度胰腺炎死亡率為15.6%(字2=15.137,P=0.001),急性胰腺炎患者血漿D-二聚體水平與總住院日和ICU住院日呈正相關(guān)(r=0.685,P<0.001;r=0.491,P<0.001),死亡患者的血漿D-二聚體水平明顯高于非死亡的重度急性胰腺炎患者(t=4.096,P<0.001)。結(jié)論:血漿D-二聚體水平是診斷重度急性胰腺炎的良好指標(biāo),對判斷患者的總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率具有重要意義。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 急性胰腺炎 D-二聚體 預(yù)后 住院日 死亡率
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the plasma D-dimer levels in diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis and relationship with total hospitalization date, hospitalization date of ICU and mortality. Method: From March 2014 to April 2019, a total of 125 patients with acute pancreatitis were collected from Fuan City Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital. The plasma D-dimer levels were measured, and the total hospitalization days, ICU hospitalization days and deaths were recorded. The relationship between plasma D-dimer levels and the severity of acute pancreatitis, and the relationship between plasma D-dimer levels and the total hospitalization days, ICU hospitalization days and mortality of acute pancreatitis were analyze. Result: The plasma D-dimer levels in patients with acute pancreatitis were significantly higher than that in healthy controls group (t=6.005, P<0.001), and it was a significant difference of in patients with mild acute pancreatitis, moderate severe acute pancreatitis and severe acute pancreatitis (F=19.317, P<0.001). The plasma D-dimer was effective in the diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis. The area under ROC curve was 0.783, the Jordan index was 1.430, the best diagnostic critical value was 0.83 mg/L, the specificity was 0.742, and the sensitivity was 0.688. The total hospital stay of mild acute pancreatitis was significantly shorter than that of moderate severe acute pancreatitis, and that of moderate severe acute pancreatitis was shorter than that of severe acute pancreatitis (F=423.15, P<0.001). Mild acute pancreatitis was not hospitalized by ICU. The hospitalization days of ICU in moderate severe acute pancreatitis were shorter than those in severe acute pancreatitis (F=594.14, P<0.001). There were no deaths in mild acute pancreatitis or moderate severe pancreatitis, while the mortality rate of severe pancreatitis was 15.6% (字2=15.137, P=0.001). The plasma D-dimer levels were positively correlated with total hospitalization date and ICU hospitalization day in patients with acute pancreatitis (r=0.685, P<0.001; r=0.491, P<0.001), and it was significantly higher in dead patients than that in non-dead patients with severe acute pancreatitis (t=4.096, P<0.001). Conclusion: The plasma D-dimer is a good index for the diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis. It is of great significance to judge the total hospitalization date, hospitalization date of ICU and mortality of patients.
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是臨床上常見的急性腹部疾病,分為輕度急性胰腺炎(mild acute pancreatitisMAP)、中重度急性胰腺炎(moderately severe acute pancreatitis,MSAP)和重度急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)[1]。大多數(shù)患者病情輕微,恢復(fù)良好,但約20%的患者發(fā)生重度急性胰腺炎,死亡率高達(dá)15%~35%[2]。早期診斷和評估急性胰腺炎的嚴(yán)重程度對及時(shí)有效的治療以降低死亡率尤為重要[3-4]。血栓形成是AP的一種血管并發(fā)癥,也是AP發(fā)病和死亡的主要原因[5]。血漿D-二聚體是檢測血栓形成的主要指標(biāo)。已有研究表明,血漿D-二聚體水平與急性胰腺炎的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),但血漿D-二聚體與急性胰腺炎患者的預(yù)后鮮有報(bào)道。本研究觀察了不同嚴(yán)重程度的急性胰腺炎患者血漿D-二聚體水平,以及血漿D-二聚體與患者總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率的關(guān)系,報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2014年3月-2019年4月就診于福建省福安市中醫(yī)院的急性胰腺炎患者125例作為觀察組,其中男63例,女62例,年齡25~67歲,平均(45.3±3.2)歲。其中輕癥急性胰腺炎患者57例,中重癥胰腺炎患者36例,重癥胰腺炎患者32例。住院期間,患者病情加重,以最終的嚴(yán)重度分級計(jì)。同時(shí)收集健康體檢志愿者80例作為健康對照組,男40例,女40例,年齡22~65歲,平均(44.2±3.4)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:無血栓性疾病,無高血壓和心肺功能疾病,無糖尿病,無自身免疫性疾病和過敏性疾病,無傳染性疾病,無遺傳性疾病等。觀察組與健康對照組年齡、性別差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
急性胰腺炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[6]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會胰腺病學(xué)組頒布的《中國急性胰腺炎診治指南(2013年,上海)》。急性胰腺炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合以下3項(xiàng)中的2項(xiàng),可診斷為AP,(1)與AP相符合的腹痛(突發(fā)、急性、劇烈、持續(xù)的上腹部疼痛,常常向背部放射);(2)血清淀粉酶和/或脂肪酶活性升高,至少>3倍正常上限值;(3)增強(qiáng)CT/MRI或腹部超聲檢查呈AP影像學(xué)改變。嚴(yán)重度分級:(1)輕癥急性胰腺炎,不伴有器官衰竭及局部或者全身并發(fā)癥;(2)中重癥急性胰腺炎,伴有一過性(≤48 h)器官功能障礙;(3)重癥急性胰腺炎,持續(xù)的器官功能衰竭(>48 h)。
1.3 血漿D-二聚體測定
患者于入院第1天和病情加重時(shí)采集靜脈血,108 mmol/L枸櫞酸鈉1∶9抗凝,采用全自動化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析儀(北京熱景生物技術(shù)有限公司,MQ60)及配套試劑測定D-二聚體,參考值為小于0.35 mg/L。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄患者總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡情況,計(jì)算平均總住院日、平均ICU住院日和死亡率。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析所得數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)表示,計(jì)量資料經(jīng)正態(tài)分布檢驗(yàn)和方差分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。組間生存率比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。血漿D-二聚體水平與總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率的相關(guān)性分析采用Peason相關(guān)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 急性胰腺炎的血漿D-二聚體水平
急性胰腺炎患者的血漿D-二聚體水平顯著高于健康對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=6.005,P<0.001)。輕度急性胰腺炎、中重度急性胰腺炎和重度急性胰腺炎患者的血漿D-二聚體水平隨臨床分級加重而升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=19.317,P<0.001),見表1。
2.2 血漿D-二聚體水平診斷重癥急性胰腺炎的ROC分析
血漿D-二聚體水平診斷重癥急性胰腺炎的曲線下面積為0.783,95%CI為0.694,0.872,約登指數(shù)1.430,最佳診斷臨界值0.83 mg/L,特異度0.742,敏感度0.688,陽性似然比為2.664,陰性似然比為0.421,陽性預(yù)測值為0.478,陰性預(yù)測值為0.873,見圖1。
2.3 不同嚴(yán)重程度患者總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率
輕度急性胰腺炎的總住院日明顯短于中重度急性胰腺炎,中重度急性胰腺炎又短于重度急性胰腺炎(P<0.001);輕度急性胰腺炎都未經(jīng)ICU住院治療,中重度急性胰腺炎ICU住院日短于重度急性胰腺炎(P<0.001);輕度急性胰腺炎和中重度胰腺炎未發(fā)現(xiàn)死亡患者,重度胰腺炎死亡率為15.6%(P=0.001),見表2。
2.4 血漿D-二聚體水平與總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率的關(guān)系
急性胰腺炎患者血漿D-二聚體水平與總住院日和ICU住院日呈正相關(guān)(r=0.685,P<0.001;r=0.491,P<0.001),見圖2。5例死亡的重度胰腺炎患者血漿D-二聚體(4.74±1.96)mg/L,明顯高于非死亡的重度胰腺炎患者的(1.62±1.50)mg/L(t=4.096,P<0.001)。
3 討論
急性胰腺炎的嚴(yán)重程度主要與胰腺壞死、全身炎癥反應(yīng)和并發(fā)感染引起的持續(xù)多器官功能障礙有關(guān)[7-9]。全身和局部胰腺炎并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制涉及凝血系統(tǒng)的紊亂[10]。急性胰腺炎死亡的原因主要有兩個(gè),一個(gè)是引起患者早期死亡的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(SIRS)和多器官功能障礙綜合征(MODS),另一個(gè)是導(dǎo)致患者晚期死亡的胰腺壞死和感染后MODS合并膿毒癥。全身炎癥反應(yīng)使循環(huán)系統(tǒng)處于高凝狀態(tài),組織缺血并導(dǎo)致血栓形成,是深靜脈血栓形成的常見危險(xiǎn)因素。急性胰腺炎患者胰腺酶的異常激活導(dǎo)致胰腺炎癥和損傷及異常的免疫反應(yīng)所致的炎癥,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)微血管瘀滯、微血栓形成,導(dǎo)致胰腺組織缺血缺氧、代謝障礙和代謝產(chǎn)物堆積,進(jìn)一步加重胰腺組織損傷[11]。此外,微循環(huán)障礙累及其他器官時(shí),引起多器官功能障礙,是導(dǎo)致MODS的主要原因之一。Schmidt等[12]研究顯示,在大鼠胰腺炎模型中,輕度水腫性胰腺炎的胰腺微循環(huán)明顯增加,而壞死性胰腺炎胰腺毛細(xì)血管血流明顯減少和毛細(xì)血管淤積。
D-二聚體是交聯(lián)纖維蛋白經(jīng)纖溶酶降解后的可溶性特異性產(chǎn)物,血漿D-二聚體反映了體內(nèi)凝血酶和纖溶酶活性,是高凝狀態(tài)和纖溶亢進(jìn)的指標(biāo),臨床常用于深靜脈血栓和肺栓塞的診斷,以及病情監(jiān)測和預(yù)后判斷[13]。血漿D-二聚體水平升高提示患者體內(nèi)存在凝血和纖溶紊亂,患者可能發(fā)展為DIC前狀態(tài),甚至是DIC。在本研究中,急性胰腺炎患者的D-二聚體水平明顯升高,并與疾病嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。Wan等[14]研究也顯示,輕度急性胰腺炎患者和重度胰腺炎患者的血漿D-二聚體水平明顯高于健康對照,而重度急性胰腺炎又明顯高于輕度急性胰腺炎。血漿D-二聚體水平與重度急性胰腺炎患者的急性生理學(xué)及慢性健康狀況評分(APACHEⅡ)和Ranson評分密切相關(guān)[15]。重度急性胰腺炎時(shí),血漿D-二聚體水平還與胰腺CT分級呈顯著正相關(guān),血漿D-二聚體水平升高還提示患者多器官受累,并與預(yù)后顯著相關(guān)[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,血漿D-二聚體水平升高與患者總住院日、ICU住院日呈正相關(guān),死亡患者的血漿D-二聚體水平也異常升高,提示血漿血漿D-二聚體水平可以作為患者的預(yù)后指標(biāo)。
綜上所述,血漿D-二聚體是診斷重度急性胰腺炎的良好指標(biāo),對判斷患者的總住院日、ICU住院日和死亡率具有重要意義。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Banks P A,Bollen T L,Dervenis C,et al.Classification of acute pancreatitis-2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus[J].Gut,2013,62(1):102-111.
[2] van Dijk S M, Hallensleben N D L,van Santvoort H C,et al.Acute pancreatitis:recent advances through randomised trials[J].Gut,2017,66(11):2024-2032.
[3] Tenner S,Baillie J,DeWitt J,et al.American College of Gastroenterology guideline:management of acute pancreatitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2013,108(9):140-141.
[4] Fisher J M,Gardner T B.The “golden hours” of management in acute pancreatitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2012,107(8):1146-1150.
[5] Lisman T,Porte R J.Activation and regulation of hemostasis in acute liver failure and acute pancreatitis[J].Semin Thromb Hemost,2010,36(4):437-443.
[6]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化病學(xué)分會胰腺疾病學(xué)組,《中華胰腺病雜志》編輯委員會,《中華消化雜志》編輯委員會.中國急性胰腺炎診治指南(2013,上海)[J].臨床肝膽病雜志,2013,29(9):656-660.
[7] Peery A F,Dellon E S,Lund J,et al.Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States:2012 update[J].Gastroenterology,2012,143(5):1179-1187e1-3.
[8] Pandol S J,Saluja A K,Imrie C W,et al.Acute pancreatitis:bench to the bedside[J].Gastroenterology,2007,132(3):1127-1151.
[9] Whitcomb D C.Genetic risk factors for pancreatic disorders[J].Gastroenterology,2013,144(6):1292-1302.
[10] Maeda K,Hirota M,Ichihara A,et al.Applicability of disseminated intravascular coagulation parameters in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis[J].Pancreas,2006,32(1): 87-92.
[11] Kakafika A,Papadopoulos V,Mimidis K,et al.Coagulation, platelets,and acute pancreatitis[J].Pancreas,2007,34(1):15-20.
[12] Schmidt J,Ebeling D,Ryschich E,et al.Pancreatic capillary blood flow in an improved model of necrotizing pancreatitis in the rat[J].J Surg Res,2002,106(2):335-341.
[13] Di Nisio M,van Es N,Büller H R.Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism[J].Lancet,2016,388(10063):3060-3073.
[14] Wan J,Yang X,He W,et al.Serum D-dimer levels at admission for prediction of outcomes in acute pancreatitis[J].BMC Gastroenterol,2019,19(1):67.
[15]孔浩,丁震,朱先超,等.急性胰腺炎患者血漿D-二聚體變化與病情相關(guān)性研究[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2007,46(12):1011-1013.
[16]吳紅軍,李榮霞,李毅,等.重癥急性胰腺炎血漿D-二聚體變化的臨床研究[J].中國危重病急救醫(yī)學(xué),2012,24(11):658-661.
(收稿日期:2019-10-18) (本文編輯:何玉勤)