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關(guān)于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞正確形式的解題思路及技巧點(diǎn)撥

2020-08-13 07:22時(shí)一星
關(guān)鍵詞:語(yǔ)態(tài)及物動(dòng)詞主句

時(shí)一星

判定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的正確形式是英語(yǔ)考試的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),涉及眾多題型。由于此類題目靈活多變,全面考察語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)境的綜合分析能力,致使許多同學(xué)在做題過(guò)程中總是顧此失彼。本文介紹的“三步口訣法”為這類難題提供了省時(shí)高效的解題思路和技巧。

1. 分清謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是指置于主語(yǔ)后面作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞,受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的其它句子成分的動(dòng)詞,不受人稱和數(shù)的限制。

2. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的解題思路及技巧

第一步:看主謂定語(yǔ)態(tài)

由主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者還是承受者確定是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)比較:

Peter invited me to the party last week.

Peter was invited to the party last week.

注意:連系動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞只有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ),后面應(yīng)跟賓語(yǔ)卻缺少賓語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)改正:

The woolen sweater is felt very soft.

She heard to sing a song at the dance yesterday.

He kept silent when he spoke to.

第二步:判時(shí)態(tài)定結(jié)構(gòu)

語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)相結(jié)合可以確定句子結(jié)構(gòu),其中體現(xiàn)了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。

(1)簡(jiǎn)單句的時(shí)態(tài)判斷:

主要由時(shí)間、頻度狀語(yǔ)、句意、語(yǔ)境來(lái)進(jìn)行綜合考慮。

1. 時(shí)態(tài)標(biāo)志詞法:

—Where were you at this time yesterday? —I was going over my lessons then.(劃線部分是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞)。

2. 分析句意法:

I heard that you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play it for me?

Sorry, I? ? ? ? ? ? (play) the piano for years. 我已經(jīng)好幾年(過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在)沒(méi)彈鋼琴了,所以應(yīng)填havent played。

3. 前后暗示法:

(1) 問(wèn)句、答語(yǔ)暗示:

—Have you heard about the fire in the market?

—Yes, fortunately no one? ? ? ? ? ? (hurt).

問(wèn)句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),暗示“火災(zāi)發(fā)生在過(guò)去”, 談?wù)摦?dāng)時(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)應(yīng)為一般過(guò)去時(shí):was hurt.

(2)并列連詞暗示:可以根據(jù)相鄰的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)確定另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。

I went to the supermarket and bought some vegetables.

Toms sister is cooking while he is watching cartoons.

注意:分析句意法是最準(zhǔn)確的方法,另外兩種僅作為輔助手段。如果脫離具體語(yǔ)境,僅死記硬背標(biāo)志詞而不做靈活地具體分析,很有可能走入誤區(qū)。如:

Jim? ? ? ? ? ? off for New York, I didnt see him yesterday.吉姆在昨天之前動(dòng)身,屬于“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,應(yīng)填had set。

(2)復(fù)合句的時(shí)態(tài)判斷方法:

1. 主將從現(xiàn):如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)(或含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、祈使句),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。如:

Ill tell her the good news when she comes back tomorrow.

You should keep quiet if you stay in the library.

2. 主現(xiàn)從任:主句的時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可選用任何適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。如:

He is thinking about what he said at meeting.

3. 主過(guò)從過(guò):尤其含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為某種相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如:

Miss Green said she had found her lost wallet.

但當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句表述的是客觀事實(shí),科學(xué)真理,格言或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣行為時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

My mother often told me that time and tide wait for no man.

第三步:看主語(yǔ)定形式

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往有有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,最后務(wù)必根據(jù)主語(yǔ)確定動(dòng)詞的唯一正確形式。忽視這一步則導(dǎo)致功虧一簣。請(qǐng)比較:

The number of population in this country increases yearly.

A number of pupils are making things in the art room.

總之,要想提高做題準(zhǔn)確率,除了熟悉上述三步法解題思路和技巧外,還應(yīng)加強(qiáng)專項(xiàng)練習(xí),不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),摸索規(guī)律,久而久之,就會(huì)做到熟能生巧,舉一反三。

(作者單位:山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)附屬學(xué)校)

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