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遺傳性壓力易感性周圍神經(jīng)病一家系的臨床特點及遺傳學(xué)分析

2020-07-27 16:28葛繡山白晉麗焦輝彭曉音
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報 2020年17期
關(guān)鍵詞:拷貝數(shù)遺傳學(xué)神經(jīng)病

葛繡山 白晉麗 焦輝 彭曉音

[摘要] 目的 對遺傳性壓力易感性周圍神經(jīng)病(HNPP)先證者及其家系成員進(jìn)行臨床特點和周圍髓鞘蛋白22(PMP22)基因的遺傳學(xué)分析,總結(jié)該病的診斷特點。 方法 選擇2018年5月首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科就診的HNPP患兒作為研究對象,分析先證者及部分家系成員的臨床表現(xiàn),完善電生理檢查,抽提先證者及其家系成員的外周血基因組DNA,應(yīng)用基于目標(biāo)序列捕獲的二代測序技術(shù)進(jìn)行骨骼肌肉神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)單基因病的突變篩查。多重連接依賴探針擴增(MLPA)技術(shù)對先證者及其父母等家系成員進(jìn)行缺失的驗證和來源分析。結(jié)果 本例患者具有復(fù)發(fā)性、急性周圍神經(jīng)麻痹癥狀,肌電圖提示神經(jīng)性受損,復(fù)發(fā)間期癥狀消失等臨床特點。二代測序深入分析結(jié)果提示,受檢者在Chr17:14095223-15477566區(qū)域可能存在約1.38 Mb的大片段缺失,該區(qū)域主要包括與HNPP相關(guān)的PMP22基因。MLPA分析結(jié)果提示,PMP22基因及其附近區(qū)域(TEKT3及COX10基因)存在大片段雜合缺失。父母驗證分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該缺失來源于患兒母親。 結(jié)論 HNPP為臨床表現(xiàn)呈復(fù)發(fā)性特點的一種周圍神經(jīng)病,存在一定的臨床和遺傳異質(zhì)性。在掌握患兒臨床特點的基礎(chǔ)上,電生理檢查可為其提供診斷線索,而遺傳學(xué)基因檢測作為確診依據(jù)值得關(guān)注。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 遺傳性壓力易感性周圍神經(jīng)病;周圍髓鞘蛋白22基因;基因分析;臨床特點

[中圖分類號] R745? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)06(b)-0026-04

Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of a family of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies

GE Xiushan1? ?BAI Jinli2? ?JIAO Hui1? ?PENG Xiaoyin1▲

1.Department of Neurology, Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatric, Beijing? ?100020, China; 2.Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatric, Beijing? ?100020, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics, and genetic analysis of peripheral myelination protein 22 (PMP22) gene in the proband and their family members of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP). Methods Child with HNPP who admitted to Department of Neurology, Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatric in May 2018 was selected as research object. The clinical manifestations of the proband and family members were analyzed and the electrophysiological examination was improved. The peripheral blood genomic DNA of the proband and their family members was extracted, and the second-generation sequencing technology based on target sequence acquisition was used to screen the mutations of single gene diseases of skeletal muscle nervous system. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was used to verify the absence of the proband and their parents and other family members. Results Paroxysmal, periodic and pressure-susceptible peripheral nerve palsy was the main characteristics for this patient. Electromyogram showed neurological damage and the symptoms disappeared between episodes. The results of the in-depth analysis of the second-generation sequencing technology indicated that the patient might have a large deletion about 1.38 Mb in the region of Chr17: 14095223-15477566 and this region mainly includes the PMP22 gene associated with HNPP. MLPA results verified that large fragments of heterozygosity were absent in the PMP22 gene and its adjacent regions (TEKT3 and COX10 gene). Parental verification analysis revealed that the defect originated from the mother of the child. Conclusion HNPP is a recurrent peripheral neuropathy with some clinical and genetic heterogeneity. On the basis of mastering the clinical characteristics of the children, the electrophysiological examination can provide diagnostic clues for them, while the genetic test as the basis of diagnosis is worthy of attention.

[Key words] Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy; Peripheral myelination protein 22 gene; Gene analysis; Clinical characteristics

遺傳性壓力易感性周圍神經(jīng)?。╤ereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies,HNPP)是常染色體顯性遺傳性周圍神經(jīng)病,其致病基因為周圍髓鞘蛋白22(PMP22)。該基因定位于染色體17p11.2區(qū)域,80%~90%的HNPP患者因為該區(qū)域包含PMP22基因在內(nèi)的1.5 Mb大片段缺失所致,另有少數(shù)患者體內(nèi)PMP22基因存在錯義突變、小片段缺失、移碼突變或剪接位點改變等,上述基因突變均會導(dǎo)致PMP22基因在周圍神經(jīng)的有髓纖維減少[1-2]。De Jong于1947年首次描述HNPP,主要表現(xiàn)為青少年起病,輕微牽拉、壓迫后反復(fù)出現(xiàn)受累神經(jīng)支配區(qū)域的麻木和肌無力。韓國新生兒基因突變篩查研究顯示[3],PMP22基因缺失突變率高達(dá)58.9/100 000??傮w而言,由于HNPP的臨床特點多樣復(fù)雜、異質(zhì)性高,其患病率有可能被低估[2]。目前,國內(nèi)尚缺乏相關(guān)流行病學(xué)資料。臨床上,HNPP與其他疾病如Charcot-Marie-Tooth?。–MT)、臂叢神經(jīng)病等難以鑒別,容易誤診,確診主要通過基因檢測。而本研究對首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科收治的1例臨床疑似的患兒家系進(jìn)行PMP22基因重復(fù)或缺失突變檢測,結(jié)果證實其由PMP22基因缺失突變所致。同時,結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)對其臨床表現(xiàn)、基因突變特點及電生理特征進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),以期提高臨床醫(yī)師對疾病的認(rèn)識,減少誤診和漏診。

1 資料與方法

1.1 臨床資料

患兒,男,15歲,主因“涼水沖腳后出現(xiàn)左腳腳面麻木伴跛行5 d”于2018年5月10日就診。足月剖宮產(chǎn),無產(chǎn)傷窒息史,出生史無特殊。家族史:患者父母非近親結(jié)婚,家系中無近親結(jié)婚者,無類似疾病者,父母表型正常。智力及體力發(fā)育正常。5歲時曾因“右下肢跛行(無明顯誘因)”于首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院治療。運動神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度:雙側(cè)腓總神經(jīng)未引出反應(yīng),診斷為腓總神經(jīng)麻痹,予以對癥營養(yǎng)神經(jīng)治療7 d,逐漸痊愈。入院體格檢查:左下肢跛行,足下垂,跨域步態(tài),上肢肌力Ⅴ級,右下肢肌力Ⅴ級,左下肢肌力Ⅴ級,足背屈肌群肌力Ⅳ-級,四肢肌張力正常。雙側(cè)膝腱反射存在,雙側(cè)肱二頭肌反射存在,雙側(cè)Babinski征陰性,布氏、克氏征陰性。輔助檢查:凝血六項、肌酸激酶、肝腎功能、血糖及各項離子、甲狀腺功能五項、先天性血尿篩查、葉酸、維生素B12等檢查結(jié)果均無明顯異常。腦脊液常規(guī)、生化以及病原學(xué)檢查均無異常。誘發(fā)電位:雙側(cè)腦干聽覺誘發(fā)電位(BAEP)、視覺誘發(fā)電位(PVEP)正常。雙側(cè)正中神經(jīng)體感誘發(fā)電位(MSEP),脛后神經(jīng)體感誘發(fā)電位(TSEP)正常。腰椎MRI未見明顯異常。

1.2 遺傳學(xué)方法

1.2.1 基因組DNA的提取? 獲得知情同意后,抽取患兒及家庭成員外周血2~3 mL,QIAamp?誖DNA 抽提試劑盒(德國QIAGEN公司,生產(chǎn)批號:51104)提取DNA,操作嚴(yán)格按照說明書操作進(jìn)行。

1.2.2 PMP22基因的遺傳學(xué)分析? 患兒DNA經(jīng)片段化、連接接頭、擴增純化后,使用SeqCap EZ Choice XL Library(Roche NimbleGen)雜交捕獲與神經(jīng)肌肉病相關(guān)的1625個基因的外顯子區(qū)及相鄰內(nèi)含子區(qū)域(50 bp),捕獲的DNA經(jīng)洗脫和擴增純化后,使用高通量測序儀(Illumina)進(jìn)行測序。

多重連接依賴探針擴增(MLPA)明確患兒是否存在缺失,判斷缺失來源。SALSA MLPA kit P033檢測試劑盒(荷蘭,MRC-Holland公司,生產(chǎn)批號:B4-0715)分析患兒及父母PMP22基因拷貝數(shù)。MLPA P033 檢測試劑盒(荷蘭MRC-Holland 公司)共包含38對探針,擴增產(chǎn)物在130~436 nt之間,特異性檢測PMP22、TEKT3、COX10和KIF1b基因,此外包括18個位于常染色體的參考探針。按照試劑盒說明書,樣品經(jīng)過變性、雜交、連接和熒光引物標(biāo)記的PCR反應(yīng),繼而將擴增后的PCR產(chǎn)物用ABI 3730測序儀(Appliedbio systems,New York,USA)進(jìn)行片段分離進(jìn)行分析。

利用Coffalyser軟件對PMP22、TEKT3、COX10和KIF1b基因各外顯子拷貝數(shù)進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)試劑盒的說明拷貝數(shù)參考值為:0.40~0.65為1個拷貝,提示雜合缺失;0.80~1.20為2個拷貝,提示拷貝數(shù)正常;1.30~1.65為3個拷貝,即基因重復(fù)。

1.3 基因檢查結(jié)果

對患兒的二代測序數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果提示受檢者Chr17:14095223-15477566區(qū)域(UCSC hg19)可能存在約1.38 Mb的大片段缺失,缺失范圍包括與周圍神經(jīng)病變相關(guān)的PMP22基因,提示患兒可能與HNPP相關(guān)。

在二代測序結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步對患兒及其核心家系成員開展了MLPA分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)患兒及其母親PMP22、TEKT3及COX10基因的各外顯子峰面積相比正常對照明顯減低,KIF1b基因并無顯著降低。Coffalyser軟件進(jìn)行的定量分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該患者及其母親PMP22、TEKT3及COX10基因各外顯子拷貝數(shù)比值范圍均為0.40~0.65,即拷貝數(shù)均為1,提示上述基因為雜合缺失;KIF1b基因拷貝數(shù)比值范圍均為0.80~1.20,即拷貝數(shù)均為2?;純焊赣H的上述4個基因拷貝數(shù)比值范圍均為0.80~1.20,即拷貝數(shù)均為2,提示上述四個基因的拷貝數(shù)正常。見圖1(封三)。

1.4 神經(jīng)電生理結(jié)果

感覺神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度:尺神經(jīng)、正中神經(jīng)、腓腸神經(jīng)均未引出反應(yīng);運動神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)速度:左側(cè)尺神經(jīng)為30.4 m/s,正中神經(jīng)為34.2 m/s,脛神經(jīng)為33.9 m/s,雙側(cè)腓總神經(jīng)未引出反應(yīng),提示神經(jīng)性受損。

1.5 治療及隨訪結(jié)果

患兒均給予甲鈷胺等對癥支持治療,跛行逐漸好轉(zhuǎn),至出院后1個月余完全恢復(fù),神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)查體未見明顯異常。至末次隨訪日期,患兒母親無顯著神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀和體征,囑咐患兒及母親避免感染和勞累,神經(jīng)內(nèi)科長期隨訪。

2 討論

HNPP起病大多較早,約70%患者起病年齡在10~30歲,男女發(fā)病無顯著不同[4]。HNPP的臨床異質(zhì)性較為明顯,主要表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)發(fā)作的急性單神經(jīng)病或多神經(jīng)病,多見于患者受到輕微牽拉、壓迫后出現(xiàn)受累神經(jīng)支配區(qū)域的麻木、疼痛和肌無力,其中疼痛患者的流行病學(xué)和機制研究近年來較多[5-6]。越來越多的研究支持將疼痛作為HNPP的基本癥狀[7]。疾病癥狀多于數(shù)周或數(shù)月內(nèi)恢復(fù),但復(fù)發(fā)可能較頻繁,且有部分患者會遺留神經(jīng)功能缺損。也有患者無任何臨床表現(xiàn)[8]。當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)首次或復(fù)發(fā)性單神經(jīng)病表現(xiàn)時需進(jìn)行全面的神經(jīng)電生理檢查,一旦出現(xiàn)與臨床表現(xiàn)不一致的病變范圍時,需考慮遺傳性因素導(dǎo)致周圍神經(jīng)病的可能,進(jìn)行必要的遺傳學(xué)檢查[9]。通過對此類患兒進(jìn)行及時、精準(zhǔn)的診斷并進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委熁蚬芾?,同時采取預(yù)防措施避免并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,也避免了藥物濫用造成的毒副作用,改善患兒及家庭的生活質(zhì)量。但亦需警惕患兒隱匿起病的可能,本研究中患兒兩次發(fā)病無明確牽拉或受壓病史,僅有受涼情況,在既往研究中較為少見。

除了具有臨床異質(zhì)性,HNPP具有遺傳異質(zhì)性。80%~90% HNPP的患者是由于PMP22基因的大片段雜合缺失引起,另約10%的患者由PMP22基因微小突變引起,包括缺失、插入及點突變等[10-11]。然而,在臨床實踐中,部分HNPP患者并不存在17p11.2的缺失,也不存在PMP22基因的其他突變。因此,除了PMP22為致病基因外,HNPP可能還存在其他的致病基因位點。

PMP22基因為HNPP疾病的致病基因,故其遺傳學(xué)檢測仍是該病確診的關(guān)鍵步驟[12]。目前研究認(rèn)為,PMP22基因的劑量變化與不同的神經(jīng)病表型相關(guān):PMP22基因的過表達(dá)與Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1型(CMT1A)有關(guān),而其缺失與HNPP相關(guān)[13-14]。PMP22基因缺失導(dǎo)致其所編碼蛋白缺陷,干擾髓磷脂連接蛋白復(fù)合物,導(dǎo)致髓磷脂的滲透性顯著增加,進(jìn)而影響動作電位的傳遞[15]。Reiter等[16]確定了CMT病和HNPP疾病中PMP22基因重復(fù)或缺失是由于17p11.2區(qū)域同源重組事件引起不平等交換所致。該區(qū)域缺失/重復(fù)的基因最常包括PMP22、TEKT3及COX10基因[17],本研究病例的缺失基因同樣涉及上述3個基因,本研究利用二代測序技術(shù)的定量分析,初步明確致病基因區(qū)域,為后續(xù)的MLPA方法提供了遺傳學(xué)依據(jù)。

目前認(rèn)為,靶向二代測序是獲得遺傳性周圍神經(jīng)病遺傳診斷的一種有效且具有成本效益的初篩工具。對于某些疾病特征不是特別明顯、臨床鑒別診斷相對困難的遺傳?。ㄈ鏗NPP)尤為適用[10]。一旦提示可能存在17p11區(qū)域的大片段缺失或重復(fù),便可利用MLPA技術(shù)再次驗證。MLPA是一種靈敏、特異的技術(shù),適用于快速、高通量的檢測,在HNPP這類以特異基因的拷貝數(shù)變異為主的疾病基因診斷中具有明顯優(yōu)勢[17-19]。本病例中,首先二代測序提示患兒可能存在包含PMP22在內(nèi)的片段缺失,繼而用針對該基因的MLPA試劑盒進(jìn)行驗證,最終確診為HNPP。同時,MLPA檢測父母以明確缺失的來源。由于本病的臨床、遺傳異質(zhì)性特點突出,患者的臨床表現(xiàn)跨度大,尤其是輕者可無臨床表現(xiàn),因此臨床實踐中,對于HNPP的發(fā)病情況可能存在低估的可能,對于輕癥患者的早期識別,對患者和整個家系均有較大價值[20]。

HNPP為臨床表現(xiàn)呈波動性特點的一種周圍神經(jīng)病,預(yù)后多較好。鑒于其具有明顯的臨床異質(zhì)性和遺傳異質(zhì)性,故診斷不能僅依賴于臨床表現(xiàn),電生理檢查可為該病提供診斷線索,而遺傳學(xué)基因檢測作為確診依據(jù)值得關(guān)注。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2]? Attarian S,F(xiàn)atehi F,Rajabally YA,et al. Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies [J]. J Neurol,2019. [Epub ahead of print]

[3]? Park JE,Noh SJ,Oh M,et al. Frequency of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies(HNPP)due to 17p11.2 deletion in a Korean newborn population [J]. Orphanet J Rare Dis,2018,13(1):40.

[4]? Marttila M,Kyt?觟vuori L,Helisalmi S,et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease in Northern Ostrobothnia,F(xiàn)inland:A Population-Based Study [J]. Neuroepidemiology,2017,49(1/2):34-39.

[5]? Lefour S,Gallouedec G,Magy L. Comparison of clinical and electrophysiological features of patients with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies with or without pain [J]. J Neurol Sci,2020,409:116629.

[6]? Dukefoss TT,Kleggetveit IP,Hel?覽s T,et al. Pain and small-fiber affection in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies(HNPP)[J]. Scand J Pain,2019,20(1):61-68.

[7]? Beales D,F(xiàn)ary R,Little C,et al. Characterisation of pain in people with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy [J]. J Neurol,2017,264(12):2464-2471.

[8]? Mota PTD,Maio M,Sapage R,et al. Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies:A Rare Condition That Presents with Common Symptoms:A Case Report [J]. JBJS Case Connect,2018,8(4):e95.

[9]? Takahashi S,Chum M,Kimpinski K. Electrodiagnostic Characterization of Hereditary Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies [J]. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis,2017,18(3):119-124.

[10]? Chen B,Niu S,Wang X,et al. Clinical,electrophysiological,genetic,and imaging features of six Chinese Han patients with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies(HNPP)[J]. J Clin Neurosci,2018,48:133-137.

[11]? Karadima G,Koutsis G,Raftopoulou M,et al. Mutational analysis of Greek patients with suspected hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies(HNPP):a 15-year experience [J]. J Peripher Nerv Syst,2015,20(2):79-85.

[12]? Wong E,DeOrchis VS,Stein B,et al. Davidenkow syndrome:A phenotypic variant of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies [J]. Muscle Nerve,2018, 57(3):E108-E110.

[13]? Zhang F,Seeman P,Liu P,et al. Mechanisms for nonrecurrent genomic rearrangements associated with CMT1A or HNPP:rare CNVs as a cause for missing heritability [J]. Am J Hum Genet,2010,86(6):892-903.

[14]? Le Guern E,Sturtz F,Gugenheim M,et al. Detection of deletion within 17p11.2 in 7 French families with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies(HNPP)[J]. Cytogenet Cell Genet,1994,65(4):261-264.

[15]? Guo J,Wang L,Zhang Y,et al. Abnormal junctions and permeability of myelin in PMP22-defcient nerves [J]. Ann Neurol,2014,75(2):255-265.

[16]? Reiter LT,Murakami T,Koeuth T,et al. A recombination hotspot responsible for two inherited peripheral neuropathies is located near a mariner transposon-like element [J]. Nat Genet,1996,12(3):288-297.

[17]? Slater H,Bruno D,Ren H,et al. Improved testing for CMT1A and HNPP using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification(MLPA)with rapid DNA preparations:comparison with the interphase FISH method [J]. Hum Mutat,2004,24(2):164-171.

[18]? Stangler Herodez S,Zagradisnik B,Erjavec Skerget A,et al. Molecular diagnosis of PMP22 gene duplications and deletions:comparison of different methods [J]. J Int Med Res,2009,37(5):1626-1631.

[19]? Hung CC,Lee CN,Lin CY,et al. Identification of deletion and duplication genotypes of the PMP22 gene using PCR-RFLP,competitive multiplex PCR,and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification:a comparison [J]. Electrophoresis,2008,29(3):618-625.

[20]? Hughes H,Tubridy N,Connolly S. A Life-Saving Palsy:Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies(HNPP)Presenting As Hand Weakness during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)Training [J]. Ir Med J, 2018,111(8):808.

(收稿日期:2020-03-03? 本文編輯:劉明玉)

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