袁滿涓 霍保善
[摘要]目的 探討氧代謝指標(biāo)中心靜脈-動(dòng)脈二氧化碳分壓差與動(dòng)脈-中心靜脈氧含量差比值(Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2)對(duì)膿毒癥早期急性腎損傷(AKI)的臨床意義。方法 采用前瞻性隊(duì)列研究方法,選取2019年8月~2020年1月佛山市第二人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科收治的膿毒癥行機(jī)械通氣患者48例,根據(jù)復(fù)蘇24 h后是否發(fā)生AKI分為AKI組(n=31)和非AKI組(n=17)。分別收集患者復(fù)蘇0、12、24 h后的毛細(xì)血管再填充時(shí)間(CRT)、乳酸(Lac)、Pv-aCO2、Ca-vO2。應(yīng)用二元Logistic回歸模型分析AKI的影響因素,受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的敏感度與特異性。結(jié)果 入院時(shí)AKI組的急性生理學(xué)及慢性健康狀況評(píng)分、序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),復(fù)蘇24 h后,AKI組Lac水平高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);復(fù)蘇12、24 h后,AKI組CRT長(zhǎng)于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);復(fù)蘇0、12、24 h后,AKI組Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。應(yīng)用二元Logistic回歸分析顯示,復(fù)蘇24 h后Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2值(β=2.579,OR=13.181,95%CI=1.048~165.708,P=0.046)是膿毒癥患者早期AKI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。ROC曲線顯示,復(fù)蘇24 h后的Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2值預(yù)測(cè)AKI進(jìn)展的曲線下面積最高,其臨界值為1.625,敏感度為83.9%,特異性為76.5%。結(jié)論 氧代謝評(píng)估對(duì)膿毒癥患者復(fù)蘇時(shí)早期AKI評(píng)估具有重要的臨床意義,其中Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2對(duì)AKI病情進(jìn)展具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞]膿毒性休克;急性腎損傷;微循環(huán)與氧代謝評(píng)估;毛細(xì)血管再填充時(shí)間
[中圖分類號(hào)] R44? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)8(b)-0010-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical significance of the ratio of the central venous-arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference and the arterial-central venous oxygen content difference (Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2) to early acute renal injury (AKI) in sepsis. Methods This study was a prospective and observative cohort study. A total of 48 patients with sepsis and mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit of Foshan Second People Hospital were enrolled into this study and their general clinical data grading scores were collected from August, 2019 to January, 2020. According to whether AKI occurred 24 h after resuscitation, they were divided into AKI group (n=31) and non-AKI group (n=17). The capillary refill time (CRT), lactate (Lac), Pv-aCO2 and Ca-vO2 were collected at 0, 12 and 24 h after resuscitation. The potential influencing factors of AKI were analyzed by binary Logistic regression model, and then the risk factors were decided. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the predictive value of each indexs for AKI diagnostic value at the early stage of sepsis. Results The initial score of acute physiology and chronic health and the initial score of sequential organ failure in AKI group were higher than those in the non-AKI group, the differences were statistic significant(P<0.05). At 24 h after resuscitation, the Lac level in the AKI group was higher than that of the non-AKI group, and the difference was statistically significance(P<0.05); At 12 and 24 h after resuscitation, the CRT of AKI group were longer than those of the non-AKI group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05); At 0, 12 and 24 h after resuscitation, the Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 of the AKI group were higher than those of non-AKI group, the differences were also statistically significant(P<0.05). The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the value of Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 (β=2.579, OR=13.181, 95%CI=1.048-165.708, P=0.046) was an independent risk factor of AKI in early sepsis. ROC curve showed that 24 h after resuscitation, the cutoff value of Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 was 1.625, the sensitivity was 83.9% while the specificity was 76.5%. Conclusion Oxygen metabolism assessment has important clinical significance for early AKI assessment during resuscitation. Among them, Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2 has a good predictive value for the progression of AKI.
[Key words] Septic shock; Acute kidney injury; Microcirculation and oxygen metabolism evaluation; Capillary refill time
目前我國(guó)每年至少有290萬(wàn)例成年急性腎損傷(AKI)患者需住院治療,其中約70萬(wàn)例病死,并且在臨床上有嚴(yán)重的漏診、誤診和治療不當(dāng)?shù)那闆r發(fā)生,整體診療水平亟待提高[1]。AKI在膿毒癥住院患者中具有較高的發(fā)生率和病死率,分別為26.9%和11.0%,加強(qiáng)對(duì)膿毒癥患者AKI的防治對(duì)改善患者預(yù)后具有重要意義[2]。目前研究認(rèn)為微循環(huán)灌注異常與氧代謝障礙是影響膿毒性休克腎損傷的兩個(gè)重要因素,因此對(duì)膿毒癥患者早期微循環(huán)和氧代謝的評(píng)估是治療膿毒性AKI的關(guān)鍵[3]。氧輸送參數(shù)之一的中心靜脈-動(dòng)脈二氧化碳分壓差與動(dòng)脈-中心靜脈氧含量差比值(Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2)是評(píng)價(jià)無(wú)氧代謝的指標(biāo),其理論依據(jù)是組織消耗的氧減少,所生成的二氧化碳也相應(yīng)減少,但同時(shí)組織無(wú)氧代謝時(shí)會(huì)繼發(fā)生成二氧化碳,從而出現(xiàn)二氧化碳減少程度小于氧減少程度的情況即表現(xiàn)為Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2升高[4]。由于該指標(biāo)可以較好地評(píng)估微循環(huán)灌注以及細(xì)胞無(wú)氧代謝情況,目前已經(jīng)運(yùn)用到膿毒癥休克患者復(fù)蘇后的病情和預(yù)后的評(píng)估中[5]。本項(xiàng)目旨在探討Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2對(duì)膿毒癥早期患者AKI發(fā)生的診斷價(jià)值。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2019年8月~2020年1月佛山市第二人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科收治的48例膿毒癥患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合2016年美國(guó)重癥醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)頒布的膿毒癥和膿毒性休克管理的國(guó)際指南中的相關(guān)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6];②年齡>18歲且<90歲;③需行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械輔助通氣。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①存在通氣氧合嚴(yán)重異常者,即吸氧濃度(FiO2)>80%,二氧化碳分壓>60 mmHg,呼氣末氣道正壓>10 cmH2O;②慢性腎功能不全;③患者家屬拒絕簽署知情同意書;④患者入院24 h內(nèi)死亡或自動(dòng)出院。本研究符合醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)佛山市第二人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有檢測(cè)和治療均獲得患者家屬的知情同意。
1.2方法
收集所有患者的一般臨床資料、急性生理學(xué)及慢性健康狀況評(píng)分(APACHEⅡ)、序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分(SOFA)。其中APACHEⅡ廣泛用于危重癥疾病病情分類跟預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè),分值越高表示病情越重,預(yù)后越差。APACHEⅡ包括急性生理評(píng)分、年齡評(píng)分及慢性健康評(píng)分三部分,最后得分為三者之和。理論最高分71分,分值越高病情越嚴(yán)重[7]。SOFA主要內(nèi)容是評(píng)估臟器功能,目的是描述多器官衰竭發(fā)生發(fā)展并評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)生率,0~48分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高提示預(yù)后越差[8]。所有患者均按照膿毒癥診治指南[6]給予相應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)治療,包括盡早合理應(yīng)用抗感染藥物、機(jī)械通氣、積極優(yōu)化血流動(dòng)力學(xué)治療、鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛、營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持等。由于復(fù)蘇需要,治療前均留置頸內(nèi)或鎖骨下靜脈導(dǎo)管,并經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈放置動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管,進(jìn)行有創(chuàng)監(jiān)測(cè)血壓。監(jiān)測(cè)內(nèi)容包括0 h及復(fù)蘇12 h,24 h的CRT、Lac、Pv-aCO2、Ca-vO2。根據(jù)腎臟病預(yù)后組織在2012年提出AKI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9],將復(fù)蘇24 h后的患者分為AKI組和非AKI組。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布的用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料改用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù))[M(Q25,Q75)]表示,符合正態(tài)方差齊時(shí)采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)或方差不齊的計(jì)量資料用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。應(yīng)用二元Logistic回歸模型分析AKI的影響因素;應(yīng)用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線確定診斷臨界值。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組一般資料的比較
兩組性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、中心靜脈壓(CVP)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。AKI組的APACHEⅡ、SOFA評(píng)分高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2 AKI組和非AKI組各時(shí)間段微循環(huán)指標(biāo)的比較
復(fù)蘇24 h后,AKI組Lac水平高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。復(fù)蘇12、24 h,AKI組CRT長(zhǎng)于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。復(fù)蘇0、12、24 h,AKI組Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2均高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。組內(nèi)比較,與復(fù)蘇0 h比較,AKI組12、24 h兩個(gè)時(shí)間段的Lac、CRT、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2微循環(huán)指標(biāo)均升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與復(fù)蘇0 h比較,非AKI組復(fù)蘇12 h的Lac、CRT、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2微循環(huán)指標(biāo)均升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);非AKI組復(fù)蘇24 h后的Lac、CRT、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2微循環(huán)指標(biāo)與復(fù)蘇0 h比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2~4)。
2.3膿毒癥患者早期AKI發(fā)生的二元Logistic回歸分析
以AKI和非AKI為因變量,以CRT、CRT、Lac、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2、APACHE Ⅱ、SOFA作為自變量進(jìn)行二元Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2是膿毒癥早期AKI發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)(表5)。
2.4氧代謝標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)AKI的敏感度、特異性
復(fù)蘇24 h后,CRT、Lac水平、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2對(duì)AKI的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值:根據(jù)約登指數(shù),Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2預(yù)測(cè)復(fù)蘇后24 h內(nèi)AKI進(jìn)展的臨界值為1.625,敏感度為83.9%,特異性為76.5%(表6、圖1)。
3討論
AKI是膿毒癥患者最常見的并發(fā)癥,是膿毒癥患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的危險(xiǎn)因素。腎血流不足導(dǎo)致的腎小球與腎小管細(xì)胞壞死曾被認(rèn)為是AKI的主要發(fā)生機(jī)制。近期研究證實(shí),休克患者大循環(huán)復(fù)蘇后,盡管腎血流恢復(fù)正常甚至增加,AKI仍會(huì)發(fā)生[10]。膿毒性休克患者完成早期目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向治療并不能降低AKI的發(fā)生[11]。腎組織微循環(huán)異常與線粒體功能障礙是現(xiàn)在研究證實(shí)的AKI發(fā)生、發(fā)展的重要機(jī)制,也是目前膿毒性休克治療進(jìn)一步改善預(yù)后的難點(diǎn)[12]。休克早期復(fù)蘇后中心靜脈血氧飽和度正常并不能保證組織灌注和細(xì)胞氧代謝的恢復(fù),復(fù)蘇深入到微循環(huán)和細(xì)胞氧代謝已成為共識(shí)[13-14]。在治療過(guò)程種,也發(fā)現(xiàn)膿毒癥早期患者Lac、CRT等微循指標(biāo)異常。因此微循環(huán)與氧代謝評(píng)估成為膿毒性AKI評(píng)估的關(guān)鍵。
有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2可預(yù)測(cè)快速增加氧輸送后氧消耗的反應(yīng),Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2異常升高提示存在無(wú)氧代謝,氧輸送-氧消耗呈依賴關(guān)系,增加氧輸送可以相應(yīng)增加氧消耗[5,15]。作為反映組織缺氧的一項(xiàng)敏感指標(biāo),與Lac具有良好的相關(guān)性,且能較為準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)休克患者液體復(fù)蘇后氧代謝的變化。Monnet等[5]研究提示,Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2從理論上作為組織缺氧指標(biāo)比血漿Lac濃度反應(yīng)更早、更快、更純粹。膿毒癥性AKI通常發(fā)生在入住ICU后24 h內(nèi)[16-17],在膿毒癥休克患者中,約68%的AKI發(fā)生在膿毒癥診斷后的6 h內(nèi)[18]。國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)見1例研究,使用氧代謝指標(biāo)來(lái)評(píng)估膿毒性休克患者的AKI發(fā)生情況[1]。然而入住ICU膿毒癥患者不完全出現(xiàn)大循環(huán)衰竭,微循環(huán)障礙反而多見。早期未發(fā)生休克前,預(yù)測(cè)到AKI的可能性及嚴(yán)重程度更具臨床意義。本研究中也觀察到,入院時(shí)AKI組的APACHEⅡ、SOFA評(píng)分高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。復(fù)蘇24 h后,AKI組Lac水平高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);復(fù)蘇12、24 h,AKI組CRT長(zhǎng)于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);復(fù)蘇0、12、24 h,AKI組Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2均高于非AKI組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組內(nèi)比較,與復(fù)蘇0 h比較,AKI組12、24 h兩個(gè)時(shí)間段的Lac、CRT、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2微循環(huán)指標(biāo)均升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與復(fù)蘇0 h比較,非AKI組復(fù)蘇12 h的Lac、CRT、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2微循環(huán)指標(biāo)均升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與復(fù)蘇0 h比較,非AKI組復(fù)蘇24 h后的Lac、CRT、Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2微循環(huán)指標(biāo)變化不大,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。說(shuō)明AKI組與非AKI組復(fù)蘇后12 h與治療前相比效果明顯,經(jīng)過(guò)復(fù)蘇治療24 h后,非AKI組指標(biāo)改善更明顯。說(shuō)明復(fù)蘇改善了兩組患者的病情,非AKI組患者可能因?yàn)榛A(chǔ)情況良好,微循環(huán)指標(biāo)理想,復(fù)蘇后效果更為理想。相對(duì)于其他膿毒癥患者,并發(fā)了AKI的患者病情評(píng)分明顯高于非AKI患者,同時(shí)他們的微循環(huán)指標(biāo)也明顯降低,說(shuō)明AKI的發(fā)生嚴(yán)重降低了患者生理健康指標(biāo),并且加重了他們的多臟器負(fù)擔(dān)。同時(shí)通過(guò)多因素Logostic回歸分析顯示,Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2是膿毒癥早期AKI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;根據(jù)約登指數(shù),Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2預(yù)測(cè)復(fù)蘇后24 h內(nèi)AKI進(jìn)展的臨界值為1.625,敏感度為83.9%,特異性為76.5%??梢暂^好分辨出AKI高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者,早期及時(shí)予以針對(duì)性的治療。
綜上,AKI在膿毒癥早期具有較高的發(fā)病率,微循環(huán)和氧代謝評(píng)估對(duì)膿毒癥早期AKI評(píng)估具有重要的臨床意義,其中Pv-aCO2/Ca-vO2對(duì)AKI病情進(jìn)展具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-07)